College Physics for AP Courses OpenStax

Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction: The Nature of Science and Physics
	Connection for AP® Courses
	1.1 Physics: An Introduction
	1.2 Physical Quantities and Units
	1.3 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures
	1.4 Approximation
	Glossary
	Section Summary
	Conceptual Questions
	Problems & Exercises
Chapter 2 Kinematics
	Connection for AP® Courses
	2.1 Displacement
	2.2 Vectors, Scalars, and Coordinate Systems
	2.3 Time, Velocity, and Speed
	2.4 Acceleration
	2.5 Motion Equations for Constant Acceleration in One Dimension
	2.6 Problem-Solving Basics for One-Dimensional Kinematics
	2.7 Falling Objects
	2.8 Graphical Analysis of One-Dimensional Motion
	Glossary
	Section Summary
	Conceptual Questions
	Problems & Exercises
	Test Prep for AP® Courses
Chapter 3 Two-Dimensional Kinematics
	Connection for AP® Courses
	3.1 Kinematics in Two Dimensions: An Introduction
	3.2 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Graphical Methods
	3.3 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Analytical Methods
	3.4 Projectile Motion
	3.5 Addition of Velocities
	Glossary
	Section Summary
	Conceptual Questions
	Problems & Exercises
	Test Prep for AP® Courses
Chapter 4 Dynamics: Force and Newton's Laws of Motion
	Connection for AP® Courses
	4.1 Development of Force Concept
	4.2 Newton’s First Law of Motion: Inertia
	4.3 Newton’s Second Law of Motion: Concept of a System
	4.4 Newton’s Third Law of Motion: Symmetry in Forces
	4.5 Normal, Tension, and Other Examples of Forces
	4.6 Problem-Solving Strategies
	4.7 Further Applications of Newton’s Laws of Motion
	4.8 Extended Topic: The Four Basic Forces—An Introduction
	Glossary
	Section Summary
	Conceptual Questions
	Problems & Exercises
	Test Prep for AP® Courses
Chapter 5 Further Applications of Newton's Laws: Friction, Drag, and Elasticity
	Connection for AP® Courses
	5.1 Friction
	5.2 Drag Forces
	5.3 Elasticity: Stress and Strain
	Glossary
	Section Summary
	Conceptual Questions
	Problems & Exercises
	Test Prep for AP® Courses
Chapter 6 Uniform Circular Motion and Gravitation
	Connection for AP® Courses
	6.1 Rotation Angle and Angular Velocity
	6.2 Centripetal Acceleration
	6.3 Centripetal Force
	6.4 Fictitious Forces and Non-inertial Frames: The Coriolis Force
	6.5 Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation
	6.6 Satellites and Kepler’s Laws: An Argument for Simplicity
	Glossary
	Section Summary
	Conceptual Questions
	Problems & Exercises
	Test Prep for AP® Courses
Chapter 7 Work, Energy, and Energy Resources
	Connection for AP® Courses
	7.1 Work: The Scientific Definition
	7.2 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem
	7.3 Gravitational Potential Energy
	7.4 Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
	7.5 Nonconservative Forces
	7.6 Conservation of Energy
	7.7 Power
	7.8 Work, Energy, and Power in Humans
	7.9 World Energy Use
	Glossary
	Section Summary
	Conceptual Questions
	Problems & Exercises
	Test Prep for AP® Courses
Chapter 8 Linear Momentum and Collisions
	Connection for AP® courses
	8.1 Linear Momentum and Force
	8.2 Impulse
	8.3 Conservation of Momentum
	8.4 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension
	8.5 Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension
	8.6 Collisions of Point Masses in Two Dimensions
	8.7 Introduction to Rocket Propulsion
	Glossary
	Section Summary
	Conceptual Questions
	Problems & Exercises
	Test Prep for AP® Courses
Chapter 9 Statics and Torque
	Connection for AP® Courses
	9.1 The First Condition for Equilibrium
	9.2 The Second Condition for Equilibrium
	9.3 Stability
	9.4 Applications of Statics, Including Problem-Solving Strategies
	9.5 Simple Machines
	9.6 Forces and Torques in Muscles and Joints
	Glossary
	Section Summary
	Conceptual Questions
	Problems & Exercises
	Test Prep for AP® Courses
Chapter 10 Rotational Motion and Angular Momentum
	Connection for AP® Courses
	10.1 Angular Acceleration
	10.2 Kinematics of Rotational Motion
	10.3 Dynamics of Rotational Motion: Rotational Inertia
