College Physics: Explore and Apply (2nd Edition)

Cover
Brief Contents
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Authors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Real-World Applications
Contents
1. Introducing Physics
	1.1. What is Physics?
	1.2. Modeling
	1.3. Physical Quantities
	1.4. Making Rough Estimates
	1.5. Vector and Scalar Quantities
	1.6. How to Use this Book to Learn Physics
2. Kinematics: Motion in One Dimension
	2.1. What is Motion?
	2.2. A Conceptual Description of Motion
	2.3. Operations with Vectors
	2.4. Quantities for Describing Motion
	2.5. Representing Motion with Data Tables and Graphs
	2.6. Constant Velocity Linear Motion
	2.7. Motion at Constant Acceleration
	2.8. Displacement of an Object Moving at Constant Acceleration
	2.9. Skills for Analyzing Situations Involving Motion
	Summary
	Questions and Problems
3. Newtonian Mechanics
	3.1. Describing and Representing Interactions
	3.2. Adding and Measuring Forces
	3.3. Conceptual Relationship Between Force and Motion
	3.4. Inertial Reference Frames and Newton’s First Law
	3.5. Newton’s Second Law
	3.6. Gravitational Force Law
	3.7. Skills for Applying Newton’s Second Law for One-Dimensional Processes
	3.8. Forces Come in Pairs: Newton’s Third Law
	3.9. Seat Belts and Air Bags
	Summary
	Questions and Problems
4. Applying Newton’s Laws
	4.1. Vectors in Two Dimensions and Force Components
	4.2. Newton’s Second Law in Component Form
	4.3. Friction
	4.4. Skills for Analyzing Processes Involving Forces in Two Dimensions
	4.5. Projectile Motion
	4.6. Starting and Stopping a Car
	Summary
	Questions and Problems
5. Circular Motion
	5.1. Qualitative Dynamics of Circular Motion
	5.2. Analyzing Velocity Change for Circular Motion
	5.3. Radial Acceleration and Period
	5.4. Skills for Analyzing Processes Involving Circular Motion
	5.5. The Law of Universal Gravitation
	Summary
	Questions and Problems
6. Impulse and Linear Momentum
	6.1. Mass Accounting
	6.2. Linear Momentum
	6.3. Impulse and Momentum
	6.4. The Generalized Impulse-Momentum Principle
	6.5. Skills for Analyzing Problems Using Impulse and Momentum
	6.6. Jet Propulsion
	6.7. Collisions in Two Dimensions
	Summary
	Questions and Problems
7. Work and Energy
	7.1. Work and Energy
	7.2. Energy is a Conserved Quantity
	7.3. Quantifying Gravitational Potential and Kinetic Energies
	7.4. Quantifying Elastic Potential Energy
	7.5. Friction and Energy Conversion
	7.6. Skills for Analyzing Processes Using the Work-Energy Principle
	7.7. Collisions
	7.8. Power
	7.9. Improving Our Model of Gravitational Potential Energy
	Summary
	Questions and Problems
8. Extended Bodies at Rest
	8.1. Extended and Rigid Bodies
	8.2. Torque: A New Physical Quantity
	8.3. Conditions of Equilibrium
	8.4. Center of Mass
	8.5. Skills for Analyzing Situations Using Equilibrium Conditions
	8.6. Stability of Equilibrium
	Summary
	Questions and Problems
9. Rotational Motion
	9.1. Rotational Kinematics
	9.2. Physical Quantities Affecting Rotational Acceleration
	9.3. Newton’s Second Law for Rotational Motion
	9.4. Rotational Momentum
	9.5. Rotational Kinetic Energy
	9.6. Tides and Earth’s Day
	Summary
	Questions and Problems
10. Vibrational Motion
	10.1. Observations of Vibrational Motion
	10.2. Kinematics of Vibrational Motion
	10.3. Dynamics of Simple Harmonic Motion
	10.4. Energy of Vibrational Systems
	10.5. The Simple Pendulum
	10.6. Skills for Analyzing Processes Involving Vibrational Motion
	10.7. Including Friction in Vibrational Motion
	10.8. Vibrational Motion with an External Driving Force
	Summary
	Questions and Problems
