Communication: Principles for a Lifetime

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Brief Contents......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 16
Acknowledgments......Page 22
1. Identifying Foundations of Human Communication......Page 26
  To Improve Your Employability......Page 28
  To Improve Your Health......Page 29
  Communication Defined......Page 30
  Communication Characteristics......Page 31
  Communication as Action: Message Transfer......Page 34
  Communication as Interaction: Message Exchange......Page 35
  Communication as Transaction: Message Creation......Page 36
 Communication Competence......Page 37
  The Message Should Be Ethical......Page 38
 Communication & ETHICS: Is There a Universal Ethical Code?......Page 39
 Communication in the 21st Century......Page 40
 Communication & TECHNOLOGY: Got Facebook? How We Connect on Facebook......Page 41
  Group Communication......Page 43
 Communication Principles for a Lifetime......Page 44
 Communication & DIVERSITY: Communication Principles for a Lifetime: Principles for All  Cultures?......Page 45
  Principle Two: Effectively Use and Interpret Verbal Messages......Page 46
  Principle Three: Effectively Use and Interpret Nonverbal Messages......Page 47
  Principle Five: Appropriately Adapt Messages to Others......Page 48
 STUDY GUIDE......Page 50
2. Exploring Self-Awareness and Communication......Page 54
 Self-Awareness: How Well Do You Know Yourself?......Page 56
 Communication & DIVERSITY: Self-Concept from East and West......Page 57
  One or Many Selves?......Page 58
  How the Self-Concept Develops......Page 60
 Self-Esteem: What’s Your Value?......Page 61
  Gender......Page 62
  Self-Expectations......Page 63
 Communication and the Enhancement of Self-Esteem......Page 64
  Engage in Positive Self-Talk......Page 65
  Develop Honest Relationships......Page 66
  Surround Yourself with Positive People......Page 67
 The Perception Process......Page 68
  Stage Two: Organization......Page 69
  Stage Three: Interpretation......Page 70
 Communicate to Enhance Your Powers of Perception......Page 71
  Avoid Stereotypes......Page 72
  Check Your Perceptions......Page 73
 STUDY GUIDE......Page 74
3. Understanding Verbal Messages......Page 78
 Why Focus on Language?......Page 80
  People Use Words as Symbols......Page 81
  People Create Denotative and Connotative Meanings for Words......Page 82
  Meanings Are Culture Bound......Page 83
  Meanings Are Context Bound......Page 84
 The Power of Words......Page 85
 Confronting Bias in Language......Page 86
  Biased Language: Race, Ethnicity, Nationality, and Religion......Page 87
  Biased Language: Gender and Sexual Orientation......Page 88
 Communication & DIVERSITY: Sex/Gender Complexity: Facebook’s Fifty-Six New Terms for Gender Identity......Page 89
 Communication & ETHICS: “That’s So Gay!”......Page 90
  Biased Language: Age, Class, and Ability......Page 91
 Using Words to Establish Supportive Relationships......Page 92
  Be Flexible Rather Than Rigid Toward Others......Page 93
  Present Yourself as Equal Rather Than Superior......Page 94
  Avoid Gunny-Sacking......Page 95
 STUDY GUIDE......Page 96
4. Understanding Nonverbal Messages......Page 99
  Nonverbal Messages Communicate Feelings and Attitudes......Page 101
  Nonverbal Messages Are Critical to Successful Relationships......Page 102
  Nonverbal Messages Serve Multiple Functions......Page 103
  The Culture-Bound Nature of Nonverbal Communication......Page 104
 Communication & DIVERSITY: The Olympics: Winning Medals in Nonverbal Sensitivity?......Page 105
  The Nonlinguistic Nature of Nonverbal Communication......Page 106
  The Multichanneled Nature of Nonverbal Communication......Page 107
  Body Movement, Gestures, and Posture......Page 108
 Communication & TECHNOLOGY: Talking While Walking: Dangerous Multitasking......Page 109
  Facial Expressions......Page 110
  Touch......Page 111
  Physical Environment, Space, and Territory......Page 112
 How to Interpret Nonverbal Cues More Accurately......Page 114
 STUDY GUIDE......Page 116
5. Listening and Responding......Page 119
 The Importance of Listening and Responding Skills......Page 120
  Listening Links Speaker and Audience......Page 121
  Attending......Page 122
 Communication & TECHNOLOGY: The Vanishing Art of Listening to Voice Messages......Page 123
  Analytical Listening Style......Page 124
  The Benefits of Understanding Your Listening Style......Page 125
 Listening Barriers......Page 126
  Self Barriers......Page 127
  Information-Processing Barriers......Page 129
 Communication & DIVERSITY: Does Gender Influence Listening Skill?......Page 130
  Context Barriers......Page 131
 Improving Your Listening Skills......Page 132
