Communication Systems Engineering with inserted solution manual[John G. Proakis, Masoud Salehi]

PREFACE                                                                                                                 xi

1      INTRODUCTION                                                                                                     1

1.1       Historical Review   1

1.2       Elements of an Electrical Communication System   4
1.2.1   Digital Communication System, 7
1.2.2   Early Work in Digital Communications, 10

1.3       Communication Channels and Their Characteristics   12

1.4       Mathematical Models for Communication Channels   19

1.5       Organization of the Book   22

1.6       Further Reading   23

2      FREQUENCY DOMAIN ANALYSIS OF SIGNALS
AND SYSTEMS                                                                                           24

2.1       Fourier Series   24
2.1.1   Fourier Series for Real Signals: the Trigonometric Fourier Series, 29

2.2       Fourier Transforms   31
2.2.1   Fourier Transform of Real, Even, and Odd Signals, 35


iii




iv                                                                                                                                           Contents


2.2.2   Basic Properties of the Fourier Transform, 36
2.2.3   Fourier Transform for Periodic Signals, 39

2.3       Power and Energy   40
2.3.1   Energy-Type Signals, 41
2.3.2   Power-Type Signals, 42

2.4       Sampling of Bandlimited Signals   45

2.5       Bandpass Signals   49

2.6       Further Reading   57

Problems   57

3      ANALOG SIGNAL TRANSMISSION  AND RECEPTION                              70

3.1       Introduction to Modulation   70

3.2       Amplitude Modulation (AM)   71
3.2.1   Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier AM, 71
3.2.2   Conventional Amplitude Modulation, 78
3.2.3   Single-Sideband AM, 81
3.2.4   Vestigial-Sideband AM, 85
3.2.5   Implementation of AM Modulators and Demodulators, 88
3.2.6   Signal Multiplexing, 94

3.3       Angle Modulation   96
3.3.1   Representation of FM and PM Signals, 97
3.3.2   Spectral Characteristics of Angle-Modulated Signals, 101
3.3.3   Implementation of Angle Modulators and Demodulators, 107

3.4       Radio and Television Broadcasting   115
3.4.1   AM Radio Broadcasting, 115
3.4.2   FM Radio Broadcasting, 116
3.4.3   Television Broadcasting, 120

3.5       Mobile Radio Systems   128

3.6       Further Reading   131

Problems   131

4      RANDOM PROCESSES                                                                                     144

4.1       Probability and Random Variables   144

4.2       Random Processes: Basic Concepts   159
4.2.1   Description of Random Processes, 162
4.2.2   Statistical Averages, 164
4.2.3   Stationary Processes, 166
4.2.4   Random Processes and Linear Systems, 174




Contents                                                                                                                           v


4.3       Random Processes in the Frequency Domain   177
4.3.1   Power Spectrum of Stochastic Processes, 177
4.3.2   Transmission over LTI Systems, 183

4.4       Gaussian and White Processes   186
4.4.1   Gaussian Processes, 186
4.4.2   White Processes, 188

4.5       Bandlimited Processes and Sampling   192

4.6       Bandpass Processes   194

4.7       Further Reading   201

Problems   202

5      EFFECT OF NOISE ON ANALOG COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS                                                                                                      217

5.1
Effect of Noise on Linear-Modulation Systems   217
5.1.1   Effect of Noise on a Baseband System, 218
5.1.2   Effect of Noise on DSB-SC AM, 218
5.1.3   Effect of Noise on SSB AM, 220
5.1.4   Effect of Noise on Conventional AM, 221

5.2
Carrier-Phase Estimation with a Phase-Locked Loop (PLL)
5.2.1   The Phase-Locked Loop (PLL), 226
5.2.2   Effect of Additive Noise on Phase Estimation, 229
225
5.3
Effect of Noise on Angle Modulation   234
5.3.1   Threshold Effect in Angle Modulation, 244
5.3.2   Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis Filtering, 248

5.4
Comparison of Analog-Modulation Systems   251

5.5
Effects of Transmission Losses and Noise in Analog
Communication Systems   252

5.5.1   Characterization of Thermal Noise Sources, 253
5.5.2   Effective Noise Temperature and Noise Figure, 254
5.5.3   Transmission Losses, 257
5.5.4   Repeaters for Signal Transmission, 258

5.6       Further Reading   261

Problems   261

6      INFORMATION SOURCES AND SOURCE CODING                                   267

6.1       Modeling of Information Sources   268
6.1.1   Measure of Information, 269
6.1.2   Joint and Conditional Entropy, 271




vi                                                                                                                                           Contents


