Complete Guide to Preventive and Predictive Maintenance

Properties of Polymers Their Correlation with Chemical Structure; Their Numerical Estimation and Prediction from Additive Group Contributions......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Dedication Page......Page 6
From the Preface to the First Edition (1972)......Page 8
From the Preface to the Second Edition (1976)......Page 10
Preface to the Third Edition (1990)......Page 12
Introduction of the Present Author......Page 14
Preface to the Fourth Edition......Page 16
Acknowledgements......Page 20
Contents......Page 22
Part I: General Introduction: A Bird’s-Eye View of Polymer Science and Engineering......Page 28
1.1. Approach and Objective......Page 30
Bibliography......Page 32
2.1. Introduction......Page 34
2.2. Polymer Structure......Page 35
2.3. Molar Mass and Molar Mass Distribution......Page 44
2.4. Phase Transitions in Polymers......Page 52
2.5. Morphology of Solid Polymers......Page 56
2.6. Polymeric Liquid Crystals......Page 61
2.7. Multiple Component Polymer Systems......Page 63
2.8. Relaxation Phenomena......Page 65
Appendix I......Page 67
Appendix II......Page 71
Bibliography......Page 72
3.1. The Concept \"Polymer Properties\"......Page 76
3.2. Physical Quantities and Their Units......Page 79
3.3. Categories of Physical Quantities......Page 81
3.4. Dimensionless Groups of Quantities......Page 82
3.5. Types of Molar Properties......Page 84
3.6. Additive Molar Functions......Page 87
Bibliography......Page 93
Part II: Thermophysical Properties of Polymers......Page 96
4.1. Introduction: Mass and Packing of Matter......Page 98
4.2. Fundamental Quantities of Mass and Volume......Page 99
4.3. Standard Molar Volumes at Room Temperature (298K)......Page 103
4.4. Thermal Expansion......Page 116
4.5. Isothermal Compression: Equations of State......Page 128
Bibliography......Page 134
5.1. Heat Capacity......Page 136
5.2. Latent Heat of Crystallization and Fusion (Melting)......Page 145
5.3. Enthalpy and Entropy......Page 150
Bibliography......Page 154
6.1. Introduction......Page 156
6.2. The Glass Transition Temperature......Page 157
6.3. The Crystalline Melting Point......Page 179
6.4. Relationship Between Glass Transition Temperature and Melting Point of Polymers......Page 194
6.5. Relationship Between TG, TM and Other Transition Temperatures......Page 197
6.6. Transitions in Thermotropic Liquid Crystal Polymers......Page 199
Appendix I......Page 209
Appendix II......Page 210
Bibliography......Page 214
7.1. Introduction......Page 216
7.2. Cohesive Energy......Page 217
7.3. Solubility......Page 228
7.4. Internal Pressure......Page 249
Bibliography......Page 252
8.1. Introduction......Page 256
8.2. Surface Energy of Liquids and Melts......Page 257
8.3. Surface Energy of Solid Polymers......Page 261
8.4. General Expression for the Interfacial Tension......Page 266
8.5. Polymer Adhesion......Page 269
Bibliography......Page 271
9.1. Introduction......Page 272
9.2. Molecular Dimensions of the Conformational State......Page 273
9.3. The Limiting Viscosity Number (Intrinsic Viscosity)......Page 276
9.4. Interrelationships of \"Limiting\" Diffusive Transport Quantities......Page 307
Bibliography......Page 310
Part III: Properties of Polymers in Fields of Force......Page 312
10.1. Optical Properties in General......Page 314
10.2. Light Refraction......Page 317
10.3. Reflection and Transmission......Page 324
10.4. Birefringence (and Optical Rotation)......Page 326
10.5. Light Scattering......Page 335
10.7. Optical Appearance Properties......Page 340
Bibliography......Page 344
11.2. Dielectric Polarisation......Page 346
11.3. Static Electrification and Conductivity......Page 360
Bibliography......Page 379
12.1. Magnetic Susceptibility (Magnetic Inductive Capacity)......Page 382
12.2. Magnetic Resonance......Page 386
Bibliography......Page 407
13.2. Elastic Parameters......Page 410
13.3. Rubber Elasticity......Page 428
13.4. Viscoelasticity......Page 432
13.5. Ultimate Mechanical Properties......Page 480
13.6. Mechanical Properties of Uniaxially Oriented Polymers (Fibres)......Page 505
Bibliography......Page 527
14.1. Introduction......Page 532
14.2. Sound Propagation and Absorption......Page 533
14.3. Additive Molar Functions for Sound Propagation......Page 540
14.4. Sonic Absorption......Page 544
Bibliography......Page 548
