Compact City: A Sustainable Urban Form?

Book Cover......Page 1
Half-Title......Page 2
Title......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Contents......Page 5
Contributors......Page 8
Acknowledgements......Page 11
Introduction......Page 12
Compact Cities and Sustainability: An Introduction......Page 13
The compact city......Page 14
A sustainable urban form?......Page 15
References......Page 16
Part One  Compact City Theory......Page 18
Introduction......Page 19
Introduction......Page 21
Historical advocacy of centrism and decentrism: radiant city, garden city or Broadacres?......Page 22
Decentrists in planning history......Page 23
Centrists in planning history......Page 25
The contemporary debate: urban compaction or decentralisation?......Page 27
Urban densities......Page 28
Urban size......Page 31
Urban compaction and the market......Page 33
Quality of life......Page 34
Conclusion: centrists, decentrists or compromisers?......Page 35
References......Page 38
Damaging outcomes......Page 41
An explanation for these outcomes......Page 42
Implications for politicians......Page 44
Implications for individual lifestyles......Page 45
Conclusions......Page 46
References......Page 47
Environment......Page 48
Economy......Page 49
Equity......Page 50
Community......Page 51
Alternatives......Page 52
Summary......Page 53
References......Page 54
The compact city......Page 55
Employment......Page 58
Building stock......Page 59
Social and political expectations......Page 60
Conclusion......Page 62
References......Page 64
Introduction......Page 67
Adequate space......Page 68
Flexible frameworks......Page 69
Prescriptions of sustainability......Page 70
Autonomy......Page 71
References......Page 72
Period of confidence......Page 74
Present day......Page 75
The urban environment......Page 76
Sustainable development......Page 77
Compact city......Page 78
Conclusion......Page 79
References......Page 81
Introduction......Page 82
Local acceptability......Page 83
The spatial effects of urban intensification......Page 84
The image and vitality of the city......Page 85
Social impacts and service provision......Page 88
The effects of intensification on transport......Page 89
Conclusions......Page 91
References......Page 92
Part Two  Social and Economic Issues......Page 95
Introduction......Page 96
Introduction......Page 98
Compact city form and constraints......Page 100
Compact city and social inclusion......Page 102
Compact city and social exclusion......Page 103
The doughnut and the gauntlet......Page 104
Compact city and social control......Page 106
References......Page 107
Economic issues......Page 109
Social and practical issues......Page 110
A pragmatic approach......Page 112
References......Page 114
The advantages of the compact city......Page 116
Rural land loss......Page 117
Energy efficiency......Page 118
The political response......Page 119
Contaminated land......Page 120
Company structure......Page 121
High density development......Page 122
Summary of main findings......Page 124
References and further reading......Page 125
Policies and trends......Page 127
Idea and reality......Page 128
Housing density......Page 129
Good quality services and facilities: parks, schools, leisure and fun......Page 130
Urban management and safety......Page 132
Belief in the city......Page 133
References......Page 134
The restructuring of industry and the redistribution of the population......Page 135
Future prospects: supply and demand......Page 138
The demand for development land......Page 139
Towards the sustainable region......Page 142
References......Page 145
Traditional Australian housing......Page 147
The advent of urban consolidation policy......Page 148
Block size......Page 149
Relocation and transaction costs......Page 150
Health......Page 151
Housing tenure......Page 152
Lifestyle......Page 153
Education infrastructure......Page 154
The future of Australian housing......Page 155
Part Three  Environment and Resources......Page 156
Introduction......Page 157
Introduction......Page 159
Residential densities, city size and travel behaviour......Page 160
The wider city region: the case of the UK West Midlands......Page 162
The emerging policy issues......Page 165
Conclusion......Page 166
References......Page 167
The importance of accessibilty to intra-urban travel......Page 168
Local facilities......Page 170
Travel behaviour......Page 171
Mode of travel......Page 172
Distance of travel......Page 173
Conclusions......Page 174
References......Page 175
Introduction......Page 176
Sustainability and the collectivisation of transport......Page 177
Economic and institutional factors......Page 178
Socio-psychological factors......Page 179
Desired developments at the urban scale......Page 180
Expected and desired use of conventional modes......Page 181
Expected and desired use of new modes and technologies......Page 182
References......Page 183
Water consumption and drainage......Page 185
Gardening practices and food production......Page 186
Waste management......Page 187
Energy consumption......Page 188
Transport and communication......Page 190
Summary......Page 193
References......Page 194
Part Four  Measuring and Monitoring......Page 195
Introduction......Page 196
Introduction......Page 198
Precaution and the compact city......Page 199
The status of the precautionary principle......Page 200
Risk and uncertainty......Page 202
Uncertainty in environmental appraisal......Page 203
A possible method for handling uncertainty......Page 205
Conclusions......Page 206
References......Page 207
Introduction—the problem......Page 209
Differing definitions of sustainability......Page 210
Local acceptability......Page 211
Social equity......Page 212
The characteristics of intensified areas......Page 213
The extent of intensification......Page 215
External factors......Page 216
Testing the claims of the compact city......Page 217
Generating tools for the compact city......Page 218
Intensification research as a potential model......Page 220
Conclusions......Page 221
References......Page 222
The Chester context......Page 224
The concept of environmental capacity......Page 225
An environmental capacity method......Page 226
The Chester study......Page 227
Options......Page 228
The way forward......Page 229
Guidelines and principles......Page 230
Historic fabric......Page 231
Future of the environmental capacity approach......Page 232
References......Page 233
Introduction......Page 235
Modelling urban spaces......Page 236
The Canyon problem......Page 237
Street canyon modelling......Page 238
Study area details......Page 239
Modelling methodology......Page 240
UCL area model......Page 241
Monitoring programme......Page 242
Combined modelling and monitoring results......Page 243
Conclusion......Page 245
References......Page 246
Part Five  Implementation......Page 248
Introduction......Page 249
Planned Utopias and lessons from history......Page 251
The compact city hypothesis......Page 252
Why planners?......Page 253
The example of suburban conservation......Page 254
The example of economic development......Page 256
Conclusions......Page 257
References......Page 258
Introduction......Page 261
The housing disaster......Page 262
Dispersal versus concentration......Page 263
Conclusion......Page 267
References......Page 268
What are we doing to our land?......Page 269
Cities and sustainability......Page 270
Planning ahead......Page 271
Introduction......Page 273
Study methodology......Page 274
Awareness of PPG13......Page 275
Perceived problems and suggested solutions......Page 276
Importance and difficulty of policy areas......Page 279
Progress in policy development......Page 281
Integration of policy and monitoring......Page 282
Development plans......Page 283
Appeal decisions......Page 284
Monitoring......Page 285
Conclusions......Page 286
References......Page 287
South Dennistoun, Glasgow......Page 288
Demographic profile......Page 289
Recreation space......Page 290
The old town of Edinburgh......Page 291
Demographic profile......Page 292
Public transport, car ownership and traffic......Page 293
Urban management......Page 294
Conclusions......Page 295
References......Page 296
Compactness......Page 297
The new compact city......Page 299
Economic demands......Page 302
Travel......Page 303
Social and political concerns......Page 304
Conclusion......Page 305
References......Page 306
Conclusion......Page 307
Urban form......Page 308
Quality of life......Page 309
An achievable goal?......Page 310
Conclusion......Page 311
Index......Page 312