Colorimetry: Understanding the CIE System

COLORIMETRY......Page 3
CONTENTS......Page 7
Preface......Page 19
Contributors and Referees......Page 23
Decision 1......Page 33
Decision 2......Page 36
Decision 3......Page 37
Decision 5......Page 40
Color mixture and measurement in the Nineteenth Century......Page 41
American contributions to photometry and colorimetry, 1900–24......Page 43
The run-up to the 1931 observer: 1924–30......Page 44
The drama of 1931......Page 49
Postscript to 1931......Page 53
References......Page 54
Introduction......Page 57
CIE standard colorimetric observers......Page 59
Derivation of the CIE XYZ trichromatic system from the CIE RGB trichromatic system......Page 61
Tristimulus values and chromaticity coordinates......Page 63
CIE 1964 standard colorimetric observer......Page 67
k(10) in the tristimulus values of non-self-luminous objects for the 10° Observer......Page 68
CIE illuminants and sources......Page 69
CIE standard illuminant A and Planckian radiators......Page 70
Daylight illuminants......Page 72
CIE standard illuminant D65......Page 74
CIE illuminants......Page 75
Source A......Page 76
Source D65......Page 77
Phenomena......Page 79
Quantities to describe reflection and transmission......Page 80
Measuring geometries......Page 81
The sample plane and influx geometry......Page 82
Directional geometries......Page 86
Recommended geometry for transmission measurements......Page 87
Standards of reflectance......Page 89
Uniform chromaticity diagram and uniform color spaces......Page 90
Uniform chromaticity diagram, CIE 1976 UCS diagram......Page 91
CIE 1976 uniform color spaces......Page 92
CIE 1976 (L*a*b*) color space, CIELAB color space......Page 93
CIE 1976 (L*u*v*) color space, CIELUV color space......Page 96
Dominant/complementary wavelength and purity......Page 97
Correlated color temperature......Page 99
Whiteness......Page 100
Metamerism......Page 102
Special metamerism index: change in illuminant......Page 103
Special metamerism index: change in observer......Page 104
Appendix A......Page 106
Appendix B......Page 107
References......Page 108
Introduction......Page 111
MacAdam’s experiments on variable stimuli......Page 112
Adams’ and Nickerson’s contribution to color difference evaluation......Page 114
Constant stimuli experiments......Page 115
CIE 1976 color difference formulas......Page 116
Testing and improving CIELAB......Page 120
Development of CIEDE2000......Page 123
Further developments......Page 129
References......Page 130
Introduction......Page 133
Type of instruments......Page 134
Use of spectroradiometers for light source color measurement......Page 135
Irradiance mode......Page 136
Radiance mode......Page 137
Total flux mode......Page 138
Use of spectrophotometers for object color measurements......Page 139
Geometries for reflectance color measurement......Page 140
Sampling interval and bandpass of instruments......Page 141
Sampling interval for object color measurement......Page 142
Effect of bandpass and scanning interval in measurement of light sources......Page 144
Wavelength scale error......Page 148
Uncertainties in measured spectral values......Page 150
Stray light in the monochromator......Page 151
Other sources of error......Page 154
ASTM E308......Page 155
Stearns and Stearns’ method......Page 156
Extended method for bandpass correction......Page 157
Summary for bandwidth and scanning interval requirements......Page 159
Correction of stray light......Page 160
Uncertainty analysis......Page 161
Basic steps......Page 162
Numerical method for sensitivity coefficient......Page 163
References......Page 164
Introduction......Page 167
Basic structure of a tristimulus colorimeter......Page 168
Illuminance-meter-type input optics......Page 169
Luminance-meter-type input optics......Page 170
Spectral matching of the colorimeter......Page 171
Calibration with a standard source......Page 174
The spectral responsivity based calibration method......Page 176
Calibration and measurement considerations......Page 177
Transfer of calibration......Page 179
Principle of the tristimulus calibration for a self-luminous object measuring tristimulus instrument......Page 180
Numerical example for a tristimulus calibration......Page 183
Calibration for selected spectral distributions......Page 184
Basic terms......Page 186
Specific terms......Page 187
References......Page 188
Introduction......Page 191
Color reproduction objectives......Page 192
Viewing a pair of colors......Page 193
Conceptual stages of color reproduction......Page 195
Device color spaces......Page 196
Device characterization and calibration......Page 197
Color and image enhancement......Page 198
Color gamut mapping......Page 199
The ICC color management framework......Page 200
sRGB color management......Page 202
Challenges of color management......Page 203
Does color need to be managed?......Page 204
Analog color management......Page 206
Watercolor reproduction scenario......Page 208
Original to scan......Page 209
Challenges of scanner characterization......Page 210
Scanner characterization models......Page 212
Scanner ICC profiles......Page 213
Scan to display......Page 214
Display characterization models and their implementation in profiles......Page 215
Transforming scanned data to data for display......Page 216
Editing and page layout......Page 217
Proofing......Page 220
Proof printer calibration......Page 221
Proof printer characterization......Page 222
Rendering intents for proofing......Page 223
Evaluation of proof prints......Page 224
Challenges and opportunities......Page 225
Poster and leaflet production......Page 226
Self-calibrating and self-profiling devices......Page 227
Workflow automation......Page 228
Automatic adaptation to viewing environment......Page 230
Smart CMMs......Page 232
Acknowledgments......Page 234
References......Page 235
Introduction......Page 239
The official CIE test sample method of color rendering evaluation......Page 240
Recent investigations to update the color-rendering index calculation......Page 243
Supplementary methods to describe color quality of light sources......Page 245
