Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis and Therapeutic Updates

Cover
Title
Copyright
End User License Agreement
Contents
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgement
List of Contributors
Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis
	Sankha Bhattacharya1,*, Amit Page1,*, Kapil Gore1,* and Amaiyya Agrawal1,*
	INTRODUCTION
		Invasive Examination
	NON-INVASIVE DIAGNOSIS METHODS
		Fecal Occult Blood Test
		Non-enzymatic Tumor Markers
		Lysosomal Exoglycosidases as Potential CRC Markers
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Screening for Colorectal Carcinoma
	Sankha Bhattacharya1,*, Saurabh Maru1,* and Aseem Setia2,*
	INTRODUCTION
	DETECTION OF EARLY COLORECTAL CARCINOMA
	EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF COLORECTAL CARCINOMA
	WHAT IS SCREENING?
	WHO SHOULD BE SCREENED?
	SCREENING PEOPLE AT AN AVERAGE RISK FOR COLORECTAL CARCINOMA
		Fecal Occult Blood Test
		Flexible Sigmoidoscopy
		Combination of FOBT and Flexible Sigmoidoscopy
		Colonoscopy
	SCREENING PEOPLE AT INCREASED RISK FOR COLORECTAL CARCINOMA
		Genetic Syndromes
	NEW SCREENING TESTS
		CT Colonography
		Faecal Occult Blood Test
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Histopathology
	Sankha Bhattacharya1,*, Shilpa Dawre1,* and Dyanesh Saindane1,*
	INTRODUCTION
	NORMAL HISTOLOGY OF COLORECTAL AREA
	GENERAL PRESENTATION IN COLORECTAL CANCER
	NEED FOR HISTOPATHOLOGICAL INSPECTION IN COLORECTAL CARCINOMA
	FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE HISTOPATHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF COLORECTAL CARCINOMA
	HISTOPATHOLOGIC DIAGNOSIS OF COLORECTAL CANCER
	HISTOLOGIC VARIANTS
	GRADING OF COLORECTAL CARCINOMA USING HISTOPATHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
		Process of Grading the Cancers
			Issues with PDC System and their Rectification
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Chemotherapy and Colorectal Cancer
	Kapil Gore1,*, Dnyanesh Saindane1,* and Sankha Bhattacharya1,*
	INTRODUCTION
	CHEMOTHERAPY AND COLORECTAL CANCER
		Administration of Chemotherapeutic Agents
	CHEMOTHERAPY IN DIFFERENT STAGES OF COLORECTAL CANCER
	COMPONENTS OF CHEMOTHERAPY
		5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)
		Irinotecan
		Oxaliplatin
	NOVEL THERAPIES FOR COLORECTAL CARCINOMA
		Agarose Microbeads
		Anti-inflammatory Agents
		Probiotics
		Functional Foods
	TARGETED THERAPIES
		Targeting EGFR
		Cetuximab and Panitumumab
		BRAF Inhibitors
		HER-2 Inhibitors
		Targeting VEGF
		Bevacizumab
		Novel anti-VEGFR Agents
		HGF/C-MET Pathway
		HGF Inhibitors
		MET Antagonists
		TKIs
	IMMUNE CHECKPOINT BLOCKADE
	ADJUVANT AND NEOADJUVANT THERAPY USING TARGETED MEDICINE
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Robotics for Rectal Cancer
	Dnyanesh Saindane1, Ajay Madrewar1 and Sankha Bhattacharya1,*
	INTRODUCTION
	TOTAL MESORECTAL EXCISION
		Techniques Abdominoperineal Resection
		Coloanal Anastomosis
	LOCAL EXCISION
		Transanal Excision
		Transcoccygeal Excision
		Transsphincteric Excision
		Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery
	DISADVANTAGES OF SURGICAL TREATMENT FOR RECTAL CANCER
		Short Term Effects of Surgery
		Long Term Effects
	LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY
	ADVANTAGES OVER CONVENTIONAL SURGICAL METHODS
		Short Term Advantages Are:
		Long Term Advantages
		Limitations of Laparoscopic Surgery
	ROBOTIC SURGERY FOR COLORECTAL CANCER
		Components of the da Vinci surgical System
		Operation of the System
