Comparative Mammalian Immunology: The Evolution and Diversity of the Immune Systems of Mammals

Front Cover
Comparative Mammalian Immunology
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Preface
	What are its features?
	What are its weak links?
	What is next?
Acknowledgments
Acronyms
1 Mammalian immunology
	1 The evolution of the mammals and their immune systems
		1.1 Amniotes
		1.2 The origins of the mammals
		1.3 Mammalian phylogeny
			1.3.1 Modern mammals
			1.3.2 Eutherians
			1.3.3 The initial branching events
			1.3.4 The Xenarthra
			1.3.5 The Afrotheria
			1.3.6 The Laurasiatheria
			1.3.7 The Euarchontoglires
			1.3.8 After the K-Pg event
		1.4 The evolution of mammalian immunity
		References
	2 The evolution of viviparity
		2.1 The evolution of the placenta
			2.1.1 Monotremes
			2.1.2 Marsupials
			2.1.3 Eutherians
				2.1.3.1 Shapes and contact areas
				2.1.3.2 Histologic classification
			2.1.4 Epitheliochorial placentas
			2.1.5 Endotheliochorial placentas
			2.1.6 Hemochorial placentas
		2.2 Transfer of immunoglobulins
		2.3 Maternal-fetal tolerance
		2.4 Mechanisms of tolerance
			2.4.1 Anatomical adaptations
			2.4.2 Localized immunosuppression
			2.4.3 Inhibition of complement activation
			2.4.4 Suppression of adaptive immunity
				2.4.4.1 Macrophages
				2.4.4.2 Th17 cells
				2.4.4.3 Myeloid-derived suppressor cells
		2.5 Regulatory cells
			2.5.1 Natural killer cells
			2.5.2 Regulatory T cells
		2.6 Other immunosuppressive mechanisms
			2.6.1 Glycoproteins
			2.6.2 Cytokines
			2.6.3 Blocking antibodies
			2.6.4 Microchimerism
			2.6.5 Adaptive immunity
			2.6.6 Sperm
		References
	3 The evolution and role of lactation
		3.1 The origins of lactation
		3.2 The functions of milk
			3.2.1 Nutritional functions
			3.2.2 Intestinal development
			3.2.3 Protective functions
		3.3 Lactation and the microbiota
			3.3.1 The gut-mammary axis
		3.4 Adaptive immunity
		3.5 Colostrum
			3.5.1 Production
				3.5.1.1 The neonatal Fc receptor
			3.5.2 Immunoglobulin transfer
			3.5.3 Composition
			3.5.4 Colostral lymphocytes
		3.6 Milk
			3.6.1 Milk immunoglobulins
				3.6.1.1 IgG
				3.6.1.2 IgM
				3.6.1.3 IgA and IgE
		References
	4 Endothermy and immunity
		4.1 The evolution of endothermy and homeothermy
		4.2 The benefits of endothermy
		4.3 The role of brown adipose tissue
		4.4 Fevers
			4.4.1 Fevers and endothermy
			4.4.2 Hibernation
			4.4.3 The costs
			4.4.4 Fevers and innate immunity
			4.4.5 Fevers and T cell functions
			4.4.6 Fevers and B cell functions
			4.4.7 Fevers and bacterial diseases
			4.4.8 Fevers and viral diseases
		4.5 Fevers, fungi, and the rise of the mammals
			4.5.1 Fungi and endothermy
		References
	5 The microbiota–immune system relationship
		5.1 Herbivores
		5.2 Carnivores
		5.3 The microbiota–immune relationship
		5.4 The location of the microbiota
			5.4.1 Skin
			5.4.2 The respiratory tract
			5.4.3 The genitourinary system
			5.4.4 The gastrointestinal tract
				5.4.4.1 Foregut fermenters
				5.4.4.2 Hindgut fermenters
		5.5 The functions of the microbiota
			5.5.1 Nutritional efficiency
			5.5.2 Intestinal protection
			5.5.3 Development of the immune system
			5.5.4 Regulation of immunity
				5.5.4.1 Immunity to the microbiota
				5.5.4.2 Enterocytes
				5.5.4.3 Group 3 innate lymphoid cells
				5.5.4.4 B cell functions
				5.5.4.5 Immunoglobulin A and the microbiota
				5.5.4.6 The gut-mammary axis
				5.5.4.7 IgD and the microbiota
				5.5.4.8 T cell functions
				5.5.4.9 Treg cells
				5.5.4.10 Th17 cells
				5.5.4.11 γ/δ T cells
