Community and Climate Resilience in the Semi-Arid Tropics: A Journey of Innovation

Foreword
Acknowledgements
Contents
Chapter 1: Need for Community Empowerment and Climate Resilience in the Semi-arid Tropics
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Focus of the Study
	1.3 Outline of the Study
Chapter 2: Adarsha Watershed, Kothapally, ICRISAT’s Innovative Journey: Why, How and What?
	2.1 Background
	2.2 Genesis of Adarsha Watershed, Kothapally, Why?
		2.2.1 The Genesis of Adarsha Watershed
			2.2.1.1 Rediscovering the Learning Cycle
	2.3 On-Farm Evaluation of Watershed Technologies (Vertisol Technology)
		2.3.1 Revisit to On-Farm Watersheds to Understand Low Adoption of Technologies
	2.4 How Adarsha Watershed, Kothapally, Was Conceived?
		2.4.1 Designing New Multidisciplinary Experiment for Technology Development for Vertic Inceptisols
	2.5 What We Did to Establish Adarsha Watershed, Kothapally?
		2.5.1 Selection of Kothapally Watershed Based on the Learnings from the On-Farm Survey by the Multidisciplinary Team of Scientists
		2.5.2 Formation of the Consortium for Implementing Integrated Watershed Development Model
			2.5.2.1 Approach Adopted
			2.5.2.2 Integrated Watershed Management–ICRISAT’s Innovative Consortium Model
		2.5.3 Adarsha Watershed, Kothapally
			2.5.3.1 Consortium Approach
			2.5.3.2 Promoting Community Participation
	References
Chapter 3: Climate Change Impacts at Benchmark Watershed
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Kothapally Watershed
	3.3 Data and Methods
		3.3.1 Automatic Weather Station
		3.3.2 IMD Gridded Climate Data
		3.3.3 Droughts
		3.3.4 Projected Climate Change
	3.4 Results and Discussion
		3.4.1 Length of Rainfed Crop-Growing Period (LGP)
		3.4.2 Temperature and Rainfall Trends
		3.4.3 Climate Change at Kothapally
		3.4.4 Projected Changes in Temperature and Rainfall at Kothapally
	3.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 4: Soil management for Sustained and Higher Productivity in the Adarsha Watershed
	4.1 Characterization of Soil Health and Issues in Kothapally Watershed
	4.2 Nutrient Budgeting of Production Systems
	4.3 Scaling Up Balanced Nutrients and Building Soil Carbon
	4.4 Conservation of Soil Resources
	4.5 Overall Impacts of Soil Health and Other Management Practices on Crop Productivity
	4.6 Water Quality
	4.7 Creating Awareness and Capacity Building: Key for Success
	4.8 Summary and Important Findings
	References
Chapter 5: Improved Water Balance and Ecosystem Services Through Integrated Watershed Development
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 AWM Interventions at Community Watershed, Kothapally
	5.3 Rainfall Amount and Its Variability
	5.4 Impact of AWM Interventions on Water Balance Components
	5.5 Groundwater Dynamics and Resilience Building
	5.6 Groundwater Quality
	References
Chapter 6: Improved Livelihoods Through Sustainable and Diversified Cropping Systems
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Climatic Features of Kothapally
	6.3 Cropping System Management
		6.3.1 An Integrated Cropping System Management Approach at Production System Level
		6.3.2 Cropping System Management Through Farmers’ Participatory Varietal Evaluation (FPVE)
	6.4 Crop Diversification
	6.5 Soil and Water Conservation Methods
		6.5.1 Broad-Bed and Furrow and Related Systems
		6.5.2 Contour Cultivation
		6.5.3 Integrated Nutrient Management
	6.6 Integrated Pest Management
		6.6.1 Village-Level HNPV Production
	6.7 Crop Simulation Models
		6.7.1 DSSAT Crop Models
			6.7.1.1 Seasonal and Risk Analysis
			6.7.1.2 Rotation and Long-Term Simulations
		6.7.2 APSIM Models
	6.8 General Circulation Models (GCMs)
	6.9 Data and Methods
		6.9.1 Simulation of Selected Crop Yields Under Climate Change Scenarios
	6.10 Impact of Projected Climate Change on Crop Yields
		6.10.1 Climate Change Impacts on Cotton
		6.10.2 Climate Change Impacts on Maize
		6.10.3 Climate Change Impacts on Sorghum
		6.10.4 Climate Change Impacts on PigeonPea
	6.11 Adaptation Strategies
	6.12 Summary
	References
Chapter 7: Impacts of Integrated Watershed Development Using Economic Surplus Method
	7.1 Background