	10.4 Rotational Kinetic Energy: Work and Energy Revisited
	10.5 Angular Momentum and Its Conservation
	10.6 Collisions of Extended Bodies in Two Dimensions
	10.7 Gyroscopic Effects: Vector Aspects of Angular Momentum
	Glossary
	Section Summary
	Conceptual Questions
	Problems & Exercises
	Test Prep for AP® Courses
Chapter 11 Fluid Statics
	Connection for AP® Courses
	11.1 What Is a Fluid?
	11.2 Density
	11.3 Pressure
	11.4 Variation of Pressure with Depth in a Fluid
	11.5 Pascal’s Principle
	11.6 Gauge Pressure, Absolute Pressure, and Pressure Measurement
	11.7 Archimedes’ Principle
	11.8 Cohesion and Adhesion in Liquids: Surface Tension and Capillary Action
	11.9 Pressures in the Body
	Glossary
	Section Summary
	Conceptual Questions
	Problems & Exercises
	Test Prep for AP® Courses
Chapter 12 Fluid Dynamics and Its Biological and Medical Applications
	Connection for AP® Courses
	12.1 Flow Rate and Its Relation to Velocity
	12.2 Bernoulli’s Equation
	12.3 The Most General Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation
	12.4 Viscosity and Laminar Flow; Poiseuille’s Law
	12.5 The Onset of Turbulence
	12.6 Motion of an Object in a Viscous Fluid
	12.7 Molecular Transport Phenomena: Diffusion, Osmosis, and Related Processes
	Glossary
	Section Summary
	Conceptual Questions
	Problems & Exercises
	Test Prep for AP® Courses
Chapter 13 Temperature, Kinetic Theory, and the Gas Laws
	Connection for AP® Courses
	13.1 Temperature
	13.2 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids
	13.3 The Ideal Gas Law
	13.4 Kinetic Theory: Atomic and Molecular Explanation of Pressure and Temperature
	13.5 Phase Changes
	13.6 Humidity, Evaporation, and Boiling
	Glossary
	Section Summary
	Conceptual Questions
	Problems & Exercises
	Test Prep for AP® Courses
Chapter 14 Heat and Heat Transfer Methods
	Connection for AP® Courses
	14.1 Heat
	14.2 Temperature Change and Heat Capacity
	14.3 Phase Change and Latent Heat
	14.4 Heat Transfer Methods
	14.5 Conduction
	14.6 Convection
	14.7 Radiation
	Glossary
	Section Summary
	Conceptual Questions
	Problems & Exercises
	Test Prep for AP® Courses
Chapter 15 Thermodynamics
	Connection for AP® Courses
	15.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics
	15.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics and Some Simple Processes
	15.3 Introduction to the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Heat Engines and Their Efficiency
	15.4 Carnot’s Perfect Heat Engine: The Second Law of Thermodynamics Restated
	15.5 Applications of Thermodynamics: Heat Pumps and Refrigerators
	15.6 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Disorder and the Unavailability of Energy
	15.7 Statistical Interpretation of Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics: The Underlying Explanation
	Glossary
	Section Summary
	Conceptual Questions
	Problems & Exercises
	Test Prep for AP® Courses
Chapter 16 Oscillatory Motion and Waves
	Connection for AP® Courses
	16.1 Hooke’s Law: Stress and Strain Revisited
	16.2 Period and Frequency in Oscillations
	16.3 Simple Harmonic Motion: A Special Periodic Motion
	16.4 The Simple Pendulum
	16.5 Energy and the Simple Harmonic Oscillator
	16.6 Uniform Circular Motion and Simple Harmonic Motion
	16.7 Damped Harmonic Motion
	16.8 Forced Oscillations and Resonance
	16.9 Waves
	16.10 Superposition and Interference
	16.11 Energy in Waves: Intensity
	Glossary
	Section Summary
	Conceptual Questions
	Problems & Exercises
	Test Prep for AP® Courses
Chapter 17 Physics of Hearing
	Connection for AP® Courses
	17.1 Sound
	17.2 Speed of Sound, Frequency, and Wavelength
	17.3 Sound Intensity and Sound Level
	17.4 Doppler Effect and Sonic Booms
	17.5 Sound Interference and Resonance: Standing Waves in Air Columns
	17.6 Hearing
	17.7 Ultrasound
	Glossary
	Section Summary
	Conceptual Questions
	Problems & Exercises
	Test Prep for AP® Courses
Chapter 18 Electric Charge and Electric Field
	Connection for AP® Courses
	18.1 Static Electricity and Charge: Conservation of Charge
	18.2 Conductors and Insulators
