Compensation Schemes for Damages Caused by Healthcare and Alternatives to Court Proceedings: Comparative Law Perspectives (Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law, 53)

Contents
Chapter 1: Compensation Schemes and Extra-Judicial Solutions in Case of Medical Malpractice. A Commentary on Contemporary Arra...
	Preliminary Remarks
	International Law on Health Within a Comparative Perspective
	Patient as a Consumer of Healthcare Services
	European Union Law Perspective
	Dealing with Medical Malpractice
	Compensation Schemes
	Extra-Judicial Solutions
	General Conclusions
	Annex: Questionnaire-Compensation Schemes for Damages Caused by Healthcare and Alternatives to Court Proceedings
		A. Compensation Schemes for Damages Caused by Healthcare
		B. Alternatives to Court Proceedings
		C. Proposals de lege ferenda
		D. Systemic Remarks
	References
	Documents
Chapter 2: L´indemnisation des dommages résultant des soins de santé et les alternatives aux procédures judiciaires - Rapport ...
	Introduction
		Plan des développements qui suivent
	Les régimes de réparation des dommages résultant d´accidents médicaux
		Introduction
		La responsabilité civile et la procédure civile
			Le droit matériel et ses exigences
				Les responsabilités contractuelle et extracontractuelle: un choix
			La responsabilité contractuelle
				La responsabilité contractuelle du médecin: le contrat médical
				La responsabilité contractuelle des établissements de soins
			La responsabilité extracontractuelle
				Les principes
				La charge de la preuve
				La faute - une condition nécessaire de la responsabilité aquilienne
				La faute - les contours prétoriens de la faute
				Les difficultés probatoires
				La situation particulière de la méconnaissance du devoir d´information
			Le lien de causalité entre la faute et le dommage
				Les contours prétoriens de la causalité
				La preuve du lien causal
				Les possibilités d´exonération du médecin
			Le dommage et sa réparation
				Les contours prétoriens du dommage et les conditions de sa réparation
				Les principes civilistes gouvernant la réparation des dommages
				Les postes de dommages réparables
				La preuve du dommage
				Les modes de réparation du dommage
				La prescription
		La procédure civile et ses exigences
			L´action directe de la victime
			Introduction de la demande et l´expertise
		La responsabilité pénale et la procédure pénale
			Introduction
			Les aspects procéduraux
			La coexistence des responsabilités civile et pénale
			Une procédure souvent délaissée
		Évaluation des procédures judiciaires
			Les inconvénients de la procédure judiciaire
			Les avantages de la procédure judiciaire
	Les Voies Alternatives aux Procedures Judiciaires
		L´intervention du Fonds des accidents médicaux
			Introduction
			Les innovations de la loi
		Le champ d´application de la loi
			Introduction
			Le domaine d´application ratione materiae
			Le domaine d´application ratione personae
		Les conditions de l´intervention du Fonds
			Introduction
		L´accident « avec responsabilité »
			Une intervention exceptionnelle du Fonds
		L´accident médical « sans responsabilité »
			La notion d´accident sans responsabilité
		Évaluation de la procédure devant le Fonds
			Des objectifs louables
			Une mise en œuvre délicate
		La voie de la médiation
			La médiation régie par le Code judiciaire
				Introduction
			Deux types de médiations
			Évaluation
			La fonction de médiation « droits du patient »
				Les droits légaux des patients
				Évaluation
	Conclusion
Chapter 3: Compensation Schemes for Damages Caused by Healthcare in Brazil
	Introduction
	The Function of Civil Liability: Additional Punitive Purposes or Purely Compensatory?
	General Evaluation of the Brazilian Indemnification System
	Relevant Normative Framework for:
		Defining and Determining the Existence of Fault
		Establishing a Relevant Standard of Care
		Identifying the Existence of an Accidental Risk Related to the Physicians Performance (aléa thérapeutique)
		Determining the Burden of Proof
	Compensation Schemes for Medical Malpractice in Public and Private Hospitals
	Prescription/Limitation of Actions
	Alternatives to Lawsuits
		Administrative Proceedings Before Self-Government Professional Associations
		Mediation
		Arbitration
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4: La responsabilité médicale et hospitalière en droit civil québécois : Principes généraux et alternatives à la voie ...
	Introduction
	LA responsabilité médicale et hospitalière en droit civil québécois : où en sommes-nous?
		L´intensité de l´obligation des médecins et des hôpitaux et certaines considérations relatives à la détermination de la faute
			L´intensité de l´obligation des médecins et des hôpitaux
			L´analyse objective des faits à laquelle appelle la détermination de la faute : Le cas des médecins
			L´incidence d´une condamnation ou d´un acquittement disciplinaire sur la responsabilité civile d´un professionnel
			L´impact de la contravention à une norme déontologique sur la responsabilité civile du médecin
		La nature de la responsabilité civile du médecin et de l´hôpital : contractuelle ou extracontractuelle?
