Communication Making Connections

Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
About the Authors
Part 1 Making Connections through Communication
	1 Connecting Process and Principles in the 21st Century
		Communication: Making Connections
		What Is Communication?
		Why Should We Study Communication?
			Communication and Our Technological Society
			Communication and Career Development
			Communication and Ethical Behavior
			Communication and Our Multicultural Society
		Principles of Communication
			Communication Is a Process
			Communication Is a System
			Communication Is Transactional
			Communication Can Be Intentional or Unintentional
		Essential Components of Communication
			Source/Sender
				Determining Meanings
				Encoding
				Sending
				Reacting
			Message
				Interference/Noise
			Channel
			Receiver
			Feedback
			Environment
			Context
		Types of Communication
			Intrapersonal Communication
			Interpersonal Communication
			Public Communication
			Mass Communication
			Communication via Social Media
		Misconceptions about Communication
			Myth 1: Communication Is a Cure-All
			Myth 2: Quantity Means Quality
			Myth 3: Meaning Is in the Words We Use
			Myth 4: We Have a Natural Ability to Communicate
			Myth 5: Communication Is Reversible
		Summary
		Discussion Starters
	2 Connecting Perception, Self, and Communication
		Perception and Communication
		The Perception Process
			Selection
				Selective Exposure
				Selective Attention
				Selective Retention
			Organization
				Closure
				Proximity
				Similarity
			Interpretation
				Interpretation Based on Experiences
				Interpretation Based on New Situations
				Interpretations Based on Others’ Opinions
				Interpretation Based on Verbal Communication
		Perceptual Differences
			Perceptual Set and Stereotyping
			Attribution Error
			Physical Characteristics
			Psychological State
			Cultural Background
			Gender
			Media
		Improving Perception Competencies and Perception Checking
			Become an Active Perceiver
			Recognize That Each Person’s Frame of Reference Is Unique
			Distinguish Facts from Inferences
			Become Aware of the Role of Perceptions in Communication
			Keep an Open Mind
			Perception Checking: Being a Competent Communicator
		Perception and Self-Concept
		Understanding Self-Concept
			Development of Self-Concept
				Values
				Attitudes
				Beliefs
			Communication and Self-Concept
		Social Media and Perceived Self-Concept
			Online Self-Disclosure
			Online Social Connection
			Convenience
			Online Apprehension
			Miscommunication
		Culture and Perceived Self-Concept
		Gender and Perception of Self-Concept
			Sex and Gender
			Gender Stereotypes
			Gender Expectations
		Self-Fulfilling Prophecy and Impression Management
			Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
			Impression Management
		Enhancing Self-Concept
		Summary
		Discussion Starters
		Answers
	3 Connecting through Culture and Diversity
		Connecting with Others through Difference
		Understanding Culture, Diversity, and Difference
			Culture Is Learned
			Culture Is Expressed through Communication
			Culture Is Comprised of Rituals
		Communication and Cultural Variations
			Individualistic and Collectivistic Cultures
			Comfort with Uncertainty
			Perspectives on Power Distribution
			Achievement and Nurturing Culture
			Time Orientation
			High-Context and Low-Context Cultures
		Making Connections through Group Affiliations
			Co-Cultures
			Social Identity
		Intercultural Communication Obstacles
			Anxiety
			Ethnocentrism
			Discrimination
		Communicating Cultural Competence
			Be Aware
			Learn
			Overcome Bias
			Show Mutual Respect
			Practice Your Skills
		Summary
		Discussion Starters
	4 Connecting through Verbal Communication
		The Power of Language
		The Elements of Language
			Sounds
			Words
			Grammar
			Meaning
				Do Words Contain Meaning?
				Words Have Denotative and Connotative Meanings
				Words Can Be Concrete or Abstract
				Words Can Be Specific or Vague
				Meaning Depends on Commonalities
				Language Can Obscure Meanings
		Language-Based Barriers to Communication
			Meanings Can Be Misunderstood
			Language Can Shape Our Attitudes
			Language Can Cause Polarization
			Language Can Be Sexist or Homophobic
			Culture Affects Language Use
		Language and Social Influences
		How to Use Language Effectively
			Use Accurate Language
			Use Vivid Language
			Use Immediate Language
			Use Appropriate Language
			Use Metaphorical Language
		Summary
		Discussion Starters
	5 Connecting through Nonverbal Communication
		What Is Nonverbal Communication?
		Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication
			Nonverbal Communication Occurs Constantly
			Nonverbal Communication Depends on Context
			Nonverbal Communication Is More Believable Than Verbal Communication
			Nonverbal Communication Is a Primary Means of Expression
			Nonverbal Communication Is Related to Culture
			Nonverbal Communication Is Ambiguous
			Why Should You Know about Nonverbal Communication? An Overview
		Functions of Nonverbal Communication
			Complementing Verbal Behavior
			Repeating Verbal Behavior
			Regulating Verbal Behavior
			Substituting for Verbal Behavior
			Deceiving
		Types of Nonverbal Communication
			Facial Expressions and Body Movements
				Eye Behavior Or Oculesics
				Facial Expressions
				Body Movements
			Physical Characteristics
			Touch
			Space
			Time
			Paralanguage/Vocalics
			Silence
			Artifacts
			Environment
		Improving Our Ability to Send and Interpret Nonverbal Communication
		Summary
		Discussion Starters
	6 Connecting through Social Media and New Technologies
		Connecting with Others via Social Media and New Technologies
		History of New Technologies
			Convergence and Multitasking
			Benefits and Challenges for Society
		Distinguishing Social Media from Face-to-Face Communication
			Interactivity
			Temporal Structure
			Social Cues
			Replicability
			Storage
			Reach
			Mobility
		Theories of Social Media and New Technologies
			Social Information Processing Theory
			Media Multiplexity Theory
			Media Richness Theory
		Managing the Dark Side of Social Media and New Technologies
			Compulsive and Excessive Internet Use
			Flaming/Trolling
			Inappropriate Self-Disclosure
			Cyberstalking and Cyberbullying
		Improving Communication Competence via Social Media
		Summary
		Discussion Starters
	7 Connecting Listening and Thinking in the Communication Process
		The Importance of Effective Listening
		Effective Listening
			The Harfield Cognitive Listening Model
			Sensing
			Information Processing: Evaluation, Interpretation, and Understanding
			Remembering
			Thinking
				Focus and Attention
			Interpreting
			Evaluating
			Responding and Sending Feedback
		The Functions of Listening
			Listening to Obtain Information
			Listening to Evaluate
			Listening with Empathy
			Listening for Enjoyment
		Barriers to Effective Listening
			Consider the Topic or Speaker Uninteresting
			Criticize the Speaker Instead of the Message
			Concentrate on Details, Not Main Ideas
			Avoid Difficult Listening Situations
			Tolerate or Fail to Adjust to Distractions
			Fake Attention
			Bias and Prejudice
			Preferred Thinking
		Critical Listening and Critical Thinking: Analyzing and Evaluating Messages
			Assess the Speaker’s Motivation
			Judge the Accuracy of the Speaker’s Conclusions
		Improve Listening Competence
		Summary
		Discussion Starters
Part 2 Connecting in the Public and Relational Contexts
	8 Selecting a Topic and Connecting to the Audience
		Select a Speech Topic
			Select an Appropriate Topic
			Techniques for Finding a Topic
				Self-Inventory
				Brainstorming
				Review the Current Media
				Engage with Social Media and Ted
				Conduct An Internet Search
			Assess the Appropriateness of a Topic
			Narrow the Topic
		Determine the General Purpose, Specific Purpose, and Thesis of a Speech
			The General Purpose
				Informative Speeches
				Persuasive Speeches
				Entertainment Speeches
			The Specific Purpose
			The Thesis
		Audience Analysis: Connecting with the Listeners
			Understand the Listeners’ Point of View
			Captive versus Voluntary Participants
			Key Audience Information
				Demographic Analysis
				Psychological Analysis
			Ways to Learn about the Audience
				Observation
				Survey Interviews
				Questionnaires
			Use Information to Connect with Listeners
			A Note about Digital Public Communication
		Summary
		Discussion Starters
	9 Research: Gathering and Using Information
		Develop a Research Plan
		Research: Gathering Information
			The Internet as an Information Source
			Social Media as an Information Source
			You as an Information Source
			The Interview as an Information Source
			The Library as an Information Source
				The Library Computer Search
			Suggestions for Research
		Use Research to Support and Clarify Ideas
			Testimony
			Examples
				Brief Examples
				Illustrations
				Analogies
			Definitions
			Statistics
		Summary
		Discussion Starters
	10 Organizing and Outlining Your Speech
		Organize the Body of Your Speech
			Develop the Main Points
				Relate Main Points, Specific Purpose, and Thesis
				Present the Main Points
				Be Specific
				Limit the Number of Main Points
				Order the Main Points
				Choosing the Best Pattern