Summary......Page 246
References......Page 247
The link between colorimetry and physiology......Page 251
In vitro measurements......Page 252
Dartnall nomogram: dilute pigment: effective transmission optical density......Page 253
Spectral sensitivity functions of isolated cone mechanisms......Page 254
Short description of colorimetric databases......Page 255
The cone fundamentals......Page 258
Linear transformation that yields the 10° cone fundamentals......Page 259
Lens and other preretinal media......Page 260
Calculation scheme from dilute photopigment spectral absorbance to cone spectral absorbance, and reverse......Page 261
Extension to any field size......Page 263
The aging observer......Page 264
The calculation of tristimulus values......Page 265
CIE recommendations from CIE and final tables......Page 266
Units and luminous efficiency function......Page 267
The l, s chromaticity diagram......Page 268
A CIE-like chromaticity diagram......Page 269
Color vision deficiencies......Page 270
Color appearance models......Page 271
References......Page 272
Definition of the problem......Page 277
Historical review......Page 278
Generalizations of grassmann additivity......Page 280
Theory of transformation of primaries......Page 282
Summary of the method......Page 283
Results and discussion......Page 284
Activities of CIE TC 1–56......Page 286
The future......Page 289
References......Page 290
Introduction......Page 293
Stimulus......Page 294
Color appearance datasets......Page 295
Chromatic adaptation......Page 296
Development of the CAT02 used in CIECAM02......Page 298
CIE Color appearance models......Page 300
CIECAM97s......Page 301
CIECAM02......Page 302
Chromatic adaptation......Page 303
Hunt effect......Page 305
Stevens effect......Page 306
Surround effect......Page 307
Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect......Page 308
CIECAM02-based color spaces......Page 309
Comparing the performance of the new UCSs with some selected color models......Page 310
Conclusions......Page 312
References......Page 313
Part 1: Forward Mode......Page 316
Part 2: Reverse Mode......Page 317
Part 1: The Forward Mode......Page 318
Part 2: The Reverse Mode......Page 323
Introduction......Page 327
From simple to complex color appearance......Page 328
Image appearance modeling......Page 332
The general iCAM framework for image appearance......Page 333
Specific implementations of image appearance models: high-dynamic range tone-mapping......Page 340
Testing high-dynamic range rendering algorithms......Page 344
An implementation of image appearance for calculating image differences......Page 346
Spatial frequency adaptation......Page 350
Calculating image differences......Page 351
Conclusions and future considerations......Page 352
References......Page 353
Radiometry, photometry, colorimetry, and human vision......Page 357
Standards of color: the role of biology and psychophysics......Page 358
Spectral, spatial, and temporal dimensions of visible light......Page 361
Classical separation of spatial, temporal, and color vision......Page 362
Two examples of spatial limitations of colorimetry......Page 363
Spatial and temporal distributions of visible light......Page 367
Detection and discrimination thresholds......Page 370
Visual multiplexing of spatiotemporal chromatic and achromatic information......Page 372
General approach: data-based or theory-based standard......Page 374
Initial results......Page 375
Example of multiscale image decomposition......Page 377
Multiscale colorimetry: a spatiotemporal path forward......Page 380
References......Page 384
Color matching......Page 387
Color difference......Page 389
Color appearance......Page 391
References......Page 394
Introduction......Page 397
Definitions of terms......Page 398
Types for the evaluation of uncertainty......Page 399
Model of evaluation of uncertainty......Page 400
Monte Carlo method......Page 401
Model with two or more output quantities......Page 403
Steps for evaluating uncertainty......Page 405
Practical examples......Page 406
Principle of a spectral irradiance measurement......Page 407
Operation of a spectral irradiance standard......Page 408
Mechanical alignments......Page 410
Uncertainty Budget......Page 411
Determination of f'(1) values......Page 415
Uncertainty of f'(1) values with Monte Carlo method......Page 418
References......Page 419
Introduction......Page 421
Tristimulus values......Page 422
Uncertainty propagation......Page 424
Tristimulus uncertainties by component......Page 425
Systematic component effects......Page 426
Propagation from tristimulus uncertainties to colour-value uncertainties......Page 428
(x,y,Y ) color coordinates......Page 429
(u',y',Y ) color coordinates......Page 430
(L,* C*, h*) color coordinates (based on a*, b*)......Page 431
(L*, u*, v*) color coordinates......Page 432
Spectral measurement as a transfer......Page 433
Uncertainty of the reference values......Page 434
Offsets in the spectral values......Page 435
Wavelength errors......Page 436
Determining measurement components......Page 437
Noise versus drift......Page 438
Wavelength uncertainties......Page 439
Corrections......Page 440
References......Page 441
Introduction......Page 443
CIE illuminant C and CIE standard geometry d/0......Page 445
Other CIE standard illuminants and standardized light sources......Page 447
CIE reference standards......Page 448
CIE whiteness and tint equations......Page 450
Establishment of new CIE technical committees......Page 451
Practical simulator of illuminant D65......Page 452
Conclusion......Page 454
Characterization of the buildup of colorants and of colorant combinations......Page 455
Standard Depth (SD)......Page 456
Shade sorting, tapering......Page 457
Determination of whiteness......Page 459
Future needs......Page 461
References......Page 462
Standards......Page 467
Technical committee reports......Page 468
Proceedings of the sessions......Page 473
Special publications......Page 474
CIE publications on CD-ROM......Page 475
Glossary......Page 477
Index......Page 485