11. Mechanical Waves
	11.1. Observations: Pulses and Wave Motion
	11.2. Mathematical Descriptions of a Wave
	11.3. Dynamics of Wave Motion: Speed and the Medium
	11.4. Energy, Power, and Intensity of Waves
	11.5. Reflection and Impedance
	11.6. Superposition Principle and Skills for Analyzing Wave Processes
	11.7. Sound
	11.8. Standing Waves on Strings
	11.9. Standing Waves in Air Columns
	11.10. The Doppler Effect
	Summary
	Questions and Problems
12. Gases
	12.1. Structure of Matter
	12.2. Pressure, Density, and the Mass of Particles
	12.3. Quantitative Analysis of an Ideal Gas
	12.4. Temperature
	12.5. Testing the Ideal Gas Law
	12.6. Speed Distribution of Particles
	12.7. Skills for Analyzing Processes Using the Ideal Gas Law
	12.8. Thermal Energy, the Sun, and Diffusion
	Summary
	Questions and Problems
13. Static Fluids
	13.1. Density
	13.2. Pressure Inside a Fluid
	13.3. Pressure Variation with Depth
	13.4. Measuring Atmospheric Pressure
	13.5. Buoyant Force
	13.6. Skills for Analyzing Static Fluid Problems
	13.7. Ships, Balloons, Climbing, and Diving
	Summary
	Questions and Problems
14. Fluids in Motion
	14.1. Fluids Moving Across Surfaces—Qualitative Analysis
	14.2. Flow Rate and Fluid Speed
	14.3. Types of Fluid Flow
	14.4. Bernoulli’s Equation
	14.5. Skills for Analyzing Processes Using Bernoulli’s Equation
	14.6. Viscous Fluid Flow
	14.7. Drag Force
	Summary
	Questions and Problems
15. First Law of Thermodynamics
	15.1. Internal Energy and Work in Gas Processes
	15.2. Two Ways to Change the Energy of a System
	15.3. First Law of Thermodynamics
	15.4. Applying the First Law of Thermodynamics to Gas Processes
	15.5. Specific Heat
	15.6. Phase Change
	15.7. Heating Mechanisms
	Summary
	Questions and Problems
16. Second Law of Thermodynamics
	16.1. Irreversible Processes
	16.2. Entropy: The Microscopic Approach
	16.3. Entropy: The Macroscopic Approach
	16.4. Quantitative Analysis of Thermodynamic Engines and Pumps
	Summary
	Questions and Problems
17. Electric Charge, Force, and Energy
	17.1. Electrostatic Interactions
	17.2. Explanations for Electrostatic Interactions
	17.3. Conductors and Insulators (Dielectrics)
	17.4. Coulomb’s Force Law
	17.5. Electric Potential Energy
	17.6. Skills for Analyzing Processes Involving Electric Charges
	17.7. Charge Separation and Photocopying
	Summary
	Questions and Problems
18. The Electric Field
	18.1. A Model of the Mechanism for Electrostatic Interactions
	18.2. Skills for Analyzing Processes Involving E Fields
	18.3. The V Field: Electric Potential
	18.4. Relating the E Field and the V Field
	18.5. Conductors in Electric Fields
	18.6. Dielectric Materials in an Electric Field
	18.7. Capacitors
	18.8. Electrocardiography
	Summary
	Questions and Problems
19. DC Circuits
	19.1. Electric Current
	19.2. Batteries and Emf
	19.3. Making and Representing Simple Circuits
	19.4. Ohm’s Law
	19.5. Qualitative Analysis of Circuits
	19.6. Joule’s Law
	19.7. Kirchhoff’s Rules
	19.8. Resistor and Capacitor Circuits
	19.9. Skills for Solving Circuit Problems
	19.10. Properties of Resistors
	Summary
	Questions and Problems
20. Magnetism
	20.1. Magnetic Interactions
	20.2. Magnetic Field
	20.3. Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire
	20.4. Magnetic Force Exerted on a Single Moving Charged Particle
	20.5. Magnetic Fields Produced By Electric Currents
	20.6. Skills for Analyzing Magnetic Processes
	20.7. Magnetic Properties of Materials
	Summary
	Questions and Problems
21. Electromagnetic Induction
	21.1. Inducing an Electric Current
	21.2. Magnetic Flux
	21.3. Direction of the Induced Current
