Commercial Status of Plant Breeding in India

Preface
Acknowledgement
Contents
About the Author
1: Plant Breeding and Indian Agriculture
	1.1	 Introduction
	1.2	 Introduction to Agriculture
		1.2.1	 Types of Agriculture
			1.2.1.1	 The Subsistence Agriculture
			1.2.1.2	 The Commercial Agriculture
		1.2.2	 Current Status of Agriculture in India
	1.3	 Introduction to Plant Breeding
		1.3.1	 Role of Plant Breeding in Agriculture
		1.3.2	 Importance of Plant Breeding for Developing New Varieties
		1.3.3	 Role of Plant Breeding to Strengthen Agriculture Portfolio
			1.3.3.1	 High Physical Yield
			1.3.3.2	 Improve Nutritional Quality
			1.3.3.3	 Crop Adaptation
			1.3.3.4	 Quality Adapted to the Market Needs
			1.3.3.5	 Better Standing Ability
			1.3.3.6	 Efficient Use of Resources
			1.3.3.7	 Negating Undesirable Impact of Environment on Food Production
			1.3.3.8	 Durable Disease Resistant Varieties
			1.3.3.9	 Avoid Pest Attack
		1.3.4	 Requirement of Specialized Human Resource to Serve Plant Breeding
	1.4	 Current Challenges in Agriculture
	1.5	 Current Challenges in Plant Breeding
		1.5.1	 Growing Population
		1.5.2	 Sustainable Production
		1.5.3	 Globalization
		1.5.4	 Global Warming
		1.5.5	 Conventional Versus Organic Breeding
		1.5.6	 Conventional Versus Transgenic Breeding
		1.5.7	 Breeding for Food or Biofuel
	1.6	 Ways to Overcome These Challenges
		1.6.1	 Government Initiatives
		1.6.2	 Technological Front
			1.6.2.1	 In Vitro Breeding
			1.6.2.2	 Molecular Breeding
			1.6.2.3	 Gene Technology
		1.6.3	 Infrastructure and Resource Availability
			1.6.3.1	 Data Management Center
			1.6.3.2	 Effective Collaboration
		1.6.4	 Capacity Building
	1.7	 Conclusion
	References
		Web-Link
2: Plant Breeding and Seed Industry in India
	2.1	 Current Status of Plant Breeding in India
	2.2	 Use of Advanced Technologies in Plant Breeding
		2.2.1	 Present and Future Prospect
		2.2.2	 Advanced Technologies That Can Be Integrated with Plant Breeding
			2.2.2.1	 Molecular Genetics
				2.2.2.1.1 Marker-Assisted Breeding
				2.2.2.1.2 Transgenic Technology/Genetic Engineering
				2.2.2.1.3 Molecular Breeding and Genomic Selection
				2.2.2.1.4 Gene Editing
			2.2.2.2	 Double Haploid Technique
			2.2.2.3	 Hydroponics
				2.2.2.3.1 Advantages of Hydroponics
			2.2.2.4	 Speed Breeding
			2.2.2.5	 Genetic Model Simulation
			2.2.2.6	 High-Throughput Phenotyping (HTPs)
	2.3	 Market Overview
		2.3.1	 Introduction: Market Overview
		2.3.2	 Indicators at the Macro-Level Affecting the Seed and Crop Improvement Industry
			2.3.2.1	 Increasing Population
			2.3.2.2	 Increasing Demand for High Cash Crops
	2.4	 Market Dynamics
		2.4.1	 Drivers
			2.4.1.1	 Strong Annual Growth of Seed Replacement Rate
			2.4.1.2	 Increasing Importance of Genomics in Agriculture Industry
				2.4.1.2.1 Rise in Demand for Improved Crop Varieties
				2.4.1.2.2 Increasing Research on Plant Genetic Material and Germplasm
				2.4.1.2.3 Declining Cost of Agrigenomic Research and Procedures
			2.4.1.3	 Attractive for Investment
			2.4.1.4	 Regulatory Framework
			2.4.1.5	 Supporting Ecosystem
				2.4.1.5.1 Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs)