				5.5.4.12 Retinoic acid
		5.6 Dysbiosis
		5.7 Behaviors
			5.7.1 Odors
			5.7.2 Hibernation
			5.7.3 The aryl hydrocarbon receptor
		5.8 Environmental microbiota
		References
	6 Innate immunity: basic features
		6.1 Constitutive innate immunity
			6.1.1 Antibacterial peptides
			6.1.2 The complement system
			6.1.3 Ribonucleic acid interference
		6.2 Induced innate immunity
			6.2.1 Pattern recognition receptors
			6.2.2 Toll-like receptors
			6.2.3 Cell surface toll-like receptors
			6.2.4 Intracellular toll-like receptors
			6.2.5 Toll-like receptor signaling
			6.2.6 Retinoic acid-inducible gene-1-like receptors
			6.2.7 Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors
			6.2.8 AIM2 receptors
			6.2.9 Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase
			6.2.10 Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
				6.2.10.1 Bacterial lipopolysaccharides
				6.2.10.2 Bacterial peptidoglycans
			6.2.11 Bacterial DNA
			6.2.12 Viral nucleic acids
			6.2.13 Damage-associated molecular patterns
			6.2.14 Soluble pattern-recognition molecules
		6.3 Inflammasomes
		6.4 Inflammatory cytokines
			6.4.1 Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
			6.4.2 Interleukin-1
			6.4.3 Interleukin-6
			6.4.4 Chemokines
			6.4.5 Interferons
		6.5 Leukocytes
			6.5.1 Sentinel cells
			6.5.2 Blood cells
			6.5.3 Neutrophils
			6.5.4 Eosinophils
			6.5.5 Macrophages
			6.5.6 Dendritic cells
			6.5.7 Mast cells
		6.6 The costs of innate immunity
		References
	7 The mammalian major histocompatibility complex
		7.1 Major histocompatibility complex structure
		7.2 Major histocompatibility complex class Ia molecules
			7.2.1 Structure
			7.2.2 Gene arrangement
				7.2.2.1 Gene numbers
				7.2.2.2 Recombination
			7.2.3 Evolution
			7.2.4 Polymorphism
			7.2.5 Nonpolymorphic major histocompatibility complex class I molecules
		7.3 Major histocompatibility complex class II molecules
			7.3.1 Structure
			7.3.2 Gene arrangement
			7.3.3 Polymorphism
			7.3.4 Evolution
		7.4 Major histocompatibility complex class III molecules
		7.5 Mammalian variations
			7.5.1 Major histocompatibility complex molecules and disease
		7.6 Major histocompatibility complex and body odors
			7.6.1 Odorant receptor-major histocompatibility complex linkage
		References
	8 T Cells and their receptors
		8.1 Flexible immunity
		8.2 T cell evolution
		8.3 T cell antigen receptors
			8.3.1 The antigen-binding chains
			8.3.2 The signal transduction components
				8.3.2.1 CD3 complex
				8.3.2.2 CD4 and CD8
		8.4 T cell antigen receptor functions
			8.4.1 Receptor-antigen binding
		8.5 Antigen receptor diversity
			8.5.1 Gene rearrangement
			8.5.2 Base insertion and deletion
			8.5.3 Somatic mutation
		8.6 T cell receptor diversity
			8.6.1 Gene structure
				8.6.1.1 TRA/D
				8.6.1.2 TRB
				8.6.1.3 T cell receptor gamma
				8.6.1.4 TRM
			8.6.2 Possible combinations
			8.6.3 TRC genes and habitat
		8.7 γ/δ T cells
			8.7.1 γ/δ-high species
				8.7.1.1 Bovine
				8.7.1.2 Innate cells
				8.7.1.3 Regulatory cells
				8.7.1.4 Sheep
				8.7.1.5 Pigs
				8.7.1.6 Rabbits
			8.7.2 γδ-low species
			8.7.3 Invariant T cells
		8.8 Memory T cells
		References
	9 Mammalian B cells
		9.1 Before the mammals
			9.1.1 Fish
			9.1.2 Amphibians
			9.1.3 Reptiles
			9.1.4 Antibodies in mammals
		9.2 B cell antigen receptor structure
			9.2.1 Light chains
			9.2.2 Heavy chains
				9.2.2.1 Variable regions
				9.2.2.2 Constant regions
				9.2.2.3 Hinge region
				9.2.2.4 Signal transducing component
		9.3 B cell antigen receptor diversity