			La responsabilité du fait d´autrui en matière extracontractuelle et en matière contractuelle : certaines distinctions d´intérê...
			Évolution et solution
		La qualification du préjudice et certaines règles particulières concernant le préjudice corporel
			La qualification
			Les règles applicables en matière de préjudice corporel
		Le lien de causalité
		La possibilité de réclamer des dommages punitifs en sus des dommages-intérêts compensatoires
	LE RECOURS AUX MODES ALTERNATIFS DE RÉSOLUTION DES CONFLITS COMME ALTERNATIVE À LA VOIE JUDICIAIRE ET L´OPPORTUNTIÉ D´IMPLANTE...
		La possibilité de recourir à un mode alternatif de résolution des conflits comme alternative à la voie judiciaire
			L´accès à la justice au Québec et la consécration de la priorisation des modes alternatifs de résolution des conflits à l´occa...
				La problématique persistante de l´accès à la justice au Québec et certaines initiatives entreprises afin d´y pallier
				La réforme de la procédure civile et le nouveau Code de procédure civile de 2016
			Le rôle des MARC en droit civil québécois
				Les principaux MARC et la diversité des options proposée par le législateur
				Le choix de recourir à un mode alternatif de résolution des conflits et de ses modalités : un exercice coopératif impliquant p...
				Le recours à un mode alternatif de résolution des conflits implique une obligation de confidentialité
				Le recours à un mode alternatif de résolution des conflits n´emporte pas renonciation à agir en justice
		L´avenir de la responsabilité médicale et hospitalière en droit civil québécois : vers un régime d´indemnisation sans égard à ...
	Conclusion
	Bibliographie
	TABLE DE LA LÉGISLATION
	TABLE DE LA JURISPRUDENCE
	MONOGRAPHIES, OUVRAGES COLLECTIFS ET ARTICLES
Chapter 5: Medical Mal Practice and Mediation in Cyprus: Mediation as a Potential Way of Resolving Medical Mal Practice Disput...
	Basic Principles, Key Features and Benefits of Mediation as an ADR Method
	Legislative Framework of Mediation in Cyprus
	Introduction to Medical Mal Practice
	Medical Mal Practice in Cyprus
	Medical Mediation
	Bioethical Mediation or Mediation in Bioethics Disputes
	Final Remarks: he Cypriot Reality on Medical Mediation-Proposals
	References
Chapter 6: Compensation for Damages in the Cases of Medical Malpractice: Estonian Perspective
	General Compensation Scheme
		Court Proceedings
		Limiting the Number of Medical Litigation Cases
	The Normative Basis for HealthCare Providers Liability
		Contractual Liability
		Delictual Liability
		Standard of Care
		The Burden of Proof
	Damages
		The Aims and Limits of the Compensation for Damages
		Non-Pecuniary Damages
	Alternatives to Court Proceedings
		General
		Organisations Striving to Protect Patient´s Rights
		Patient Insurance Act
	References
Chapter 7: The French Medical Accident Compensation Scheme. A Critical Assessment of the Patients´ Rights Act of 4 March 2002
	Introduction
	General Overview of the French Compensation Scheme
		Legal Background of the 2002 Reform
		The Compensation Procedure
		The Funding of the Medical Accident Compensation Scheme
	The Rationale of Extrajudicial Compensation
	Shortcomings of the French System
		The Debates About the Criterion of Seriousness
		The Complexity of the Legal Framework
		The Weakness of the Conciliation
		The Amount of Damages Awarded by the Compensation Commissions
		The Ambiguous Role of the Compensation Office ONIAM
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8: Legal Questions Concerning Medical Malpractice Liability: Substantive Law and Its Enforcement
	Procedural Framework, Purpose and Comparative Legal Positioning of Medical Malpractice Liability
	Legislative and Judicial Framework Conditions of Medical Malpractice Liability
		Medical Specialist´s Standard
		Presentation in Trial and Proof
			Substantiation
			Experts
			Burden of Proof
				Principle and Exceptions
				Prima Facie Evidence
				Fully Manageable Treatment Risk
				Consent and Information
				Insufficient Documentation
				Insufficient Qualification, Especially Beginner´s Surgery
				Gross Malpractice
				Gross Malpractice and Ordinary Findings Assessment Error
		State Liability and Private Liability
	Out-of-Court Dispute Resolution: Arbitration Boards and Expert Panels, Mediation
	Ongoing Legal-Political Discussion in Germany and Lex Ferenda
	References
Chapter 9: Challenges and Contradictions About Medical Malpractice in Hungary
	General Issues and Numbers About Medical Malpractice in Hungary
	The Relevant Legal Framework for Medical Malpractice in Hungary
	Mediation as an Alternative to Court Proceedings