	18.3 Conductors and Electric Fields in Static Equilibrium
	18.4 Coulomb’s Law
	18.5 Electric Field: Concept of a Field Revisited
	18.6 Electric Field Lines: Multiple Charges
	18.7 Electric Forces in Biology
	18.8 Applications of Electrostatics
	Glossary
	Section Summary
	Conceptual Questions
	Problems & Exercises
	Test Prep for AP® Courses
Chapter 19 Electric Potential and Electric Field
	Connection for AP® Courses
	19.1 Electric Potential Energy: Potential Difference
	19.2 Electric Potential in a Uniform Electric Field
	19.3 Electrical Potential Due to a Point Charge
	19.4 Equipotential Lines
	19.5 Capacitors and Dielectrics
	19.6 Capacitors in Series and Parallel
	19.7 Energy Stored in Capacitors
	Glossary
	Section Summary
	Conceptual Questions
	Problems & Exercises
	Test Prep for AP® Courses
Chapter 20 Electric Current, Resistance, and Ohm's Law
	Connection for AP® Courses
	20.1 Current
	20.2 Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Simple Circuits
	20.3 Resistance and Resistivity
	20.4 Electric Power and Energy
	20.5 Alternating Current versus Direct Current
	20.6 Electric Hazards and the Human Body
	20.7 Nerve Conduction–Electrocardiograms
	Glossary
	Section Summary
	Conceptual Questions
	Problems & Exercises
	Test Prep for AP® Courses
Chapter 21 Circuits and DC Instruments
	Connection for AP® Courses
	21.1 Resistors in Series and Parallel
	21.2 Electromotive Force: Terminal Voltage
	21.3 Kirchhoff’s Rules
	21.4 DC Voltmeters and Ammeters
	21.5 Null Measurements
	21.6 DC Circuits Containing Resistors and Capacitors
	Glossary
	Section Summary
	Conceptual Questions
	Problems & Exercises
	Test Prep for AP® Courses
Chapter 22 Magnetism
	Connection for AP® Courses
	22.1 Magnets
	22.2 Ferromagnets and Electromagnets
	22.3 Magnetic Fields and Magnetic Field Lines
	22.4 Magnetic Field Strength: Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field
	22.5 Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field: Examples and Applications
	22.6 The Hall Effect
	22.7 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor
	22.8 Torque on a Current Loop: Motors and Meters
	22.9 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents: Ampere’s Law
	22.10 Magnetic Force between Two Parallel Conductors
	22.11 More Applications of Magnetism
	Glossary
	Section Summary
	Conceptual Questions
	Problems & Exercises
	Test Prep for AP® Courses
Chapter 23 Electromagnetic Induction, AC Circuits, and Electrical Technologies
	Connection for AP® Courses
	23.1 Induced Emf and Magnetic Flux
	23.2 Faraday’s Law of Induction: Lenz’s Law
	23.3 Motional Emf
	23.4 Eddy Currents and Magnetic Damping
	23.5 Electric Generators
	23.6 Back Emf
	23.7 Transformers
	23.8 Electrical Safety: Systems and Devices
	23.9 Inductance
	23.10 RL Circuits
	23.11 Reactance, Inductive and Capacitive
	23.12 RLC Series AC Circuits
	Glossary
	Section Summary
	Conceptual Questions
	Problems & Exercises
	Test Prep for AP® Courses
Chapter 24 Electromagnetic Waves
	Connection for AP® Courses
	24.1 Maxwell’s Equations: Electromagnetic Waves Predicted and Observed
	24.2 Production of Electromagnetic Waves
	24.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
	24.4 Energy in Electromagnetic Waves
	Glossary
	Section Summary
	Conceptual Questions
	Problems & Exercises
	Test Prep for AP® Courses
Chapter 25 Geometric Optics
	Connection for AP® Courses
	25.1 The Ray Aspect of Light
	25.2 The Law of Reflection
	25.3 The Law of Refraction
	25.4 Total Internal Reflection
	25.5 Dispersion: The Rainbow and Prisms
	25.6 Image Formation by Lenses
	25.7 Image Formation by Mirrors
	Glossary
	Section Summary
	Conceptual Questions
	Problems & Exercises
	Test Prep for AP® Courses
Chapter 26 Vision and Optical Instruments
	Connection for AP® Courses
	26.1 Physics of the Eye
	26.2 Vision Correction
	26.3 Color and Color Vision
	26.4 Microscopes
	26.5 Telescopes
	26.6 Aberrations
	Glossary
	Section Summary
	Conceptual Questions
	Problems & Exercises
	Test Prep for AP® Courses
Chapter 27 Wave Optics
	Connection for AP® Courses