			9.3.1 IGH locus
			9.3.2 IGL locus
			9.3.3 IGK locus
		9.4 Evolution
			9.4.1 V region clans
			9.4.2 Immunoglobulin D
			9.4.3 Immunoglobulin E
		9.5 Generation of immunoglobulin diversity
			9.5.1 Recombination signal sequences
			9.5.2 Gene rearrangement
			9.5.3 Base deletion and insertion
			9.5.4 Receptor editing
			9.5.5 Somatic hypermutation
			9.5.6 Gene conversion
			9.5.7 Receptor assembly
			9.5.8 Intestinal bacteria and the B cell repertoire
			9.5.9 Epigenetics
			9.5.10 Fc receptors
			9.5.11 Fc receptor-like molecules
		References
	10 Mammalian innate lymphoid cells
		10.1 Innate helper cells
			10.1.1 Group 1 innate lymphoid cells
			10.1.2 Group 2 innate lymphoid cells
			10.1.3 Group 3 innate lymphoid cells
		10.2 Natural killer cells
		10.3 Nature killer cell receptors
			10.3.1 The leukocyte receptor complex
				10.3.1.1 Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors
					10.3.1.1.1 Functions
				10.3.1.2 Leukocyte Ig-like receptor glycoproteins
				10.3.1.3 Other leukocyte receptor complex receptors
			10.3.2 The natural killer complex
				10.3.2.1 NKG2 receptors
					10.3.2.1.1 NKG2 ligands
			10.3.3 Other natural killer cell receptors
				10.3.3.1 Natural cytotoxicity receptors
				10.3.3.2 Species differences
				10.3.3.3 Inhibition vs activation
				10.3.3.4 Effector mechanisms
		10.4 “Trained” immunity
		10.5 Natural killer cell subsets
		10.6 Natural killer T cells
			10.6.1 The CD1 system
			10.6.2 The MR1 system
		References
	11 The mammalian lymphoid system
		11.1 Sources of lymphocytes
			11.1.1 Lymphoid tissue inducer cells
		11.2 Primary lymphoid organs
		11.3 Thymus
			11.3.1 Structure
			11.3.2 Function
			11.3.3 Thymic hormones
			11.3.4 Thymic involution
			11.3.5 Species differences
		11.4 Peyer’s patches
			11.4.1 Structure
				11.4.1.1 Group one species
				11.4.1.2 Group two species
		11.5 Bone marrow
		11.6 Secondary lymphoid organs
		11.7 Spleen
			11.7.1 Red pulp
			11.7.2 White pulp
			11.7.3 Function
				11.7.3.1 Different types of spleens
				11.7.3.2 Defensive type spleens
				11.7.3.3 Storage spleens
				11.7.3.4 Intermediate spleens
				11.7.3.5 Accessory spleens
		11.8 Lymph nodes
			11.8.1 Structure
			11.8.2 Function
			11.8.3 Lymphocyte circulation
			11.8.4 Species differences
			11.8.5 Hemolymph nodes
			11.8.6 Other secondary lymphoid organs
			11.8.7 Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues
			11.8.8 Tonsils
			11.8.9 Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue
			11.8.10 Peyer’s patches
			11.8.11 Lymphoglandular complexes
			11.8.12 Cecal appendix
			11.8.13 Cryptopatches
			11.8.14 Anal tonsils
			11.8.15 Tertiary lymphoid organs
		References
2 Mammalian orders
	12 The monotremes: echidnas and platypus
		12.1 Reproduction
			12.1.1 Lactation
			12.1.2 Venom
		12.2 Hematology
		12.3 Innate immunity
		12.4 Lymphoid tissues
			12.4.1 Thymus
			12.4.2 Spleen
			12.4.3 Lymphoid nodules
			12.4.4 Gut-associated lymphoid tissues
			12.4.5 Monotreme major histocompatibility complex
				12.4.5.1 Major histocompatibility complex class I
				12.4.5.2 Major histocompatibility complex class II
			12.4.6 Natural killer cell receptors
		12.5 B cells and immunoglobulins
			12.5.1 Immunoglobulin M
			12.5.2 Immunoglobulin D
			12.5.3 Immunoglobulin O
			12.5.4 Immunoglobulin A
			12.5.5 Immunoglobulin G
			12.5.6 Immunoglobulin E
			12.5.7 Light chains
			12.5.8 V region genes
			12.5.9 Immunoglobulin receptors
		12.6 T cells and cell-mediated immunity
			12.6.1 TRA and TRB genes
			12.6.2 TRG
			12.6.3 TRD