			Connect the Main Points
				Transitions
				Signposts
				Internal Previews
				Internal Summaries
			Support the Main Points
		Organize the Introduction of Your Speech
			Orient the Audience to the Topic
				Refer to the Subject or Occasion
				Use Personal References or Narratives
				Ask Rhetorical Questions
				Present A Startling Statement
				Use Humor
				Incorporate Quotations
				State the Specific Purpose and Thesis
			Motivate the Audience to Listen
			Forecast the Main Points
		Organize the Conclusion of Your Speech
			Show That You Are Finishing the Speech
			Make Your Thesis Clear
			Review the Main Points
			End with a Memorable Thought
			Synthesize and Summarize
		Outline Your Speech
			Principles of Outlining
			The Preliminary Outline
			The Full-Sentence Outline
			The Presentational Outline
		Summary
		Discussion Starters
	11 Managing Anxiety and Apprehension When Delivering Your Speech
		Manage Speech Anxiety
			Communication Apprehension
			Symptoms of Speech Anxiety
			Causes of Speech Anxiety
			Communication Apprehension, Anxiety, and Cultural Concerns
			Treating Speech Anxiety and Apprehension
		Methods of Delivery
			Impromptu Delivery
			Manuscript Delivery
			Memorized Delivery
			Extemporaneous Delivery
		Vocal and Physical Aspects of Delivery
			Vocal Aspects
				Vocal Quality
				Intelligibility
				Vocal Variety
			Physical Aspects
				Personal Appearance
				Body Movement
				Gestures
				Facial Expressions
				Eye Contact
		Presentational Aids
			Benefits of Presentational Aids
				Make a Speech Understandable and Memorable
				Enhance Speaker Credibility
				Create Audience Attention and Interest
				Provide Support
				Help With Delivery
			Choose and Use Effective Presentational Aids
			Types of Presentational Aids
				Computer-Generated Images
				Video and Digitized Video Clips
				Real Objects
				Models
				Photographs, Drawings, and Diagrams
		Presentation Software
			Decide When and Whether to Use PowerPoint or Prezi in Your Presentations
			Create Effective PowerPoint or Prezi Presentations
				Color
				Type and Size of Font
				Displaying the Slide Show
				Use of Graphics and Pictures
			Using Presentational Aids: Who’s Really in Control?
				Poise
				Recovery
		Practice Your Delivery
		Summary
		Discussion Starters
	12 Informative and Persuasive Speaking
		Distinctions between Informative and Persuasive Speaking
		The Goals of Persuasive Speaking
		Topics for Informative and Persuasive Speeches
			The Informative Speech
				Objects
				Processes
				Events
				Concepts
			The Persuasive Speech
				Questions of Fact
				Questions of Value
				Questions of Policy
		Preparing and Developing an Informative Speech
			Gain and Maintain Audience Attention
				Generate A Need For The Information
				Create Information Relevance
				Provide A Fresh Perspective
				Focus On The Unusual
			Increase Understanding of the Topic
				Organize Your Presentation
				Choose Language Carefully
				Use Description
				Use Definitions
			Hints for Effective Informative Speaking
				Avoid Assumptions
				Personalize Information
		Evaluating the Informative Speech
			Topic
			General Requirements
			Audience Analysis
			Supporting Materials
			Organization
			Delivery
			Language Choice
		Persuasive Claims
		Establishing Credibility (Ethos)
			Competence
			Character
				Trustworthiness
				Ethics
			Charisma
		Preparing and Developing a Persuasive Speech
			Researching the Topic
			Organizing the Speech
				The Problem–Solution Pattern
				The Cause–Effect Pattern
				Monroe’s Motivated Sequence Pattern
			Supporting Materials
				Appeals To Needs
				Logical Appeals (logos)
				Emotional Appeals
		Fallacies in Argument Development
			Fallacies of Reason
				Questionable Cause
				Ad Hominem
			Fallacies of Evidence
				Fact Versus Opinion
				Red Herring
				Hasty Generalization
				Post Hoc Fallacy
				Either–or Reasoning
		Evaluating the Persuasive Speech
		Summary
		Discussion Starters 299
		Appendix 12
	13 Connecting through Interpersonal Communication: Developing, Maintaining, and Dissolving Relationships
		Connecting with Others via Interpersonal Communication
			Relationships
			Interpersonal Communication
		Interpersonal Communication Competence
		Theories of Interpersonal Communication
			Uncertainty Reduction Theory
			Uncertainty Management Theory
			Social Penetration Theory
			Social Exchange Theory
			Interpersonal Needs Theory
				The Need for Affection
				The Need for Inclusion
				The Need for Control
			Dialectical Theory
				Connection–Autonomy
				Openness– Closedness
				Novelty–Predictability
				Managing Relational Tensions
		Self-Disclosure in Relationships
			Why Do We Self-Disclose?
