Combustion Physics: Flames, Detonations, Explosions, Astrophysical Combustion and Inertial Confinement Fusion

Preface
Contents
1 Combustion Chemistry
	1.1 Chemical Reactions
	1.2 Non-branching Chain Reaction: Hydrogen Chlorine
	1.3 Formation Mechanisms of Nitrogen Oxides
		1.3.1 Thermal NO Mechanism
		1.3.2 Prompt NO Mechanism
		1.3.3 Fuel NO
		1.3.4 Flames of the First-Order Reaction
	1.4 Chain-Branching Reactions: Explosions
		1.4.1 Hydrogen–Oxygen Explosions: Explosion Limits
		1.4.2 Oxidation and Explosions of Hydrocarbons
	References
2 Self-Accelerating Reactions
	2.1 A One-Step Chemical Reaction Model
	2.2 Elementary Theory of Thermal Explosion
	2.3 Thermal Self-Ignition
	2.4 Frank-Kamenetskii Transformation
	2.5 Semenov Theory of Thermal Explosions
	2.6 Frank-Kamenetskii Theory of Thermal Explosion
	2.7 Spark Ignition and Minimum Ignition Energy
	2.8 Induction Time: One-Step and Detailed Chemical Models
		2.8.1 Hydrogen–Air: A Single-Step and Detailed Chemical Models
		2.8.2 Methane–Air: A Single-Step and Detailed Chemical Models
	References
3 Laminar Flames
	3.1 Reaction Waves
	3.2 Velocity and Thickness of Laminar Flames
	3.3 Temperature and Concentration Distributions
	3.4 Zel’dovich–Frank-Kamentskii Theory: Laminar Flame Speed
	3.5 Consequences of the Formula for Normal Flame Velocity
	3.6 Laminar Non-premixed Flames
		3.6.1 Non-premixed Laminar Flames
		3.6.2 Combustion of Liquid Fuel Droplets
	References
4 Hydrodynamics of Premixed Laminar Flames
	4.1 Flame Hydrodynamics: Combustion Regimes
	4.2 Complete System of Equations for Propagating Flame
	4.3 Isobaric Approximation
	4.4 Theory of Planar Flames
	References
5 Flame Instabilities
	5.1 Darrieus-Landau Instability of Zero Thickness Flame
	5.2 Hydrodynamic Instability; Flames of Finite Thickness
	5.3 Flame in a Gravitational Field; Rayleigh–Taylor Instability
		5.3.1 Comparison with Numerical Simulations
	5.4 Thermal-Diffusive Instability
		5.4.1 Thermal Diffusive Instability (Le =1)
		5.4.2 Thermal Diffusive Instability of Solid Propellant
	5.5 Flame Dynamics; Evolution Equation
		5.5.1 Evolution Equation; Infinitely Thin Flame Front
		5.5.2 Evolution Equation; Influence of Finite Flame Thickness
		5.5.3 Evolution Equation; Arbitrary Equation of State
		5.5.4 Influence of Compressibility
	References
6 Flame–Acoustic Interaction: Thermoacoustic and Parametric Instabilities
	6.1 Early Experimental Research on the Flame–Acoustic Interaction
	6.2 Flame Stabilization by Acoustic Waves
	6.3 Parametric Flame Instability and Sound Waves
	6.4 Experimental Study of the Darrieus–Landau Instability
	6.5 Flame–Acoustic Interaction: Thermoacoustic Instabilities
	6.6 Applicability of Analytical Models
	References
7 Interaction of Flames with Weak Shocks
	7.1 Linear Theory of Flame–Shock Interaction
	7.2 Nonlinear Effects of Flame–Shock Interactions
	7.3 Hydrodynamic Instability of Planar Flame in Closed Chambers
	References
8 Dynamics of Curved Flames Propagating in Tubes
	8.1 Nonlinear Stage of Instability; Cellular Flame’s Structure
	8.2 Nonlinear Equation for Curved Stationary Flames
	8.3 Velocity of 2D Curved Flame
	8.4 Velocity and Shape of 2D Flame
	References
9 Dynamics of Flames Under Confinement
	9.1 Hydrodynamic Instability of Planar Flame in Closed Chambers
	9.2 Numerical Simulations of the DL Instability in Closed Tubes
		9.2.1 Flames of the First-Order Reaction
		9.2.2 Flames of the Third-Order Reaction
	9.3 Flammability Limits and Flame Quenching
		9.3.1 Flammability Limits
		9.3.2 Heat Losses and Flame Quenching
	9.4 Tulip Flames. Effect of the Boundary Layer
		9.4.1 Experimental, Theoretical, and Numerical Studies
		9.4.2 Mechanisms of the Tulip Flame Formation
		9.4.3 Numerical Simulations and Mechanism of Tulip Flame Formation
	References
10 Flame in a Gravitational Field
	10.1 The Rayleigh–Taylor Instability
	10.2 Velocities of Rising Bubbles
	10.3 Curved Flames in Vertical Tubes
	10.4 Flame in Horizontal Tubes
	References
11 Stability Limits; Spherically Expanding Flames
	11.1 Flame Instabilities in Wide Tubes
	11.2 Morphology of Unconfined Spherically Expanding Flames
	11.3 Fractal Structure and Self-similar Regime
		11.3.1 Fractal Dimension of 2D and 3D Expanding Flames
		11.3.2 Stability of Self-similar Spherically Expanding Flames
	11.4 Self-acceleration and Fractal Structure of Expanding Flames
	References
12 Detonation Waves