			12.6.4 TRM
		References
	13 Marsupials: Opossums to Kangaroos
		13.1 Reproduction and lactation
			13.1.1 Protection in the pouch
			13.1.2 Lactation
			13.1.3 Ameridelphia
			13.1.4 Australidelphia
				13.1.4.1 Immune cells
		13.2 Hematology
		13.3 Innate immunity
			13.3.1 Cytokines
		13.4 Lymphoid organs
			13.4.1 Thymus
			13.4.2 Bone marrow
			13.4.3 Spleen
			13.4.4 Lymph nodes
			13.4.5 Gut-associated lymphoid tissues
		13.5 The marsupial MHC
			13.5.1 Opossum
			13.5.2 Australidelphia
			13.5.3 The natural killer complex
			13.5.4 The leukocyte receptor complex
		13.6 B cells and immunoglobulins
			13.6.1 Opossum
			13.6.2 Heavy chains
			13.6.3 Light chains
			13.6.4 Fc receptors
		13.7 T cells and cell-mediated immunity
			13.7.1 The T cell antigen receptors
				13.7.1.1 Opossum
					13.7.1.1.1 TRA/D genes
					13.7.1.1.2 TRB genes
					13.7.1.1.3 TRG genes
					13.7.1.1.4 TRM genes
				13.7.1.2 Other marsupials
			13.7.2 Other T cell receptors
		References
	14 Tylopoda: Camels and llamas
		14.1 Reproduction and lactation
		14.2 Hematology
		14.3 Innate immunity
			14.3.1 Leukocytes
				14.3.1.1 Pattern recognition receptors
			14.3.2 Complement
			14.3.3 Cytokines
		14.4 Lymphoid organs
			14.4.1 Thymus
			14.4.2 Spleen
			14.4.3 Lymph nodes
			14.4.4 Hemal nodes
			14.4.5 Mucosal lymphoid tissues
				14.4.5.1 Bactrian camel
				14.4.5.2 Dromedary
		14.5 The major histocompatibility complex
			14.5.1 Major histocompatibility complex class I
			14.5.2 Major histocompatibility complex class II
			14.5.3 Major histocompatibility complex class III
			14.5.4 The Natural Killer receptor complexes
				14.5.4.1 Leukocyte receptor complex
				14.5.4.2 Natural killer complex
		14.6 B cells and Immunoglobulins
			14.6.1 Old-world camels
				14.6.1.1 IGHM
				14.6.1.2 IGHG
				14.6.1.3 IgG1
				14.6.1.4 IGHE
				14.6.1.5 IGHA
				14.6.1.6 IGHV
			14.6.2 Light chains
		14.7 Heavy-chain-only antibodies
			14.7.1 V domain structure
			14.7.2 VHH gene segments
			14.7.3 Heavy Chain-only Antibody functions
		14.8 New-world camels
			14.8.1 Constant domains
		14.9 T cells and cell-mediated immunity
			14.9.1 TRA/D
			14.9.2 TRB
			14.9.3 TRG
			14.9.4 Somatic hypermutation
		References
	15 Suiformes: Pigs and Peccaries
		15.1 Reproduction and lactation
			15.1.1 Cell-mediated immunity and colostrum
			15.1.2 Antibody-mediated immunity
		15.2 Hematology
			15.2.1 Blood leukocytes
		15.3 Innate immunity
			15.3.1 Pattern recognition receptors
			15.3.2 Acute-phase proteins
			15.3.3 Antimicrobial peptides
			15.3.4 Cytokines
		15.4 Lymphoid organs
			15.4.1 Thymus
			15.4.2 Spleen
			15.4.3 Lymph nodes
			15.4.4 Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues
				15.4.4.1 Tonsils
				15.4.4.2 Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissues
				15.4.4.3 Gastric lymphoid tissues
				15.4.4.4 Peyer’s patches
				15.4.4.5 Lymphoglandular complexes
			15.4.5 Dendritic cells
		15.5 Major histocompatibility complex
			15.5.1 Major histocompatibility complex class Ia
			15.5.2 Class II
			15.5.3 The natural killer receptor complex
		15.6 B cells and immunoglobulins
			15.6.1 Immunoglobulin heavy chains
				15.6.1.1 IGHG
				15.6.1.2 Other classes
				15.6.1.3 Variable domains
				15.6.1.4 Immunoglobulin light chains
		15.7 B cell receptor development
		15.8 T cells and cell-mediated immunity
			15.8.1 Workshop cluster1 cells
			15.8.2 T cell receptors
				15.8.2.1 α/β T cells
				15.8.2.2 γ/δ T cells
				15.8.2.3 TCR genes
				15.8.2.4 TRA/D
				15.8.2.5 TRB
				15.8.2.6 TRG