Part IV: Transport Properties of Polymers......Page 550
15.1. Introduction......Page 552
15.2. Modes of Deformation and Definition of Viscosity and Normal Stress Coefficients......Page 553
15.3. Newtonian Shear Viscosity of Polymer Melts......Page 560
15.4. Non-Newtonian Shear Viscosity and First Normal Stress Coefficient of Polymer Melts......Page 572
15.5. Extensional Viscosity of Polymer Melts......Page 591
15.6. Elastic Effects in Polymer Melts......Page 600
15.7. Rheological Properties of Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polymers......Page 608
Appendix I......Page 618
Appendix II......Page 619
Bibliography......Page 622
16.1. Introduction......Page 626
16.2. Dilute Polymer Solutions......Page 627
16.3. Concentrated Polymer Solutions......Page 631
16.4. Viscoelastic Properties of Polymer Solutions in Simple Shear Flow......Page 646
16.5. Extensional Flow of Polymer Solutions......Page 657
16.6. Solutions of Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Polymers......Page 661
Bibliography......Page 670
17.1. Thermal Conductivity......Page 672
17.2. Appendix......Page 678
Bibliography......Page 679
18.1. Introduction......Page 682
18.2. Permeation of Simple Gases......Page 683
18.3. Permeations of a More Complex Nature......Page 708
18.4. Dissolution of Polymers as a Case of Permeation......Page 723
Bibliography......Page 728
19.1. Crystallinity, Nucleation and Growth......Page 730
19.2. Spherulitic Crystallisation of Polymers from the Melt......Page 733
19.3. Induced Crystallisation of Flexible Polymeric Molecules by Pressure and Stress......Page 753
19.4. Crystallisation Phenomena in Uniaxial Drawing: Fibre Spinning......Page 755
Bibliography......Page 770
Part V: Properties Determining the Chemical Stability and Breakdown......Page 774
20.1. Thermodynamics and Kinetics......Page 776
20.2. Calculation of the Free Enthalpy of Reaction From Group Contributions......Page 779
20.3. Thermodynamics of Free Radicals......Page 785
Bibliography......Page 788
21.2. Thermal Degradation......Page 790
21.3. Char Formation......Page 799
Bibliography......Page 803
22.2. Degradation Under the Influence of Light......Page 806
22.4. Photo-Oxidation......Page 808
22.6. Effects of Oxidation Degradation......Page 810
22.7. Stabilisation......Page 811
22.9. Stress Relaxation as a Measure of Chemical Degradation......Page 812
Bibliography......Page 813
Part VI: Polymer Properties as an Integral Concept......Page 814
23.1. Introduction......Page 816
23.2. Reference Values of Intrinsic Properties Expressed as a Function of Additive Ouantities......Page 817
23.4. Dependence of Intrinsic Properties on Process Variables......Page 819
23.5. Outlook......Page 823
24.1. Classification of Processes......Page 826
24.2. Some Important Processing Properties......Page 827
24.3. Implementation of Processing Research......Page 843
Bibliography......Page 844
25.1. Introduction......Page 846
25.2. Failure Mechanisms in Polymers......Page 847
25.3. Deformation Properties......Page 851
25.4. Toughness and Endurance......Page 856
25.5. Hardness......Page 863
25.6. Friction and Wear......Page 867
25.7. The Mechanical Shortcomings of Homogeneous Materials and the Need for Composites......Page 868
Bibliography......Page 871
26.2. Thermal End use Properties......Page 874
26.3. Flammability and Combustion of Polymers......Page 877
26.4. Environmental Decay of Polymers......Page 891
Bibliography......Page 899
27.2. Aesthetic Properties......Page 902
27.3. Use or Performance Properties......Page 904
27.4. Maintenance or Care Properties......Page 909
27.5. Integral Evaluation of Fibre Polymers, Fibres and Yarns By the Criteria Mentioned (Profile Method)......Page 911
Bibliography......Page 912
Part VII: Comprehensive Tables......Page 914
I International system of units (SI)......Page 916
II Survey of conversion factors......Page 918
III Values of some fundamental constants......Page 930
IV Physical constants of the most important solvents......Page 931
V Physical properties of the most important polymers......Page 947
VII Code symbols for the most important polymers......Page 961
VIII Trade names and generic names......Page 968
IX Survey of group contributions in additive molar quantities......Page 973
Indexation......Page 982
Symbol Index......Page 984
Author index......Page 1006
Subject index......Page 1016