	Agencies and Institutions Dealing with Medical Malpractice in Hungary
	Challenges and Proposals About Medical Malpractice in Hungary
	References
Chapter 10: The Judge, the Legislator and  the Mediator. The Long Journey of Medical Malpractice in Italy
	Damages Caused by Healthcare in Italy: An Introduction
		The Nature and Purposes of Medical Liability
		An Area of Growing Concern: Parliamentary Measures
	The Normative Framework: A Matter of Case Law
		Standard of Diligence
		Burden of Proof
		Causation
	The Recent Legislative Reforms
	Tools to Limit the Number of Medical Litigation Cases and Mechanisms to Diminish the Amount of Financial Compensation
	Alternatives to Court Proceedings: Compulsory Mediation
		The Contested Introduction of Compulsory Mediation
		Mediation in Practice
	and the New ``Pre-Action Expert Report´´
	Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 11: Liabilities for Damages Resulting from Medical Treatment and Dispute Resolution System in Japan
	Liabilities for Damages Resulting from Medical Treatment
		Compensation Schemes for Damages Caused by Medical Malpractice
			Contractual Liability and Tort Liability
			Issues Relating to a Doctor´s Negligence
				Framework for Identifying Negligence
				Establishing the Framework for Identifying Negligence in Accordance with the Medical Standard of Care
				Medical Standard of Care and Medical Practices
				A Doctor´s Duty When His/Her Ability Is Above the Medical Standard of Care
			Issues Regarding Causation
		Compensation Schemes for Damages Caused by the Side Effects of Drugs
	Alternatives to Court Proceedings
		Criticism of Medical Malpractice Lawsuits
		Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) for Medical Accidents
			Civil Conciliation
			Alternative Dispute Resolution Service Provided by Local Bar Associations
			Other Organizations
		Other Systems to Remedy or Prevent Medical Accidents
			No-Fault Compensation Schemes
			Medical Accidents Investigation System
	References
Chapter 12: Innovating Compensation for Medical Liability in the Netherlands
	The Dutch Landscape of Medical Liability
		The Legal Relationship Between Healthcare Professional and the Patient
		The Relationship Between Healthcare Professional, Healthcare Provider and the Liability Insurance Company
		Open Disclosure and Apologies
		The Current Debate on Compensation of Damage Caused by Healthcare
			What Makes Medical Liability More Difficult?
			It´s Not (Only) About the Money
			Patients´ Needs, the `Second Victim´, and the Importance of `Just Culture´
	Efforts for Reform
		The Healthcare Quality, Complaints and Disputes Act (Wkkgz)
			Healthcare Complaints Law as a Non-adversarial Alternative to Liability Law
			An Independent Complaints Officer or `Patient Contact Person´
			Short Timeframe for Handling Claims and Complaints
			Independent Healthcare Disputes Tribunal
		Efforts from the Bottom-Up
			Code of Conduct on Medical Incidents (GOMA)
			The OPEN Learning Network of Hospitals
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13: Medical Injury in New Zealand
	An Overview
	History of Accident Compensation in New Zealand
	Ambit of Cover
		Categories of Cover
		Personal Injury
		Personal Injury by an Accident
		Mental Injury
		Occupational Disease, Heart Attacks and Strokes
		Exemplary Damages
	Treatment Injury
		Background to the Treatment Injury Provisions
		Definition of Treatment Injury
		Personal Injury in Treatment Injury Cases
		Causal Connection
		Necessary or Ordinary Consequences of Treatment
		Wrong Decisions
		Residual Common Law Actions
		Unwanted Pregnancies
	Operation of the Scheme
		Benefits
		Making Claims
		Funding
		Administration
	Evaluation
		Affordability
		Adequacy of Compensation
		Deterrence, Incentives to Safety and Likelihood of Abuse
		Accountability
		Boundaries
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 14: Medical Negligence Proceedings in Singapore: Instilling a Gentler Touch
	Introduction
	The Healthcare Industry in Singapore
	The Current Legal Framework for Determining Medical Malpractice
		Standard of Care
		The Need to Show a Causal Connection Between Injury and Negligent Act
	Towards a Less Adversarial Approach
		The Promotion of Mediation as a Primary Way of Resolving Medical Disputes
		Greater Court Case Management and Use of Pre-Action Protocols
		The Use of Medical Assessors
	The Advent of Mediation for Medical Disputes
		Healthcare Mediation Scheme
		Mandatory Mediation in Disciplinary Proceedings
		Mediation Programs for Court Proceedings
		The Effectiveness of Medical Mediation Programs
	A Gentler Touch: An Attainable Goal?