			15.8.3 Natural killer T cells
		References
	16 The cetaceans: whales and dolphins
		16.1 Reproduction and lactation
		16.2 Hematology
		16.3 Innate immunity
			16.3.1 Neutrophils
			16.3.2 Cytokines
		16.4 Lymphoid organs
			16.4.1 Thymus
			16.4.2 Spleen
			16.4.3 Lymph nodes
			16.4.4 Mucosal associated lymphoid tissues
				16.4.4.1 The complex laryngeal gland
			16.4.5 Anal tonsils
		16.5 The major histocompatibility complex
			16.5.1 The MHC Class I region
			16.5.2 The MHC Class II region
			16.5.3 DR loci
			16.5.4 DQ loci
			16.5.5 Other MHC class II loci
			16.5.6 The natural killer receptor complex
		16.6 B cells and immunoglobulins
			16.6.1 IGH genes
			16.6.2 IgM
			16.6.3 IgA
			16.6.4 IgD
			16.6.5 IgG
			16.6.6 IGV genes
			16.6.7 Light chains
		16.7 T cells and cell-mediated immunity
			16.7.1 Pressure adaptation
				16.7.1.1 TRA/D
				16.7.1.2 TRB
				16.7.1.3 TRG
		References
	17 Ruminants: cattle, sheep, and goats
		17.1 Reproduction and lactation
			17.1.1 Secretion and composition of colostrum and milk
			17.1.2 Absorption of colostrum
			17.1.3 Cell-mediated immunity and colostrum
		17.2 Hematology
		17.3 Innate immunity
			17.3.1 Toll-like receptors
			17.3.2 Defensins
			17.3.3 Complement
			17.3.4 Conglutinin
			17.3.5 Cytokines
				17.3.5.1 Interferons
				17.3.5.2 Chemokines
		17.4 Lymphoid organs
			17.4.1 Thymus
			17.4.2 Spleen
			17.4.3 Lymph nodes
			17.4.4 Hemal nodes
			17.4.5 Mucosal associated lymphoid tissues
			17.4.6 The genital lymphoid ring
		17.5 The major histocompatibility complex
			17.5.1 The MHC class I region
			17.5.2 The MHC class II region
			17.5.3 The MHC Class IIb region
			17.5.4 The MHC class III region
			17.5.5 The natural killer receptor complex
			17.5.6 Leukocyte receptor complex
			17.5.7 Natural killer complex
			17.5.8 Natural killer receptor ligands
			17.5.9 Natural killer cell functions
			17.5.10 Dendritic cells
		17.6 B cells and immunoglobulins
			17.6.1 Immunoglobulin heavy chains
			17.6.2 IGHM
			17.6.3 IGHD
			17.6.4 IGHG
			17.6.5 IGHV
			17.6.6 Ultralong VH CR3
			17.6.7 Light chains
			17.6.8 Receptor assembly
		17.7 T cells and cell-mediated immunity
			17.7.1 T cell antigen receptors
			17.7.2 T cell receptor genes
			17.7.3 TRA/D
			17.7.4 TRB
			17.7.5 TRG
			17.7.6 γ/δ T Cell functions
			17.7.7 γ/δ T cells as innate cells
			17.7.8 γ/δ T cells as Th1 cells
			17.7.9 γ/δ T cells as Treg cells
			17.7.10 Workshop cluster 1 proteins
				17.7.10.1 Structure
				17.7.10.2 Functions
				17.7.10.3 WC1+ γ/δ T cells
				17.7.10.4 WC1¯ γ/δ T cells
			17.7.11 The role of CD163
		17.8 Sheep (Ovis aires) and goats (Capra hircus)
		17.9 Reproduction and lactation
			17.9.1 Sheep
		17.10 Innate immunity
			17.10.1 Sheep
		17.11 Lymphoid organs
			17.11.1 Tonsils
			17.11.2 Peyer’s patches
		17.12 Major histocompatibility complex
			17.12.1 Sheep
			17.12.2 Natural killer cell receptors
		17.13 B cells and immunoglobulins
			17.13.1 Sheep
			17.13.2 Goats
		17.14 T cells and cell-mediated immunity
			17.14.1 Sheep
			17.14.2 TRA/D
			17.14.3 TRB
			17.14.4 TRG
			17.14.5 Goats
			17.14.6 WC1
		17.15 Other species
			17.15.1 Water Buffalo (Bulbalis bulbalis)
			17.15.2 Domestic Yaks. (Bos grunniens)
		References
	18 Chiropterans: the bats
		18.1 Reproduction and lactation
		18.2 Hematology
		18.3 Innate immunity
			18.3.1 Pattern recognition receptors
			18.3.2 Inflammatory responses
			18.3.3 Interferon pathways
			18.3.4 MicroRNA
			18.3.5 Body temperature and hibernation
			18.3.6 Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome!