				Self-presentation
				Relationship Building
				Catharsis
			When Shouldn’t We Self-Disclose Too Much?
			Self-Disclosure and Privacy
			Self-Disclosure and Gender
			Self-Disclosure and Culture
			Self-Disclosure and Rhetorical Sensitivity
		Relationship Formation
			Interpersonal Attraction
				Physical Attributes
				Communication and Attraction
				Chemistry or Physical Attraction
				Meeting Online
			Relationships: Initiation or Coming Together
				Initiating
				Experimenting
				Intensifying
				Integrating
				Bonding
			Relationship Maintenance Strategies
				Positivity
				Openness
				Assurances
			Blending Social Networks
			Sharing Tasks
		Relationship Dissolution
			Signs That Show a Relationship Is in Trouble
				Aggressive Behavior
				Lies
				Betrayal
			Relationships: Coming Apart or Breaking Up
				Differentiating
				Circumscribing
				Stagnating
				Avoiding
				Terminating
		Interpersonal Conflict
			What Causes Conflict?
			Does Conflict Have to Be Destructive?
			When Is Conflict Beneficial?
			What Are Useful Strategies for Conflict Management or Resolution in Interpersonal Relationships?
				Withdrawing
				Accommodating
				Forcing
				Negotiating
				Collaboration
			Relational Repair Strategies
		Improving Communication Competence in Relationships
			Establish Supportive and Caring Relationships
			Nurture a Supportive Environment
			Invite More Communication
		Summary
		Discussion Starters
	14 Connecting through Participating in Groups and Teams
		Small-Group Communication: Making the Connection to Our Everyday Lives
			What a Group Is
			What a Work Team Is
		Purposes and Types of Groups
			Primary Groups
			Secondary Groups
			Social Media Groups
		Characteristics of Small Groups
			Interdependence
			Commitment
			Cohesiveness
			Gender Differences in Group Behavior
		Establishing a Group Culture
			Group Size
			Group Norms
		Leadership
			Leading a Group or Team
			Leadership Styles and Behavior
				Leadership and Task or Relationship Orientation
				Leadership and Power Distribution
			Leadership and Gender Differences
		Ethical Behavior in Group Communication
		Member Participation
			Roles of Group Members
			Contributions of Group Members
			Reaching Group Members’ Consensus
		Managing Group Conflict
			Conflict and Group Communication
			Ethical Behavior and Conflict
		Problem Solving and Decision Making
			Determining and Stating the Problem
			Discuss the Problem and Its Solution
				Dewey’s Reflective Thinking
				Gouran and Hirokawa’s Functional Theory
			Brainstorming
		Working in Groups or Teams: Advantages and Disadvantages
			Advantages
			The Disadvantages of Working in Small Groups
				Going Along to Get Along
				Time-Consuming Nature of Group Work
				Varying Interaction
				Unfair Workloads
				Pressure to Fail
				Grouphate Phenomenon
		Evaluating Small-Group Performance
		Summary
		Discussion Starters
	15 Connecting through Workplace Communication: Preparing for Your Future
		Communication and a Successful Career
		Conducting the Job Search
			Networking
			Career Fairs
			The Internet
		Preparing for an Interview
			Writing a Résumé
			Examples of Résumés
			Creating Your Website or Blog
			Researching the Organization via the Web
			Writing the Cover Letter
			Developing Questions to Ask the Interviewer
			The Mock Interview
			How to Dress for an Interview
		The Interview
			Creating a Favorable First Impression
			Frequently Asked Questions
			Interviewing and Technology
			Writing a Thank-You Note
		Getting the Job Offer
			Factors Leading to Job Offers
			Factors Leading to Rejection
		Summary
		Discussion Starters
Glossary
Endnotes
Text Credits
Index
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