Comparative Studies in Australian and New Zealand English: Grammar and beyond (Varieties of English Around the World General Series)

Comparative Studies in Australian and New Zealand English......Page 2
Editorial page......Page 3
Title page......Page 4
LCC data......Page 5
Table of contents......Page 6
List of abbreviations......Page 8
List of contributors......Page 10
1. Previous grammatical studies of AusE and NZE......Page 12
2. The present volume......Page 13
3. Corpus-based approaches......Page 14
4.1 Section I (“Morphology”)......Page 15
4.3 Section III (“Nouns and Noun Phrases”)......Page 16
4.4 Section IV (“Clauses and Sentences”)......Page 17
4.5 Section V (“Discourse”)......Page 18
References......Page 19
Section I. Morphology......Page 22
1. Introduction: Movements in the English verb system......Page 24
2. Modeling and analyzing the directions of change......Page 26
3. Using ICE-corpus data, written and spoken......Page 29
4. Frequencies of nonstandard past verb forms used with sing/sang/sung verbs......Page 30
5. Frequencies of standard -ed and nonstandardized -t for verbs with variable past forms......Page 32
6. Sociolinguistic variation in verbal preferences, especially on the age spectrum......Page 36
7. Conclusions......Page 38
References......Page 39
1. Introduction......Page 42
2. Data sources and methodology......Page 43
3.1 Conjoined pronouns......Page 45
3.2 Pronouns in identificational constructions, clefts, and than-comparatives......Page 52
3.3 Possessive me......Page 54
3.4 Demonstrative them and us NP......Page 55
3.5 2pl variants......Page 56
4. Conclusion......Page 57
References......Page 58
1. Introduction......Page 60
2. Functions of hypocoristics......Page 64
3. Sources of hypocoristics and their contexts of use......Page 65
4. Hypocoristics of placenames......Page 68
5. Ways of forming hypocoristics: Derivation, grammar and meaning......Page 69
6. Distribution of hypocoristics......Page 72
7. Conclusion......Page 75
Appendix 1: Some Australian hypocoristics for placenames and institutions......Page 76
References......Page 79
Section II. Verbs and verb phrases......Page 82
1. Introduction......Page 84
2. Recent changes: Quasi-modals on the rise......Page 85
3. The corpora......Page 86
4. Frequencies across the regional varieties......Page 87
5. Frequencies across speech and writing......Page 88
6.1 Have to......Page 90
6.3 Need to......Page 94
6.4 Be going to......Page 95
6.5 Want to......Page 96
7. Conclusion......Page 97
References......Page 98
1. Introduction......Page 100
2. The perfect and the preterite in AusE and NZE......Page 105
3. AusE and NZE in the company of the other national varieties......Page 107
4. Data from Australian Style......Page 117
5. Summing up......Page 123
References......Page 124
2. Previous corpus-based studies......Page 126
3. The corpora......Page 127
4. Progressive aspectuality......Page 128
6.1 Forms of the progressive......Page 129
6.2 Clause type......Page 130
7. Special pragmatic uses......Page 131
8. Contraction......Page 132
References......Page 133
1. Introduction: A vexed construction......Page 136
2. Previous corpus-based studies of the mandative subjunctive in British and American English......Page 137
3. Variation in postcolonial Englishes in their use of the mandative subjunctive......Page 138
5. Spoken and written data from six ICE corpora......Page 139
6. Matrix verbs for the mandative subjunctive across six ICE corpora......Page 142
7. Spoken contexts for the use of the mandative subjunctive......Page 143
8. The future of the mandative subjunctive in world English......Page 145
References......Page 147
1. Definition of “light verb”......Page 150
2.1 Research studies......Page 152
2.2 Dictionary evidence......Page 153
3.1 Spoken vs written......Page 156
3.2 Regional and temporal differences......Page 162
4. Conclusions......Page 164
References......Page 165
Section III. Nouns and noun phrases......Page 168
1. Introduction......Page 170
2. Classification of NNQs......Page 171
3.1 Grammar: Verbal agreement and noun complementation......Page 173
3.4 Variation......Page 174
4. Previous corpus studies......Page 175
5.1 A lot/lots of......Page 176
5.2 ONNQs that have a singular or plural quantifying noun......Page 180
6. NNQs with singular or plural forms only......Page 187
7. Conclusions......Page 189
References......Page 190
Appendix 1......Page 191
1. Introduction......Page 194
2. Women, men and social salience......Page 197
3. Occupational terms......Page 202