		18.4 Lymphoid organs
			18.4.1 Thymus
			18.4.2 Spleen
				18.4.2.1 Lymph nodes
			18.4.3 Peyer’s patches
		18.5 The major histocompatibility complex
			18.5.1 The MHC class I region
			18.5.2 The MHC class II region
			18.5.3 The natural killer cell receptor complex
		18.6 B cells and immunoglobulins
			18.6.1 IGH
			18.6.2 IgM
			18.6.3 IgD
			18.6.4 IgG
			18.6.5 IgA
			18.6.6 IgE
			18.6.7 IGHV
			18.6.8 Light chains
		18.7 T cells and cell-mediated immunity
			18.7.1 TRA/D
			18.7.2 TRB
			18.7.3 TRG
		References
	19 Feliformes: The cats and their relatives
		19.1 The evolution of carnivory
			19.1.1 Reproduction and lactation
			19.1.2 Hematology
			19.1.3 Innate immunity
				19.1.3.1 Toll-like receptors
				19.1.3.2 Inflammasomes
				19.1.3.3 Natural killer cells
		19.2 Dendritic cells
		19.3 Cytokines
			19.3.1 Lymphoid organs
				19.3.1.1 Thymus
				19.3.1.2 Spleen
		19.4 Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue
		19.5 Mucosal lymphoid tissues
			19.5.1 The major histocompatibility complex
				19.5.1.1 The MHC Class I region
				19.5.1.2 The MHC class II region
		19.6 The natural killer cell receptor complex
			19.6.1 B cells and immunoglobulins
				19.6.1.1 IGH genes
				19.6.1.2 Immunoglobulin heavy chains
				19.6.1.3 Immunoglobulin Light chains
			19.6.2 T cells and cell-mediated immunity
				19.6.2.1 TRA/D
				19.6.2.2 TRB
				19.6.2.3 TRG
		19.7 Other cats
		19.8 Hyenas
		References
	20 Caniforms: Dogs, bears, and their relatives
		20.1 The domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris)
			20.1.1 Reproduction and lactation
		20.2 Hematology
			20.2.1 Gray eosinophils
		20.3 Innate immunity
			20.3.1 Acute-phase proteins
			20.3.2 Natural killer cells
			20.3.3 Dendritic cells
		20.4 Lymphoid organs
			20.4.1 Thymus
			20.4.2 Spleen
			20.4.3 Mucosal lymphoid tissues
		20.5 Major histocompatibility complex
			20.5.1 The MHC class I region
			20.5.2 The MHC class II region
			20.5.3 The MHC class III region
		20.6 B cells and immunoglobulins
			20.6.1 Immunoglobulin heavy chains
			20.6.2 Canine IgD
			20.6.3 The IgG subclasses
			20.6.4 The IgE subclasses
			20.6.5 Canine IgA
				20.6.5.1 IGHV
			20.6.6 Immunoglobulin light chains
				20.6.6.1 Lambda light chains
				20.6.6.2 Kappa light chains
		20.7 T cells and cell-mediated immunity
			20.7.1 T cell antigen receptor genes
				20.7.1.1 TRA/D genes
				20.7.1.2 TRB genes
				20.7.1.3 TRG genes
		20.8 MUSTELIDS
			20.8.1 Major histocompatibility complex
			20.8.2 Immunoglobulins
			20.8.3 TCRs
		20.9 PROCYONIDS
			20.9.1 Lymphoid tissues
		20.10 URSIDS
			20.10.1 Hibernation
			20.10.2 Climate change and immunity
			20.10.3 Major histocompatibility complex
		20.11 PINNIPEDS
			20.11.1 Lymphoid tissues
			20.11.2 Major histocompatibility complex
			20.11.3 Natural killer cells and receptors
		References
	21 The perissodactyls: horses and their relatives
		21.1 Reproduction and lactation
		21.2 Hematology
		21.3 Innate immunity
			21.3.1 Toll-like receptors
			21.3.2 Antimicrobial peptides
			21.3.3 Cytokines
			21.3.4 Interleukin-26
			21.3.5 Natural killer cells
		21.4 Lymphoid organs
			21.4.1 Thymus
			21.4.2 Spleen
			21.4.3 Mucosal lymphoid tissues
		21.5 The major histocompatibility complex
			21.5.1 The MHC class I region
			21.5.2 The MHC class II region
			21.5.3 The natural killer receptor complex
			21.5.4 Dendritic cells