	27.1 The Wave Aspect of Light: Interference
	27.2 Huygens's Principle: Diffraction
	27.3 Young’s Double Slit Experiment
	27.4 Multiple Slit Diffraction
	27.5 Single Slit Diffraction
	27.6 Limits of Resolution: The Rayleigh Criterion
	27.7 Thin Film Interference
	27.8 Polarization
	27.9 *Extended Topic* Microscopy Enhanced by the Wave Characteristics of Light
	Glossary
	Section Summary
	Conceptual Questions
	Problems & Exercises
	Test Prep for AP® Courses
Chapter 28 Special Relativity
	Connection for AP® Courses
	28.1 Einstein’s Postulates
	28.2 Simultaneity And Time Dilation
	28.3 Length Contraction
	28.4 Relativistic Addition of Velocities
	28.5 Relativistic Momentum
	28.6 Relativistic Energy
	Glossary
	Section Summary
	Conceptual Questions
	Problems & Exercises
	Test Prep for AP® Courses
Chapter 29 Quantum Physics
	Connection for AP® Courses
	29.1 Quantization of Energy
	29.2 The Photoelectric Effect
	29.3 Photon Energies and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
	29.4 Photon Momentum
	29.5 The Particle-Wave Duality
	29.6 The Wave Nature of Matter
	29.7 Probability: The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
	29.8 The Particle-Wave Duality Reviewed
	Glossary
	Section Summary
	Conceptual Questions
	Problems & Exercises
	Test Prep for AP® Courses
Chapter 30 Atomic Physics
	Connection for AP® Courses
	30.1 Discovery of the Atom
	30.2 Discovery of the Parts of the Atom: Electrons and Nuclei
	30.3 Bohr’s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom
	30.4 X Rays: Atomic Origins and Applications
	30.5 Applications of Atomic Excitations and De-Excitations
	30.6 The Wave Nature of Matter Causes Quantization
	30.7 Patterns in Spectra Reveal More Quantization
	30.8 Quantum Numbers and Rules
	30.9 The Pauli Exclusion Principle
	Glossary
	Section Summary
	Conceptual Questions
	Problems & Exercises
	Test Prep for AP® Courses
Chapter 31 Radioactivity and Nuclear Physics
	Connection for AP® Courses
	31.1 Nuclear Radioactivity
	31.2 Radiation Detection and Detectors
	31.3 Substructure of the Nucleus
	31.4 Nuclear Decay and Conservation Laws
	31.5 Half-Life and Activity
	31.6 Binding Energy
	31.7 Tunneling
	Glossary
	Section Summary
	Conceptual Questions
	Problems & Exercises
	Test Prep for AP® Courses
Chapter 32 Medical Applications of Nuclear Physics
	Connection for AP® Courses
	32.1 Diagnostics and Medical Imaging
	32.2 Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation
	32.3 Therapeutic Uses of Ionizing Radiation
	32.4 Food Irradiation
	32.5 Fusion
	32.6 Fission
	32.7 Nuclear Weapons
	Glossary
	Section Summary
	Conceptual Questions
	Problems & Exercises
	Test Prep for AP® Courses
Chapter 33 Particle Physics
	Connection for AP® Courses
	33.1 The Yukawa Particle and the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Revisited
	33.2 The Four Basic Forces
	33.3 Accelerators Create Matter from Energy
	33.4 Particles, Patterns, and Conservation Laws
	33.5 Quarks: Is That All There Is?
	33.6 GUTs: The Unification of Forces
	Glossary
	Section Summary
	Conceptual Questions
	Problems & Exercises
	Test Prep for AP® Courses
Chapter 34 Frontiers of Physics
	Connection for AP® Courses
	34.1 Cosmology and Particle Physics
	34.2 General Relativity and Quantum Gravity
	34.3 Superstrings
	34.4 Dark Matter and Closure
	34.5 Complexity and Chaos
	34.6 High-temperature Superconductors
	34.7 Some Questions We Know to Ask
	Glossary
	Section Summary
	Conceptual Questions
	Problems & Exercises
Appendix A Atomic Masses
Appendix B Selected Radioactive Isotopes
Appendix C Useful Information
Appendix D Glossary of Key Symbols and Notation
Answer Key
	Chapter 1
	Chapter 2
	Chapter 3
	Chapter 4
	Chapter 5
	Chapter 6
	Chapter 7
	Chapter 8
	Chapter 9
	Chapter 10
	Chapter 11
	Chapter 12
	Chapter 13
	Chapter 14
	Chapter 15
	Chapter 16
	Chapter 17
	Chapter 18
	Chapter 19
	Chapter 20
	Chapter 21
	Chapter 22
	Chapter 23
	Chapter 24
	Chapter 25
	Chapter 26
	Chapter 27
	Chapter 28
	Chapter 29
	Chapter 30
	Chapter 31
	Chapter 32
	Chapter 33
	Chapter 34
Index
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