6.2       Source-Coding Theorem   273

6.3       Source-Coding Algorithms   276
6.3.1   The Huffman Source-Coding Algorithm, 276
6.3.2   The Lempel-Ziv Source-Coding Algorithm, 280

6.4       Rate-Distortion Theory   282
6.4.1   Mutual Information, 283
6.4.2   Differential Entropy, 284
6.4.3   Rate-Distortion Function, 285

6.5       Quantization   290
6.5.1   Scalar Quantization, 291
6.5.2   Vector Quantization, 300

6.6       Waveform Coding   302
6.6.1   Pulse-Code Modulation (PCM), 302
6.6.2   Differential Pulse-Code Modulation (DPCM), 307
6.6.3   Delta Modulation (   M), 310

6.7
Analysis-Synthesis Techniques   312

6.8
Digital Audio Transmission and Digital Audio Recording
6.8.1   Digital Audio in Telephone Transmission Systems, 317
6.8.2   Digital Audio Recording, 319
316
6.9
The JPEG Image-Coding Standard   323

6.10
Further Reading   327


Problems   327



7      DIGITAL TRANSMISSION THROUGH THE ADDITIVE WHITE
GAUSSIAN NOISE CHANNEL                                                                        340

7.1       Geometric Representation of Signal Waveforms   341

7.2       Pulse Amplitude Modulation   345

7.3       Two-dimensional Signal Waveforms   350
7.3.1   Baseband Signals, 350
7.3.2   Two-dimensional Bandpass Signals—Carrier-Phase Modulation, 354
7.3.3   Two-dimensional Bandpass Signals—Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation, 357

7.4       Multidimensional Signal Waveforms   360
7.4.1   Orthogonal Signal Waveforms, 360
7.4.2   Biorthogonal Signal Waveforms, 365
7.4.3   Simplex Signal Waveforms, 366
7.4.4   Binary-Coded Signal Waveforms, 367




Contents                                                                                                                     vii


7.5       Optimum Receiver for Digitally Modulated Signals in Additive White
Gaussian Noise   370
7.5.1   Correlation-Type Demodulator, 370
7.5.2   Matched-Filter-Type Demodulator, 375
7.5.3   The Optimum Detector, 381
7.5.4   Demodulation and Detection of Carrier-Amplitude Modulated
Signals, 386
7.5.5   Demodulation and Detection of Carrier-Phase Modulated Signals, 388
7.5.6   Demodulation and Detection of Quadrature Amplitude Modulated
Signals, 396
7.5.7   Demodulation and Detection of Frequency-Modulated Signals, 398

7.6       Probability of Error for Signal Detection in Additive White
Gaussian Noise   405
7.6.1     Probability of Error for Binary Modulation, 405
7.6.2     Probability of Error for M-ary PAM, 408
7.6.3     Probability of Error for Phase-Coherent PSK Modulation, 413
7.6.4     Probability of Error for DPSK, 417
7.6.5     Probability of Error for QAM, 418
7.6.6     Probability of Error for M-ary Orthogonal Signals, 423
7.6.7     Probability of Error for M-ary Biorthogonal Signals, 428
7.6.8     Probability of Error for M-ary Simplex Signals, 429
7.6.9     Probability of Error for Noncoherent Detection of FSK, 430
7.6.10   Comparison of Modulation Methods, 432

7.7       Performance Analysis for Wireline and Radio Communication
Channels   436
7.7.1   Regenerative Repeaters, 437
7.7.2   Link Budget Analysis for Radio Channels, 438

7.8       Symbol Synchronization   442
7.8.1   Early–Late Gate Synchronizers, 443
7.8.2   Minimum Mean-Square-Error Method, 445
7.8.3   Maximum-Likelihood Methods, 448
7.8.4   Spectral Line Methods, 449
7.8.5   Symbol Synchronization for Carrier-Modulated Signals, 451

7.9       Further Reading   452

Problems   453

8      DIGITAL TRANSMISSION  THROUGH BANDLIMITED
AWGN  CHANNELS                                                                                            474

8.1       Digital Transmission through Bandlimited Channels   474
8.1.1   Digital PAM Transmission through Bandlimited Baseband
Channels, 478
8.1.2   Digital Transmission through Bandlimited Bandpass Channels, 480




viii                                                                                                                                         Contents


8.2       The Power Spectrum of Digitally Modulated Signals   482
8.2.1   The Power Spectrum of the Baseband Signal, 483
8.2.2   The Power Spectrum of a Carrier-Modulated Signal, 488

8.3       Signal Design for Bandlimited Channels   490
8.3.1   Design of Bandlimited Signals for Zero ISI—The Nyquist Criterion, 492
8.3.2   Design of Bandlimited Signals with Controlled ISI—Partial Response
Signals, 497