				2.4.1.5.2 Government Scheme
				2.4.1.5.3 Extension Program
				2.4.1.5.4 Education in Place
			2.4.1.6	 Inherent Strength of India
			2.4.1.7	 Change in Food Habit
		2.4.2	 Restraints
			2.4.2.1	 Debate on Commercialization of Genetically Modified Crops
			2.4.2.2	 Reducing Public Investment on Plant Research
			2.4.2.3	 Infrastructural Restraints
		2.4.3	 Opportunities
			2.4.3.1	 Strong Growth of Horticulture Industry in India
			2.4.3.2	 Increasing Demand for Gluten-Free and Fortified Food
		2.4.4	 Challenges
			2.4.4.1	 Lesser Awareness on Technological Advancements Among Farmers
			2.4.4.2	 Economic Condition of Farmers in India
	2.5	 Women in Seed Business
	2.6	 Seed Industries in India
		2.6.1	 Types of Seeds
			2.6.1.1	 Breeder Seed
			2.6.1.2	 Foundation Seed
			2.6.1.3	 Certified Seed
		2.6.2	 Seed Replacement Rate
	2.7	 Seed Industry Scenario in India
	2.8	 State-Wise Segregation of Indian Plant Breeding Industry
	2.9	 Regulations on Indian Seed Industry
	2.10	 Indian Market Forecast to 2024
	2.11	 Public Versus Private Sector in Indian Crop Improvement Investment
	2.12	 Profile of Plant Breeding-Associated Seed Companies in India
		2.12.1	 Bayer AG
		2.12.2	 Syngenta AG
		2.12.3	 BASF
		2.12.4	 Advanta
		2.12.5	 Corteva Inc.
		2.12.6	 National Seeds Corporation Limited
		2.12.7	 Nuziveedu Seeds Limited
	2.13	 Conclusion
	References
3: Role of Education to Strengthen the Plant Breeding Capacity
	3.1	 Agriculture and Education
		3.1.1	 Factors Influencing Student’s Choice for his/her Future Job (Okorie 2000)
		3.1.2	 Factors Influencing Student’s Talent Status As Per Market Requirement (Hartzell 2012)
	3.2	 Plant Breeding Education System in India
	3.3	 Empirical Evidence of Declining Capacity in Plant Breeding
	3.4	 Overall Challenges: In Education System
		3.4.1	 Inadequate Industrial Development
		3.4.2	 Job Satisfaction and Nature of Remuneration
		3.4.3	 Public Opinion on Agriculture
		3.4.4	 Agriculture as Means of Self-Resilience
		3.4.5	 Return to Agriculture
		3.4.6	 Poor Employability
	3.5	 Challenges: Agri-Based Research and Industrial Development
	3.6	 Efforts to Improve the Education System in India
		3.6.1	 Agri-Clinic and Agri-Business Centres
		3.6.2	 Agricultural Experimental Learning Programme (AELP)
		3.6.3	 Revision of Course Curriculum by IV Deans’ Committee
		3.6.4	 Entrepreneurial Training at Universities
		3.6.5	 Rural Entrepreneurship and Awareness Development Yojana (READY)
		3.6.6	 Public–Private Partnership to Strengthen Education Capacity
		3.6.7	 Promote Start-Up Culture
		3.6.8	 Third-Party Monitoring
		3.6.9	 Features to Improve the Employability
	3.7	 Conclusion
	References
		Links
4: Strategies to Strengthen Plant Breeding Status in India
	4.1	 Impact of Plant Breeding on Socioeconomic Status of Farming Community
	4.2	 Efforts to Make India as a Hub of Expert Plant Breeders
	4.3	 Partnership to Strengthen Plant Breeding Capacity
		4.3.1	 Public–Private Partnership (PPP)
			4.3.1.1	 Employable Education
			4.3.1.2	 Sharing
			4.3.1.3	 Practical Assessment
			4.3.1.4	 Training and Capacity Building
			4.3.1.5	 Develop Centers of Excellence
			4.3.1.6	 Financial Support