	21.4. Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction
	21.5. Skills for Analyzing Processes Involving Electromagnetic Induction
	21.6. AC Circuits
	21.7. Transformers
	21.8. Mechanisms Explaining Electromagnetic Induction
	Summary
	Questions and Problems
22. Reflection and Refraction
	22.1. Light Sources, Light Propagation, and Shadows
	22.2. Reflection of Light
	22.3. Refraction of Light
	22.4. Total Internal Reflection
	22.5. Skills for Analyzing Reflective and Refractive Processes
	22.6. Fiber Optics, Prisms, Mirages, and the Color of the Sky
	22.7. Explanation of Light Phenomena: Two Models of Light
	Summary
	Questions and Problems
23. Mirrors and Lenses
	23.1. Plane Mirrors
	23.2. Qualitative Analysis of Curved Mirrors
	23.3. The Mirror Equation
	23.4. Qualitative Analysis of Lenses
	23.5. Thin Lens Equation and Quantitative Analysis of Lenses
	23.6. Skills for Analyzing Processes Involving Mirrors and Lenses
	23.7. Single-Lens Optical Systems
	23.8. Angular Magnification and Magnifying Glasses
	23.9. Telescopes and Microscopes
	Summary
	Questions and Problems
24. Wave Optics
	24.1. Young’s Double-Slit Experiment
	24.2. Refractive Index, Light Speed, and Wave Coherence
	24.3. Gratings: An Application of Interference
	24.4. Thin-Film Interference
	24.5. Diffraction of Light
	24.6. Resolving Power
	24.7. Skills for Applying the Wave Model of Light
	Summary
	Questions and Problems
25. Electromagnetic Waves
	25.1. Polarization of Waves
	25.2. Discovery of Electromagnetic Waves
	25.3. Applications of Electromagnetic Waves
	25.4. Frequency, Wavelength, and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
	25.5. Mathematical Description of EM Waves and EM Wave Energy
	25.6. Polarization and Light Reflection
	Summary
	Questions and Problems
26. Special Relativity
	26.1. Ether or No Ether?
	26.2. Postulates of Special Relativity
	26.3. Simultaneity
	26.4. Time Dilation
	26.5. Length Contraction
	26.6. Spacetime Diagrams
	26.7. Velocity Transformations
	26.8. Relativistic Momentum
	26.9. Relativistic Energy
	26.10. Doppler Effect for EM Waves
	26.11. General Relativity
	26.12. Global Positioning System (GPS)
	Summary
	Questions and Problems
27. Quantum Optics
	27.1. Black Body Radiation
	27.2. Photoelectric Effect
	27.3. Quantum Model Explanation of the Photoelectric Effect
	27.4. Photons
	27.5. X-Rays
	27.6. Photocells, Solar Cells, and Leds
	Summary
	Questions and Problems
28. Atomic Physics
	28.1. Early Atomic Models
	28.2. Bohr’s Model of the Atom: Quantized Orbits
	28.3. Spectral Analysis
	28.4. Lasers
	28.5. Quantum Numbers and Pauli’s Exclusion Principle
	28.6. Particles are Not Just Particles
	28.7. Multi-Electron Atoms and the Periodic Table
	28.8. The Uncertainty Principle
	Summary
	Questions and Problems
29. Nuclear Physics
	29.1. Radioactivity and an Early Nuclear Model
	29.2. A New Particle and a New Nuclear Model
	29.3. Nuclear Force and Binding Energy
	29.4. Nuclear Reactions
	29.5. Nuclear Sources of Energy
	29.6. Mechanisms of Radioactive Decay
	29.7. Half-Life, Decay Rate, and Exponential Decay
	29.8. Radioactive Dating
	29.9. Ionizing Radiation and its Measurement
	Summary
	Questions and Problems
30. Particle Physics
	30.1. Antiparticles
	30.2. Fundamental Interactions
	30.3. Elementary Particles and the Standard Model
	30.4. Cosmology
	30.5. Dark Matter and Dark Energy
	30.6. Is Our Pursuit of Knowledge Worthwhile?
	Summary
	Questions and Problems
Appendix A: Mathematics Review
Appendix B: Atomic and Nuclear Data
Appendix C: Answers to Select Odd-Numbered Problems
Credits
Index