8.4       Probability of Error in Detection of Digital PAM   499
8.4.1   Probability of Error for Detection of Digital PAM with Zero ISI, 500
8.4.2   Symbol-by-Symbol Detection of Data with Controlled ISI, 501
8.4.3   Probability of Error for Detection of Partial Response Signals, 504

8.5       Digitally Modulated Signals with Memory   507
8.5.1   Modulation Codes and Modulation Signals with Memory, 508
8.5.2   The Maximum-Likelihood Sequence Detector, 521
8.5.3   Maximum-Likelihood Sequence Detection of Partial Response
Signals, 525
8.5.4   The Power Spectrum of Digital Signals with Memory, 530

8.6       System Design in the Presence of Channel Distortion   534
8.6.1   Design of Transmitting and Receiving Filters for a Known Channel, 535
8.6.2   Channel Equalization, 538

8.7       Multicarrier Modulation and OFDM   556
8.7.1   An OFDM System Implemented via the FFT Algorithm, 557

8.8       Further Reading   560

Problems   561

9      CHANNEL CAPACITY AND CODING                                                             576

9.1       Modeling of Communication Channels   576

9.2       Channel Capacity   579
9.2.1   Gaussian Channel Capacity, 583

9.3       Bounds on Communication   586
9.3.1   Transmission of Analog Sources by PCM, 590

9.4       Coding for Reliable Communication   591
9.4.1   A Tight Bound on Error Probability of Orthogonal Signals, 592
9.4.2   The Promise of Coding, 595

9.5       Linear Block Codes   601
9.5.1   Decoding and Performance of Linear Block Codes, 606
9.5.2   Burst-Error-Correcting-Codes, 614

9.6       Cyclic Codes   615
9.6.1   The Structure of Cyclic Codes, 615




Contents                                                                                                                      ix


9.7       Convolutional Codes   623
9.7.1   Basic Properties of Convolutional Codes, 624
9.7.2   Optimum Decoding of Convolutional Codes—The Viterbi
Algorithm, 629
9.7.3   Other Decoding Algorithms for Convolutional Codes, 634
9.7.4   Bounds on Error Probability of Convolutional Codes, 634

9.8       Complex Codes Based on Combination of Simple Codes   638
9.8.1   Product Codes, 639
9.8.2   Concatenated Codes, 640
9.8.3   Turbo Codes, 640
9.8.4   The BCJR Algorithm, 642
9.8.5   Performance of Turbo Codes, 644

9.9       Coding for Bandwidth-Constrained Channels   646
9.9.1   Combined Coding and Modulation, 647
9.9.2   Trellis-Coded Modulation, 649

9.10     Practical Applications of Coding   655
9.10.1   Coding for Deep-Space Communications, 656
9.10.2   Coding for Telephone-Line Modems, 657
9.10.3   Coding for Compact Discs, 658

9.11     Further Reading   661

Problems   661

10   WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS                                                                      674

10.1       Digital Transmission on Fading Multipath Channels   674
10.1.1   Channel Models for Time-Variant Multipath Channels, 676
10.1.2   Signal Design for Fading Multipath Channels, 684
10.1.3   Performance of Binary Modulation in Frequency Nonselective Rayleigh
Fading Channels, 686
10.1.4   Performance Improvement Through Signal Diversity, 689
10.1.5   Modulation and Demodulation on Frequency Selective Channels—
The RAKE Demodulator, 694
10.1.6   Multiple Antenna Systems and Space-Time Codes, 697

10.2       Continuous Carrier-Phase Modulation   702
10.2.1   Continuous-Phase FSK (CPFSK), 702
10.2.2   Continuous-Phase Modulation (CPM), 711
10.2.3   Spectral Characteristics of CPFSK and CPM Signals, 715
10.2.4   Demodulation and Detection of CPM Signals, 720
10.2.5   Performance of CPM in AWGN and Rayleigh Fading Channels, 726

10.3       Spread-Spectrum Communication Systems   729
10.3.1   Model of a Spread-Spectrum Digital Communication System, 730
10.3.2   Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum Systems, 731
10.3.3   Some Applications of DS Spread-Spectrum Signals, 742
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x                                                                                                                                            Contents


10.3.4    Effect of Pulsed Interference and Fading, 746
10.3.5   Generation of PN Sequences, 748
10.3.6   Frequency-Hopped Spread Spectrum, 752
10.3.7   Synchronization of Spread-Spectrum Systems, 758

10.4       Digital Cellular Communication Systems   766
10.4.1   The GSM System, 766
10.4.2   CDMA System Based on IS-95, 768

10.5       Further Reading   774

Problems   775