		21.6 B cells and immunoglobulins
			21.6.1 Immunoglobulin heavy chains
			21.6.2 IGHV genes
			21.6.3 Immunoglobulin Light chains
		21.7 T cells and cell-mediated immunity
			21.7.1 T cell receptor genes
				21.7.1.1 TRA/D genes
				21.7.1.2 TRB genes
				21.7.1.3 TRG genes
			21.7.2 Natural killer T cells and CD1
		References
	22 The Lagomorpha: rabbits, hares, and picas
		22.1 Reproduction and lactation
		22.2 Hematology
		22.3 Innate immunity
			22.3.1 Toll-like receptors
			22.3.2 Cytokines
			22.3.3 Defensins
			22.3.4 Natural killer cells
			22.3.5 Acute-phase proteins
			22.3.6 Necroptosis
		22.4 Lymphoid organs
			22.4.1 Thymus
			22.4.2 Spleen
			22.4.3 Mucosal lymphoid tissues
		22.5 Major histocompatibility complex
			22.5.1 The MHC Class I region
			22.5.2 The MHC class II region
			22.5.3 The MHC class III region
			22.5.4 Natural killer cell receptors
		22.6 B cells and immunoglobulins
			22.6.1 IGHM
			22.6.2 Immunoglobulin Heavy chains
				22.6.2.1 IGHD
				22.6.2.2 IGHG
				22.6.2.3 IGHE
				22.6.2.4 IGHA
			22.6.3 Locations
			22.6.4 IGHV
			22.6.5 Immunoglobulin Light Chains
				22.6.5.1 Kappa chains
				22.6.5.2 Lambda chains
			22.6.6 The rabbit B cell antibody repertoire
			22.6.7 Fetal liver and bone marrow
		22.7 Appendix
		22.8 Other mammals
		22.9 T cells and cell-mediated immunity
			22.9.1 TRA/D
			22.9.2 TRB
			22.9.3 TCRG
		References
	23 The rodents: mice, rats, and their relatives
		23.1 Wild rodents versus laboratory rodents
		23.2 Myomorpha (rats and mice)
		23.3 Reproduction and lactation
		23.4 Hematology
		23.5 Innate immunity
			23.5.1 Pattern recognition receptors
			23.5.2 Chemokines
			23.5.3 Antibacterial peptides
			23.5.4 Acute-phase responses
		23.6 Lymphoid organs
			23.6.1 Thymus
			23.6.2 Spleen
			23.6.3 Mucosal tissues
		23.7 Major histocompatibility complex
			23.7.1 The MHC class Ia region
			23.7.2 Polymorphism
			23.7.3 Nonpolymorphic major histocompatibility complex class Ib molecules
			23.7.4 The MHC class II region
			23.7.5 Gene arrangement
			23.7.6 Major histocompatibility complex class III molecules
			23.7.7 The natural killer cell receptors
		23.8 B cells and immunoglobulins
			23.8.1 B cell subsets
			23.8.2 Immunoglobulin Heavy chains
			23.8.3 IGHG genes
			23.8.4 IGHD genes
			23.8.5 Immunoglobulin Light Chains
				23.8.5.1 Kappa chains
				23.8.5.2 Lambda chains
			23.8.6 Fc receptors
		23.9 T cells and cell-mediated immunity
			23.9.1 TRA/D
			23.9.2 TRB
			23.9.3 TRG
			23.9.4 Natural killer T cells
			23.9.5 Thy-1
		23.10 Rats (Rattus norvegicus)
			23.10.1 RT1: the rat major histocompatibility complex
			23.10.2 Rat natural killer cell receptor complex
			23.10.3 Rat immunoglobulins
		23.11 Other rodents
			23.11.1 Prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster)
			23.11.2 Great gerbils (Rhombomys opimus)
			23.11.3 Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus)
				23.11.3.1 Hematology
				23.11.3.2 Major histocompatibility complex
				23.11.3.3 Immunoglobulins
			23.11.4 Capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris)
			23.11.5 Hamsters (Mesocricetus ssp)
			23.11.6 Mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaberi, Spalax ehrenbergi)
		References
	24 The primates: humans and their relatives
		24.1 Infectious disease history
		24.2 Reproduction and lactation
			24.2.1 Immunoglobulin transfer
			24.2.2 Human colostrum and milk