  Stop: Turn Off Competing Messages......Page 133
  Look: Listen with Your Eyes......Page 134
  Listen: Understand Both Details and Major Ideas......Page 135
  Responding to Clarify and Confirm Understanding......Page 137
  Responding to Empathize with Others......Page 139
 Communication & ETHICS: Paraphrase Properly......Page 140
  Responding to Provide Social Support......Page 141
 STUDY GUIDE......Page 144
6. Adapting to Others: Diversity and Communication......Page 148
 Understanding Diversity......Page 150
  Sex and Gender......Page 151
  Sexual Orientation......Page 152
  Age......Page 154
  Ethnicity......Page 155
 Culture and Communication......Page 156
  Defining Culture......Page 157
 Communication & TECHNOLOGY: Adapting to Differences When Making E-Connections......Page 158
  Cultural Values......Page 159
 Barriers to Bridging Differences and Adapting to Others......Page 163
  Assuming Similarity......Page 164
  Assuming Differences......Page 165
  Stereotyping and Prejudice......Page 166
 Adapting to Others Who Are Different from You......Page 167
  Aim for Intercultural Communication Competence......Page 168
  Seek Information......Page 169
  Develop Mindfulness......Page 170
  Become Other Oriented......Page 171
  Ethically Adapt to Others......Page 172
 STUDY GUIDE......Page 175
7. Understanding Interpersonal Communication......Page 179
 What Is Interpersonal Communication?......Page 180
 Initiating Relationships......Page 181
  Interpersonal Attraction: Why We Like Whom We Like......Page 182
 Communication & DIVERSITY: Straight Women and Gay Men: What’s Up with the Friendship?......Page 183
  Getting That First Conversation Going......Page 185
  Self-Disclosure: Revealing Yourself to Others......Page 190
  Two Models of Self-Disclosure......Page 191
 Communication & TECHNOLOGY: Do You Need a Boyfriend/Girlfriend That Badly?......Page 192
  Expressing Emotions......Page 193
 Communication & ETHICS: Are You a Blurter?......Page 194
 STUDY GUIDE......Page 195
8. Enhancing Relationships......Page 199
 The Importance of Relationships: Friends, Family, and  Colleagues......Page 200
  Friendship Matters......Page 201
  Family Matters......Page 202
  Colleagues Matter......Page 203
 Stages of Relationship Development......Page 204
  Relational Escalation......Page 205
  Relational De-Escalation......Page 206
 Relationship Dissolution (a.k.a. the Breakup)......Page 207
  Best Practices in Breaking Up......Page 208
  After the Breakup: Communicating with an Ex......Page 209
 Tensions in Relationships: The Dialectical Perspective......Page 210
  Types of Conflict......Page 211
  Properties of Conflict......Page 213
  Styles of Managing Conflict......Page 214
  Conflict Management Skills......Page 215
 STUDY GUIDE......Page 219
9. Understanding Group and Team Performance......Page 223
 Groups and Teams Defined......Page 225
  Communicating in Small Groups......Page 226
  Communicating in Teams......Page 227
  When Not to Collaborate in Groups and Teams......Page 228
  Working in Real Groups and Teams......Page 229
  Roles......Page 230
  Norms......Page 233
  Power......Page 235
  Cohesiveness......Page 237
 Group and Team Development......Page 238
  Conflict......Page 239
  Reinforcement......Page 240
  The Process Nature of Group Phases......Page 241
 STUDY GUIDE......Page 243
10. Enhancing Group and Team Performance......Page 246
  Identify a Clear, Elevating Goal......Page 248
  Gather and Share Appropriate Information......Page 249
  Evaluate Ideas......Page 250
  Develop a Positive Personal Style......Page 251
 Structuring Group and Team Problem Solving......Page 252
  Step 2: Analyze the Problem......Page 254
  Step 3: Generate Creative Solutions......Page 256
  Step 4: Select the Best Solution......Page 257
 Communication & ETHICS: What if Someone Can’t Stop Judging?......Page 258
 Enhancing Group and Team Leadership......Page 260
  Functional Approach......Page 261
  Styles Approach......Page 262
 Communication & DIVERSITY: Deep and Surface Diversity: Which Differences Make a Difference?......Page 264
  Transformational Leadership......Page 265
  Manage Meeting Structure......Page 266
  Manage Meeting Interaction......Page 268
 Communication & TECHNOLOGY: Virtual Meeting Tips......Page 269
 STUDY GUIDE......Page 271
11. Developing Your Speech......Page 277
 Overviewing the Public Speaking Process......Page 278
 Building Your Confidence......Page 279
  Be Prepared......Page 280
  Take Advantage of Opportunities to Speak......Page 281
  What Are My Interests and Experiences?......Page 282
  Conducting Silent Brainstorming......Page 283
 Developing Your Speech Step by Step: Selecting and Narrowing Your Topic......Page 284
  General Purpose......Page 285