	OUTCOMES OF DA VINCI SURGICAL SYSTEM
		Short Term Outcomes
		Long Term Outcomes
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
lncRNA NLIPMT Inhibitors in Colorectal Cancer Management
	Aseem Setia1, Sankha Bhattacharya2,* and Amaiyya Agrawal2
	INTRODUCTION
	LNCRNA IN COLORECTAL CANCER
	HOTAIR
		H19
		MALAT 1
	INVOLVEMENT OF LNCRNAS IN CRC PATHOGENESIS
		Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway
	EGFR/IGF-IR SIGNALING (PI3K AND KRAS PATHWAYS)
	TGF-Β SIGNALING PATHWAY
	P53. PATHWAY
	EMT PROGRAM
	DETAIL DISCUSSION OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA CONDUCTED FOR COLORECTAL CANCER (CRC)
		lncRNA Overexpression TGF-β1 Downregulation by NLIPMT Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Cell Migration and Invasion
		The Activation of KPNA3 by LncRNA DLEU1 Leads to the Advancement of Colorectal Cancer
	CONCLUSION
	ABBREVIATIONS
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Pathways in Colorectal Cancer
	Ajay Madrewar1,*, Kapil Gore1 and Sankha Bhattacharya1
	INTRODUCTION
	CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY PATHWAY
		Adenomatous Polyposis Coli gene and wnt Signaling Pathway
		TP-53 Mutation
		18q Loss of Heterozygosity (LOH)
	MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY PATHWAY
	EPIGENETIC INSTABILITY AND CPG METHYLATION
	PI3K/AKT PATHWAY, PTEN, AND TGFΒR2
	SIGNALLING PATHWAYS IN COLORECTAL CANCER
		EGFR/MAPK Signaling Pathway
		Notch Signaling Pathway
		PI3K Signaling Pathway
		TGF-βsignalling Pathway
		Wnt Pathway
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Radiotherapy in Colorectal Cancer
	Amit Page1, Dnyanesh Saindane2 and Sankha Bhattacharya2,*
	INTRODUCTION
	TYPES OF RADIATION THERAPY
	CLINICAL TRIALS OR RESEARCH STUDIES OF RADIATION AND CHEMO-RADIATION THERAPY IN COLORECTAL CANCER
		Neoadjuvant Radiation Therapy
		Probable Side Effects of Radiotherapy
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Surveillance for Colorectal Cancer
	Saurabh Maru1, Kapil Gore1 and Sankha Bhattacharya1,*
	INTRODUCTION
	COLONOSCOPY
	FLEXIBLE SIGMOIDOSCOPY
	CONCLUSIONS
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Recent Theranostics in Treatment of Colorectal Cancer
	Shilpa Dawre1, Ajay Madrewar1 and Sankha Bhattacharya1,*
	INTRODUCTION
	NANOFLATFORMS FOR DRUG DELIVERY AND THERANOSTICS
	NANOLIPOSOMAL BASED THERANOSTIC NANOPARTICLES
		Prodrug Approach
	SUPER MAGNETIC IRON-OXIDE NANOPARTICLES (SPIONS)
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Management of Colorectal Cancer
	Sankha Bhattacharya1, Amit Page1, Saurabh Maru1 and Shilpa Dawre1
	MANAGEMENT OF COLORECTAL CANCER
	HOW CAN YOU PREPARE PATIENTS FOR SURGERY?
		Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS)
		Stomal Therapy
		Bowel Preparation
		Nutritional Interventions
	LOCAL RECTAL TREATMENT OF RECTAL CANCER (CLINICS IN THE COLON A RECTAL)
		Tumor Evaluation
		Electrocoagulation
		Contract Radiotherapy
		Local Excision
	ENDOSCOPIC TREATMENT
		Snare Polypectomy
		Endoscopic Mucosal Resection (EMR)
		Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection
	WHAT IS THE SURGICAL OPTION FOR COLORECTAL CANCER?
		Open Surgery
		Laparoscopic Surgery
	WHAT ARE POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS?
		Immediate
		Long Term
	WHAT IS THE ROLE OF ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY IN COLORECTAL CANCER TREATMENT?
	CONCLUSION
	CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
	CONFLICT OF INTEREST
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
	REFERENCES
Subject Index
Back Cover