			4.3.1.7	 Nature Conservation
			4.3.1.8	 Promote Young Faculty
		4.3.2	 Private–Private Partnership
			4.3.2.1	 To Influence Socioeconomics of the Country
			4.3.2.2	 Train Next-Generation Employees
			4.3.2.3	 Vulnerability Reduction
			4.3.2.4	 Leverage Funding and Expertize from Other Companies
			4.3.2.5	 Address the Social Challenges Affecting Business Operation
			4.3.2.6	 Collaboration with Other Company
		4.3.3	 Public–Public Partnership (PUPs)
			4.3.3.1	 Education
			4.3.3.2	 Research Excellence
			4.3.3.3	 Promoting Start-Up
			4.3.3.4	 Soft Skills and Attitude
			4.3.3.5	 Policy Advocacy
		4.3.4	 NGO–Public–Private Partnership
		4.3.5	 Farmer–Farmer Partnership
			4.3.5.1	 Sahyadri Farmers Producer Co. Limited
			4.3.5.2	 Seed Mother
		4.3.6	 Participatory Plant Breeding (PPB)
			4.3.6.1	 Develop Confidence Among Farmers
			4.3.6.2	 Strengthen Farmer’s Ownership and Empowerment
			4.3.6.3	 Farmer’s Active Participation
			4.3.6.4	 Varieties/Germplasm Conservation
			4.3.6.5	 Improve Local Resilience
			4.3.6.6	 Use of Indigenous Knowledge
			4.3.6.7	 Restrictive Regulatory Policies
			4.3.6.8	 Increase Genetic Diversity
			4.3.6.9	 Cost and Benefits
	4.4	 Recommendation to Strengthen Crop Improvement Status in India
		4.4.1	 Encourage Ethical/Discourage Unethical Practices
			4.4.1.1	 Create Policies and Practices
			4.4.1.2	 Build a Culture of Transparency, Openness, and Communication
		4.4.2	 Technology Integration with Plant Breeding
		4.4.3	 Establishment of Supra-National Organization
			4.4.3.1	 Help to Perform Gap Analysis
			4.4.3.2	 Collaborative Approach for Capacity Building
			4.4.3.3	 Stimulate the Demand of Traditional Varieties
			4.4.3.4	 Link Plant Breeding with Animal Feeding Behavior
			4.4.3.5	 Promote Start-Up
		4.4.4	 Plant Breeding and Organic Farming
		4.4.5	 Regulation in Seed Industry
		4.4.6	 Sensible Response by the Private Industries
		4.4.7	 Narrowing the Gap Between Formal and Informal Seed System
		4.4.8	 In Situ Conservation of Germplasm
		4.4.9	 Broaden Genetic Base of Crop Production
		4.4.10	 Effective Linkage Between Regional Supply Systems
		4.4.11	 Broaden the Objective of Breeding
		4.4.12	 Third-Party Monitoring System
		4.4.13	 Research Parks
		4.4.14	 Farm Mechanization
		4.4.15	 Social Negligence of Rural Community
		4.4.16	 Role of Women in Agriculture
		4.4.17	 Spillover Generated Opportunity
		4.4.18	 Improve Farm Management
		4.4.19	 Blending Plant Breeding with Other Disciplines
		4.4.20	 Cooperative Farming
		4.4.21	 Revitalize the FAO’s Initiative at Ground Level
		4.4.22	 Use Graduate Tracking Data
		4.4.23	 Early Introduction of Plant Breeding into the Education System
		4.4.24	 Awareness and Sensitization
			4.4.24.1	 Sensitization of Young Students/Mind
			4.4.24.2	 Sensitization of Youth/College Students
			4.4.24.3	 Sensitization of Farmers
			4.4.24.4	 Sensitization of General Public
		4.4.25	 Capacity Building and Empowerment
			4.4.25.1	 Capacity Building for Rural India
			4.4.25.2	 Capacity Building in Universities
		4.4.26	 Develop Transversal Skill
		4.4.27	 Promote National and International Collaboration
	4.5	 Conclusion and Recommendation
	References