 Communication & ETHICS: Is It Ethical to Buy a Speech?......Page 286
 Developing Your Speech Step by Step: Identifying Your Purpose......Page 287
  An Audience-Centered Idea......Page 288
 Developing Your Speech Step by Step: Developing Your Central Idea......Page 289
  Can You Support the Central Idea with a Series of Steps or a Chronological Sequence?......Page 290
 Developing Your Speech Step by Step: Generating Your Main Ideas......Page 291
 Communication & TECHNOLOGY: Check Facts from the Internet ... or Else......Page 292
 Types of Supporting Material......Page 294
 Developing Your Speech Step by Step: Gathering Supporting Material......Page 297
  Acknowledgment of Supporting Material......Page 299
 STUDY GUIDE......Page 300
12. Organizing and Outlining Your Speech......Page 304
  Organizing Ideas Topically......Page 305
  Organizing Ideas Chronologically......Page 306
  Organizing Ideas by Problem and Solution......Page 307
 Communication & DIVERSITY: Acknowledging Cultural Differences in Organizing Messages......Page 308
 Organizing Your Supporting Material......Page 309
  Verbal and Nonverbal Transitions......Page 310
 Introducing and Concluding Your Speech......Page 311
  Introductions......Page 312
  Conclusions......Page 313
 Communication & TECHNOLOGY: Using Outlining Software......Page 315
  Speaking Notes......Page 316
 Sample Preparation Outline......Page 317
 STUDY GUIDE......Page 320
13. Delivering Your Speech......Page 323
 Methods of Delivery......Page 324
  Memorized Speaking......Page 325
  Extemporaneous Speaking......Page 326
  Using Words Well......Page 327
  Crafting Memorable Word Structures......Page 329
  Eye Contact......Page 330
  Physical Delivery......Page 331
  Vocal Delivery......Page 333
  Appearance......Page 335
  Types of Presentation Aids......Page 336
 Communication & ETHICS: Profanity in an Audio Presentation Aid......Page 339
  Guidelines for Preparing Presentation Aids......Page 340
  Guidelines for Using Presentation Aids......Page 341
 Some Final Tips for Rehearsing and Delivering Your Speech......Page 342
 Developing Your Speech Step by Step: Delivering Your Speech......Page 343
 Criteria for Evaluating Speeches......Page 344
 STUDY GUIDE......Page 345
14. Speaking to Inform......Page 349
  Speeches about Objects......Page 350
  Speeches about Procedures......Page 351
  Speeches about Events......Page 352
  Organizing Speeches about Procedures......Page 353
  Organizing Speeches about Events......Page 354
  Organizing Speeches about Ideas......Page 355
 Communication & DIVERSITY: Using an Interpreter......Page 356
  Use Attention-Getting Supporting Material......Page 357
  Use Word Pictures......Page 358
  Use Humor......Page 359
 Strategies for Making Your Informative Speech Memorable......Page 360
  Reinforce Key Ideas Nonverbally......Page 361
 Sample Informative Speech: Elvis......Page 363
 STUDY GUIDE......Page 365
15. Speaking to Persuade......Page 368
  Persuasion Defined......Page 369
  The Psychology of Persuasion......Page 370
  Narrowing Your Topic......Page 373
  Identifying Your Purpose......Page 374
  Ethos: Establishing Your Credibility......Page 375
  Logos: Using Evidence and Reasoning......Page 377
 Communication & DIVERSITY: “Elementary Reasoning, My Dear Watson”......Page 379
  Pathos: Using Emotion......Page 380
  Problem–Solution......Page 381
  Cause and Effect......Page 382
  The Motivated Sequence......Page 383
 Adapting Ideas to People and People to Ideas......Page 385
  The Neutral Audience......Page 386
  The Unreceptive Audience......Page 387
 Sample Persuasive Speech: Real Men and Women Wear Pink......Page 389
 STUDY GUIDE......Page 391
Appendix A: Interviewing......Page 396
  Information-Gathering Interview......Page 397
  Job Interview......Page 398
  The Opening......Page 399
  The Body: Asking Questions......Page 400
  The Conclusion......Page 402
  Prepare Your Resumé......Page 403
 Communication & Technology: Maybe You Should Stop Fussing with the Formatting......Page 404
 Sample Resumé......Page 405
  Look and Communicate Your Best......Page 406
  Polish Your Online Appearance......Page 407
  Listen, Respond, and Ask Appropriate Questions......Page 408
  Follow Up after the Interview......Page 409
 How to Be Interviewed in an Information-Gathering Interview......Page 410
  Respond Appropriately......Page 411
  Deal Wisely with Sensitive Content......Page 412
  Ask Appropriate Questions......Page 413
 Study Guide......Page 415
 Informative Speech: The Ekocenter: Water Project or Corporation Cover-up?......Page 418
 Persuasive Speech: The Epidemic of Sexual Assault on College Campuses......Page 420
Notes......Page 424
Credits......Page 456
Index......Page 460
Back Cover......Page 473