	12.1 Evolutionarity Condition and Possible Combustion Modes
	12.2 Structure of Detonation Waves; Detonation Adiabatic
	12.3 Velocity of a Detonation Wave
	12.4 The Chapman-Jouguet Detonation
	12.5 Possible Modes of Exothermal Reactions Propagation
	12.6 CJ-Deflagration and CJ-Detonation
	12.7 Explosions and Spherically Expanding Detonation
	12.8 Strong Explosion in Homogenous Atmosphere
	References
13 Ignition
	13.1 Spark Ignition and Minimum Ignition Energy
	13.2 Zel’dovich’s Gradient Mechanism; Spontaneous Reaction Wave
	13.3 Combustion Modes Initiated by Hot Spots
	13.4 Ignition by Transient Energy Deposition
		13.4.1 Rapid Energy Deposition—Microsecond Time Scale
		13.4.2 Millisecond Time Scale of Energy Deposition 
		13.4.3 Energy of Ignition
	References
14 Regimes of Premixed Flames
	14.1 Regimes of Premixed Turbulent Combustion
	14.2 G-Equation
	14.3 Velocity of Turbulent Flames
		14.3.1 Modeling of the Premixed Turbulent Flame Speed
		14.3.2 Effects of Darrieus–Landau Instability and Thermal Expansion
		14.3.3 Numerical Simulations of Turbulent Combustion
	14.4 Influence of Chemical Reactions on Turbulent Transport
		14.4.1 Turbulent Flux
		14.4.2 Comparison with Numerical Simulations
	References
15 Flame Acceleration and Deflagration-To-Detonation Transition
	15.1 Explosions and Detonation
	15.2 Experimental Study of DDT in Highly Reactive Mixtures
	15.3 Flame Acceleration in Channels with No-Slip Walls
	15.4 Mechanism of Deflagration-to-Detonation Transition (DDT)
		15.4.1 Numerical Simulations of DDT
		15.4.2 Flame Acceleration and DDT in 2D Channel with Smooth Walls
		15.4.3 Flame Acceleration and DDT in 3D Channels
		15.4.4 About Interpretation of Shadow/Schlieren Photographs
	15.5 Effect of Wall Roughness and Obstacles on the Run-Up Distance
	15.6 Unconfined Deflagration-To-Detonation Transition
	References
16 Effects of Radiation on Particle-Laden Combustion
	16.1 Flame Velocity in Particle-Laden Mixtures. Effect of Radiation
		16.1.1 Flame Propagation Through Uniformly Dispersed Particles
		16.1.2 Flame Structure; Radiation Dominated Regime
	16.2 Nonuniform Distribution of Suspended Particles
	16.3 Turbulent Clustering and Multipoint Radiation Induced Ignition
		16.3.1 Radiation Absorption Coefficient and Turbulent Clustering
		16.3.2 Effect of Turbulent Clustering on Radiation Heat Transfer
		16.3.3 Turbulent Clustering: Effective Radiation Absorption Length
		16.3.4 Radiation-Induced Multipoint Secondary Explosions
		16.3.5 Impact of Radiation in Vapor Cloud and Dust Explosions
	References
17 Astrophysical Combustion
	17.1 Compact Objects: The Birth and the Death of Stars
	17.2 The Mysterious Stars: Numerical Models of SN Ia Explosion
	17.3 Ignition and the Early Stage of White Dwarfs Explosion
		17.3.1 Ignition of Self-accelerating Reaction in White Dwarfs
		17.3.2 Flame Ignition in the White Dwarf Core
	17.4 Effect of the Flame Instabilities
		17.4.1 Dynamics of the Flame for Arbitrary Equation of State
		17.4.2 Hydrodynamic Instability of the Flame in White Dwarfs
		17.4.3 Flame Speed in White Dwarfs and the DL Instability
	17.5 Thermal-Diffusion Instabilities of the Flame in White Dwarfs
		17.5.1 A Steady Flame in White Dwarfs
		17.5.2 Thermal-Diffusion Instability and Flame Pulsation in White Dwarfs
	17.6 Instability of Thermonuclear Detonation in White Dwarfs
		17.6.1 Pulsating Instability of Detonation
		17.6.2 Thermonuclear Detonations. Spectrum of Instabilities
	17.7 Rayleigh–Taylor Instabilities, Bubbles and Turbulence
		17.7.1 Nonlinear Stage of the RT Instability
		17.7.2 Multipoint Ignition and Bubbles in SN Ia Explosions
	References
18 Ablation Fronts in Inertial Confinement Fusion
	18.1 Inertial Confinement Fusion
	18.2 Rayleigh–Taylor Instability; Linear Stage, Discontinuity Model
		18.2.1 RT Instability of Ablatively Accelerated Plasma
		18.2.2 Discontinuity Model: Long-Wavelength Perturbations
		18.2.3 Discontinuity Model: Short Wavelength Perturbations
	18.3 Effect of Compressibility
		18.3.1 Structure of Ablation Wave
		18.3.2 Growth Rate of RT and DL Instabilities for a Finite Mach Numbers
		18.3.3 WKB Model: Stabilization of RT Instability by Convection
	18.4 Nonlinear Rayleigh–Taylor Instability in the Laser Ablation
	References
Appendix A Conversion Formulas and Constants
Fundamental Constants
Appendix B Combustion Characteristics of Some Mixtures
Index