		24.3 Hematology
		24.4 Innate immunity
			24.4.1 Acute-phase proteins
		24.5 Lymphoid organs
			24.5.1 Thymus
			24.5.2 Spleen
			24.5.3 Mucosal lymphoid tissues
		24.6 Major histocompatibility complex
			24.6.1 Humans
			24.6.2 The MHC class I region
			24.6.3 The MHC class II region
			24.6.4 The MHC class III region
			24.6.5 Great apes
				24.6.5.1 MHC class I
				24.6.5.2 MHC class II
			24.6.6 Old World monkeys
				24.6.6.1 MHC Class I
				24.6.6.2 MHC Class II
			24.6.7 New World monkeys
				24.6.7.1 MHC Class I
				24.6.7.2 MHC Class II
			24.6.8 Nonclassical MHC class I genes
				24.6.8.1 Humans
				24.6.8.2 Human leukocyte antigen -E
				24.6.8.3 Human leukocyte antigen -F
				24.6.8.4 Human leukocyte antigen -G
			24.6.9 Natural killer cell receptors
			24.6.10 Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor ligands
			24.6.11 Great apes
			24.6.12 Old World primates
			24.6.13 New World primates
			24.6.14 Prosimians
		24.7 B cells and immunoglobulins
			24.7.1 Humans
			24.7.2 Immunoglobulin heavy chains
			24.7.3 IgM
			24.7.4 IgD
			24.7.5 IgG
			24.7.6 IgA
			24.7.7 CD89
			24.7.8 IgE
			24.7.9 IGHV
			24.7.10 Immunoglobulin Light chains
				24.7.10.1 IGK
				24.7.10.2 IGL
				24.7.10.3 The Vλ–microRNA association
			24.7.11 Other primates
			24.7.12 Great apes
			24.7.13 Old World monkeys
			24.7.14 New World monkeys
			24.7.15 Prosimians
			24.7.16 Immunoglobulin D
				24.7.16.1 Other primates
		24.8 T cells and cell-mediated immunity
			24.8.1 T cell antigen receptors
				24.8.1.1 TRA/D
				24.8.1.2 TRB
				24.8.1.3 TRG
		References
	25 The Afrotheria: Elephants, manatees, and their relatives
		25.1 Elephants
			25.1.1 Reproduction and lactation
			25.1.2 Hematology
			25.1.3 Innate immunity
			25.1.4 Cytokines
			25.1.5 Acute-phase responses
			25.1.6 Adaptive immunity
				25.1.6.1 Lymphoid organs
			25.1.7 The major histocompatibility complex
			25.1.8 The natural killer cell receptor complex
			25.1.9 B cells and immunoglobulins
				25.1.9.1 IGHM
				25.1.9.2 IGHD
				25.1.9.3 IGHG
				25.1.9.4 IGHV
				25.1.9.5 Light chains
		25.2 MANATEES
			25.2.1 Hematology
			25.2.2 Lymphoid organs
			25.2.3 The major histocompatibility complex
			25.2.4 B cells and immunoglobulins
				25.2.4.1 IGH
				25.2.4.2 IGHV
			25.2.5 T cells and cell-mediated immunity
				25.2.5.1 TRA/D locus
				25.2.5.2 TRB locus
				25.2.5.3 TRG locus
		25.3 Mammalian life-spans
		25.4 The r/K trade-off
		25.5 Body mass and immunity
		References
	26 Four other orders: the Xenarthra, the Scandentia, the Eulipotyphla, and the Pholidota
		26.1 Xenarthra: sloths, armadillos, and anteaters
			26.1.1 Reproduction and lactation
			26.1.2 Hematology
			26.1.3 Lymphoid organs
				26.1.3.1 Sloths
				26.1.3.2 Armadillos
			26.1.4 The Major histocompatibility complex
			26.1.5 Natural killer cells
			26.1.6 B cell responses
			26.1.7 T cell responses
		26.2 Scandentia. The tree-shrews
			26.2.1 Innate immunity
			26.2.2 Major histocompatibility complex
			26.2.3 Natural killer cell receptors
			26.2.4 B cell responses
		26.3 Eulipotyphla. The shrews
			26.3.1 Hematology
			26.3.2 Lymphoid organs
			26.3.3 The pancreas of Aselli
			26.3.4 Vaginal tonsils
			26.3.5 Hedgehogs
		26.4 Pholidota. The Pangolins
			26.4.1 Hematology
			26.4.2 Major histocompatibility complex
		References
Index
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