	References
Chapter 15: Damages in Medical Malpractice Cases and Alternatives to Court Proceedings: A Slovenian Perspective
	Introduction
	Compensation Schemes for Damages Caused by Healthcare
		Compensation Claim
		Liability for Medical Malpractice
			The Basis of Medical Liability
			Accidental Risk
			Burden of Proof
			Medical Malpractice Litigation
	Alternatives to Court Proceedings
		Proceedings Before a Competent Person of the Health Service Provider
		Proceedings Before the Commission of the Republic of Slovenia for the Protection of Patient Rights
		Mediation and Arbitration
		Aim, Philosophy and Efficiency of Alternatives to Court Proceedings
		Protection of Patients´ Rights
		Pretrial Screenings
		Proposals De Lege Ferenda
	Systemic Remarks
		Wait-Related Damages
		Compensation for Quality Deficit in Healthcare
		Fair Distribution of Limited Resources and Their Accessibility
		Liability for Defects in Medical Products
		Liability for Lack of Adequate Healthcare
		Compensation for Infringement of Patients´ Rights
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 16: Excessive Litigation for Harm Arising from Medical Malpractice in South Africa: Reasons, Consequences and Potentia...
	Seeking Compensation for Harm Arising from Medical Malpractice
		Instituting Contractual Claims for Harm Arising from Medical Malpractice
		Instituting Delictual Claims for Harm Arising from Medical Malpractice
		The Burden of Proof and the Effect of the Maxim Res Ipsa Loquitur in Medical Malpractice Cases
		Concurrency of Liability for Harm Arising from Medical Malpractice
	Excessive Litigation for Harm Arising from Medical Malpractice
	The Availability of Pretrial Conditions, Time Limits and Limitation of Legal Practitioners´ Fees As a Way to Curb the Growth o...
	Reasons for the Expansion of Liability for Harm Arising from Medical Malpractice
	Consequences of the Expansion of Liability for Harm Arising from Medical Malpractice
	The Use of Alternative Dispute Resolution Procedures in the Context of Medical Malpractice
		Alternative Dispute Resolution Procedures That Are Generally Available to Victims of Medical Malpractice
		The Legal Bases of the ADR Procedures
		The Nature of the ADR Procedures: Voluntary or Compulsory?
		The Aim and Philosophy of ADR Proceedings
	The Regulation of the Medical Health Profession by the HPCSA
	Proposals for Reform of the Law Relating to the Compensation of Harm Arising from Medical Malpractice
		The Increased Use of ADR Procedures
		Potential Reform Options Outlined in the SALRC Report
		The Proposed State Liability Amendment Bill
	Conclusion
	References
	Books and Articles
Chapter 17: Compensation Schemes for Damages Caused by Healthcare and Alternatives to Court Proceedings
	Prelude: Overview of Taiwan´ Medical Malpractice Law: Walking Out of the Shadow of Criminal Liability
	Compensation Schemes for Damages Caused by Healthcare
		A Combination of Fault-based and Cause-based Compensation Scheme
			Contractual Liability
			Tort Liability
			Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP) 1988
			Drug Injury Relief Program (1999)
			Childbirth Accident Relief Program (2012)
		Normative Framework
			Defining and Determining the Existence of Fault, Standard of Care, and Accidental risk
			Determining the Burden of Proof
		Public and Private Hospitals
		Efforts to Decrease the Frequency and Severity of Medical Litigation Cases
	Alternatives to Court Proceedings
		Settlements
		Mediation
			Administrative Mediation
			Court-Facilitated Mediation
		Arbitration
		Taiwan Healthcare Reform Foundation ()
	Proposals De Lege Ferenda
	Systemic Remarks
	References
Chapter 18: Alternative Compensation Schemes for Medical Malpractice in the United Kingdom
	The Shape of Compensation for Medical Malpractice in the UK
		The Relevance of Tort Law
		The Relevance of Contract Law
		Recovery and Regulation
		Criticisms of the Overall Framework for Recovery
		Related Redress Schemes in the Medical Context
		Conclusion
	Unpacking the Relevant Legal Rules
		Understanding Fault in the Context of Medical Malpractice
		Applying the Fault Concept in the Context of Medical Malpractice
		Burdens and Standards of Proof in the Context of Medical Malpractice
		The (Ir)relevance of the Public or Private Status of an Institution
		Procedural Requirements in the Context of Medical Malpractice
		Damage Caps and Limitations on Recoverable Harm
	Particular Rules and Institutions Regarding Medical Malpractice in the UK
		Procedural Protocols
		Public Protection Agencies
		Statutory Apology Rules
		Disclosure in the Litigation Context
	References
	Cases
	Statutes and Statutory Instruments
	Books, Articles, Chapters
	Reports