	7.2 A Glimpse of Watershed Development Programs in India
	7.3 Methodology
		7.3.1 Study Area
		7.3.2 Economic Surplus Approach
		7.3.3 Theoretical Framework
		7.3.4 Estimation of Benefits
		7.3.5 Cost of Project
	7.4 Results and Discussion
		7.4.1 Land Holding Categories
		7.4.2 Water Harvesting and Groundwater Recharge
		7.4.3 Historical Changes in Irrigated Area and Water Utilization Pattern
		7.4.4 Crop Mapping
		7.4.5 Changes in Cropping Pattern
		7.4.6 Changes in Productivity and Crop Income Levels
		7.4.7 Household Income
		7.4.8 Assets
		7.4.9 International Visitors Comments
		7.4.10 Cost of Structures
		7.4.11 Research and Structure Costs
		7.4.12 Economic Surplus
	7.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 8: Digital Technologies for Assessing Land Use, Crop Mapping and Irrigation in Community Watersheds
	8.1 Introduction
		8.1.1 Land-Use Assessment
		8.1.2 Land-Use Classification
		8.1.3 Land-Use Classification and Mapping in India
	8.2 Studies on Land-Use Characterisation
		8.2.1 Land-Use Information at Micro-Level
	8.3 Kothapally Village
		8.3.1 Methodology
		8.3.2 Field Session and Supporting Work
	8.4 Land Holding
	8.5 Land-Use Pattern
	8.6 Crop Mapping
		8.6.1 Field Inventory
		8.6.2 The Field Procedure
		8.6.3 Results of Crop Inventory in Kothapally
		8.6.4 Cropping Pattern
	8.7 Irrigation
		8.7.1 Sources of Irrigation
		8.7.2 Rainwater Harnessing Structures
		8.7.3 Area Under Irrigation
	8.8 Household Pattern
		8.8.1 Household Survey
		8.8.2 Habitat Status
		8.8.3 Property/Land Prices
	8.9 Summary
	References
Chapter 9: Mainstreaming of Women in Watersheds Is Must for Enhancing Family Income
	9.1 Kothapally Watershed: An Inclusive Holistic Approach for Mainstreaming Women
	9.2 Strengthening Livestock-Based Enterprises
		9.2.1 Expansion and Breed Improvement
		9.2.2 Fodder Development
		9.2.3 Reliance for Procurement of Milk in the Village
		9.2.4 Spent Malt as a Microenterprise to Benefit Women and Milk Producers: A Business Model
	9.3 Nursery Raising and Nutri-kitchen Gardens
	9.4 Composting: Recycling Wastes
	9.5 Improved Food, Nutrition and Livelihood Security
	9.6 Other Allied Enterprises
	9.7 Collectivization and Market Linkages
	9.8 Awareness and Capacity Building
	9.9 Summary and Key Findings
	References
Chapter 10: Increasing Incomes and Building Climate Resilience of Communities Through Watershed Development in Rainfed Areas
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Watershed Management and Rural Livelihoods
	10.3 Data and Methodology
		10.3.1 Study Area
		10.3.2 Baseline Characterization
		10.3.3 Household Survey
		10.3.4 Methodology
	10.4 Results and Discussions
		10.4.1 Pattern of Income Diversification
		10.4.2 Household Participation in Different Activities
		10.4.3 Household Asset Position
		10.4.4 Measures of Income Diversification
		10.4.5 Determinants and Impact of Income Diversification
		10.4.6 Changing Scenarios of Income Diversification
	10.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11: Robust Rural Institutions and Governance Are Must for Sustainable Growth in Watersheds
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Institutions and Governance
		11.2.1 Institutional Mechanism
		11.2.2 Management Process
	11.3 Key Organizations and Their Role
		11.3.1 Kothapally Gram Panchayat
		11.3.2 Stree Nidhi
			11.3.2.1 Stree Nidhi: An Appropriate Solution
			11.3.2.2 Providing Credit at an Affordable Cost
			11.3.2.3 Convergence with SERP and MEPMA
			11.3.2.4 Microcredit to Achieve Macro-goals
				Stree Nidhi Credit Co-op Low-Cost Credit Delivery
		11.3.3 Women Self-Help Groups
		11.3.4 Spent Malt to Boost Milk Yield Levels
		11.3.5 Land Structure
	11.4 Water Rights
		11.4.1 NGO Support
		11.4.2 Watershed User Committee
		11.4.3 APFMIS Act
		11.4.4 Water Rights Changes and Conflicts
		11.4.5 Tank Resources
		11.4.6 Organizations for Revitalization of Water Bodies
		11.4.7 Legal Issues Related to Water Sharing
		11.4.8 Check Dams and Groundwater Recharge
	11.5 Policies for Strengthening Institutions
	Kothapally Milk Production During 2017–18
	References
Chapter 12: Summary and Way Forward
	12.1 Way Forward