3.1 Contextual considerations......Page 207
4. Conclusion......Page 212
References......Page 214
Appendix......Page 215
Section IV. Clauses and sentences......Page 216
1. Introduction......Page 218
2.2 Regional variation......Page 219
2.4 Language-internal variation......Page 220
3.1 Definition of the variable......Page 221
3.2 Results and discussion......Page 225
4. Conclusion......Page 229
References......Page 230
Appendix......Page 231
1. Introduction: Expressing negation......Page 236
2. Research on the uses of no in contemporary English......Page 237
3. Source material used in this study......Page 239
4. Preliminary identification of reaction signals......Page 240
5. Types of no collocation found in speech and writingLet......Page 241
6. Relative frequency of no collocations and not any paraphrases......Page 245
7. Freshly created no collocations......Page 246
References......Page 249
Appendix......Page 251
1. Introduction......Page 254
2. The predictions of syntactic theory......Page 255
3. Non-syntactic factors in the occurrence of zero complementizer......Page 256
4. Description of the corpus and results for general syntactic factors......Page 257
5. Noun complement clauses......Page 265
6. Description of the data and results for noun complement clauses......Page 266
7. Concluding remarks......Page 271
References......Page 272
1. Introduction......Page 274
2.1 help + infinitive......Page 275
2.2 prevent/stop + NP + (from) + gerund......Page 277
2.3 start and begin in catenative uses......Page 279
3.1 help + infinitive......Page 280
3.2 prevent/stop + NP + (from) + gerund......Page 282
4. The regional factor in context: Medium, style and lexical incidence......Page 283
5. Conclusion......Page 285
References......Page 286
2. The problem......Page 288
3. Properties of connective adverbs......Page 290
4. Commas and connective adverbs......Page 296
5. “One sentence or two?”......Page 301
6. Towards a semantic explanation......Page 302
References......Page 303
Section V. Discourse......Page 304
1. Introduction......Page 306
2. The corpora......Page 307
3. Some diachronic trends......Page 308
4. Regional and stylistic variation......Page 310
5. Existentials......Page 314
6. Extraposition......Page 317
7.1 It-clefts......Page 318
7.2 Basic pseudo-clefts......Page 321
7.3 Reversed pseudo-clefts......Page 323
8. Conclusion......Page 326
References......Page 327
1. Introduction......Page 328
2. Discourse markers......Page 330
3. Quantitative data......Page 331
4. Constructions with like: Competing analyses......Page 334
4.2 Like as a marker of loose talk......Page 335
4.3 Like as a discourse marker......Page 336
5. The speakers......Page 337
5.2 New Zealand speakers......Page 338
6.1 The functions of like (DM) in three sentence locations......Page 339
7. Clause-initial like (DM)......Page 341
8. Clause medial like (DM)......Page 343
9. Clause-final like (DM)......Page 345
10. Like in combination with other DMs......Page 346
References......Page 347
1. Introduction......Page 350
2. The origins of Final Particle but in AusE......Page 352
3. Data......Page 354
4.1 Final Hanging but......Page 355
4.2 Final Particle but......Page 357
5. Comprehending Final but in contemporary AusE......Page 361
6. Social meaning of Final but in contemporary AusE......Page 366
References......Page 368
1. Introduction......Page 372
2. What is swearing?......Page 373
3. Why do we swear?......Page 375
3.1 The expletive function......Page 376
3.2 Swearing as abuse or insult......Page 379
3.3 The social function of swearing......Page 381
3.4 Stylistic functions of swearing......Page 384
4. Swearwords as discourse particles......Page 389
5. The evolution of swearing patterns – what is offensive changes over time......Page 390
6. Swearing is ever changing, but here to stay......Page 395
References......Page 396
1. Differentiation among varieties of English......Page 398
2. Reflexes of BrE persisting in AusE and NZE......Page 399
3. Similarities between AusE and NZE grammar: An antipodean standard?......Page 400
4. Differences between AusE and NZE lexicogrammar: Independent national characteristics......Page 403
5. Register differentiation in AusE and NZE via the ICE corpora......Page 404
6. Corpus-based analysis and sociolinguistic variation......Page 406
7. Conclusions: Larger evolutionary trends in AusE, NZE and world English......Page 407
References......Page 408
Index......Page 412
The series Varieties of English Around the World......Page 418