College Physics, Volume 2, Eighth Edition

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Contents Overview......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
About the Authors......Page 9
Preface......Page 10
To the Student......Page 28
MCAT Test Preparation Guide......Page 31
15.1 Properties of Electric Charges......Page 34
15.2 Insulators and Conductors......Page 36
15.3 Coulomb's Law......Page 37
15.4 The Electric Field......Page 42
15.5 Electric Field Lines......Page 47
15.6 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium......Page 50
15.7 The Millikan Oil-Drop Experiment......Page 52
15.8 The Van de Graaff Generator......Page 53
15.9 Electric Flux and Gauss's Law......Page 54
Summary......Page 60
MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS......Page 61
PROBLEMS......Page 62
16.1 Potential Difference and Electric Potential......Page 68
16.2 Electric Potential and Potential Energy Due to Point Charges......Page 75
16.3 Potentials and Charged Conductors......Page 79
16.4 Equipotential Surfaces......Page 80
16.5 Applications......Page 81
16.6 Capacitance......Page 83
16.7 The Parallel-Plate Capacitor......Page 84
16.8 Combinations of Capacitors......Page 86
16.9 Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor......Page 92
16.10 Capacitors with Dielectrics......Page 94
Summary......Page 99
MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS......Page 100
PROBLEMS......Page 101
17.1 Electric Current......Page 107
17.2 A Microscopic View: Current and Drift Speed......Page 109
17.3 Current and Voltage Measurements in Circuits......Page 111
17.4 Resistance, Resistivity, and Ohm's Law......Page 112
17.5 Temperature Variation of Resistance......Page 116
17.6 Electrical Energy and Power......Page 117
17.7 Superconductors......Page 121
17.8 Electrical Activity in the Heart......Page 122
MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS......Page 125
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS......Page 126
PROBLEMS......Page 127
18.1 Sources of emf......Page 131
18.2 Resistors in Series......Page 132
18.3 Resistors in Parallel......Page 135
18.4 Kirchhoff's Rules and Complex DC Circuits......Page 140
18.5 RC Circuits......Page 144
18.6 Household Circuits......Page 148
18.7 Electrical Safety......Page 149
18.8 Conduction of Electrical Signals by Neurons......Page 150
Summary......Page 152
MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS......Page 153
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS......Page 154
PROBLEMS......Page 155
19.1 Magnets......Page 163
19.2 Earth's Magnetic Field......Page 165
19.3 Magnetic Fields......Page 167
19.4 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor......Page 170
19.5 Torque on a Current Loop and Electric Motors......Page 173
19.6 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field......Page 176
19.7 Magnetic Field of a Long, Straight Wire and Ampère's Law......Page 179
19.8 Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors......Page 182
19.9 Magnetic Fields of Current Loops and Solenoids......Page 183
19.10 Magnetic Domains......Page 187
Summary......Page 189
MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS......Page 190
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS......Page 191
PROBLEMS......Page 192
20.1 Induced emf and Magnetic Flux......Page 200
20.2 Faraday's Law of Induction......Page 203
20.3 Motional emf......Page 207
20.4 Lenz's Law Revisited (The Minus Sign in Faraday's Law)......Page 211
20.5 Generators......Page 213
20.6 Self-Inductance......Page 217
20.7 RL Circuits......Page 220
20.8 Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field......Page 223
Summary......Page 224
MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS......Page 225
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS......Page 226
PROBLEMS......Page 227
21.1 Resistors in an AC Circuit......Page 233
21.2 Capacitors in an AC Circuit......Page 236
21.3 Inductors in an AC Circuit......Page 238
21.4 The RLC Series Circuit......Page 239
21.5 Power in an AC Circuit......Page 244
21.6 Resonance in a Series RLC Circuit......Page 245
21.7 The Transformer......Page 247
21.8 Maxwell's Predictions......Page 249
21.9 Hertz's Confirmation of Maxwell's Predictions......Page 250
21.10 Production of Electromagnetic Waves by an Antenna......Page 251
21.11 Properties of Electromagnetic Waves......Page 252
21.12 The Spectrum of Electromagnetic Waves......Page 257
21.13 The Doppler Effect for Electromagnetic Waves......Page 259
Summary......Page 260
MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS......Page 262
PROBLEMS......Page 263
22.1 The Nature of Light......Page 269
22.2 Reflection and Refraction......Page 270
22.3 The Law of Refraction......Page 274
22.4 Dispersion and Prisms......Page 279
22.5 The Rainbow......Page 282
22.6 Huygens's Principle......Page 283
22.7 Total Internal Reflection......Page 285
Summary......Page 288
MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS......Page 289
PROBLEMS......Page 290
23.1 Flat Mirrors......Page 296
23.2 Images Formed by Concave Mirrors......Page 299
23.3 Convex Mirrors and Sign Conventions......Page 301
23.4 Images Formed by Refraction......Page 306
23.5 Atmospheric Refraction......Page 309
23.6 Thin Lenses......Page 310
23.7 Lens and Mirror Aberrations......Page 318
Summary......Page 319
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS......Page 320
PROBLEMS......Page 321
24.1 Conditions for Interference......Page 327
24.2 Young's Double-Slit Experiment......Page 328
24.3 Change of Phase Due to Reflection......Page 332
24.4 Interference in Thin Films......Page 333
24.5 Using Interference to Read CDs and DVDs......Page 337
24.6 Diffraction......Page 339
24.7 Single-Slit Diffraction......Page 340
24.8 The Diffraction Grating......Page 342
24.9 Polarization of Light Waves......Page 345
Summary......Page 352
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS......Page 353
PROBLEMS......Page 354
25.1 The Camera......Page 360
25.2 The Eye......Page 361
25.3 The Simple Magnifier......Page 366
25.4 The Compound Microscope......Page 367
25.5 The Telescope......Page 369
25.6 Resolution of Single-Slit and Circular Apertures......Page 372
25.7 The Michelson Interferometer......Page 377
Summary......Page 378
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS......Page 379
PROBLEMS......Page 380
26.1 Galilean Relativity......Page 384
26.2 The Speed of Light......Page 385
26.3 Einstein's Principle of Relativity......Page 387
26.4 Consequences of Special Relativity......Page 388
26.5 Relativistic Momentum......Page 395
26.6 Relativistic Energy and the Equivalence of Mass and Energy......Page 396
26.7 General Relativity......Page 400
Summary......Page 402
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS......Page 403
PROBLEMS......Page 404
27.1 Blackbody Radiation and Planck's Hypothesis......Page 407
27.2 The Photoelectric Effect and the Particle Theory of Light......Page 409
27.3 X-Rays......Page 412
27.4 Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals......Page 413
27.5 The Compton Effect......Page 416
27.6 The Dual Nature of Light and Matter......Page 417
27.7 The Wave Function......Page 420
27.8 The Uncertainty Principle......Page 421
Summary......Page 423
MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS......Page 424
PROBLEMS......Page 425
28.1 Early Models of the Atom......Page 428
28.2 Atomic Spectra......Page 429
28.3 The Bohr Model......Page 431
28.4 Quantum Mechanics and the Hydrogen Atom......Page 436
28.5 The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table......Page 439
28.6 Characteristic X-Rays......Page 442
28.7 Atomic Transitions and Lasers......Page 443
Summary......Page 445
MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS......Page 446
PROBLEMS......Page 447
29.1 Some Properties of Nuclei......Page 450
29.2 Binding Energy......Page 453
29.3 Radioactivity......Page 455
29.4 The Decay Processes......Page 458
29.5 Natural Radioactivity......Page 463
29.6 Nuclear Reactions......Page 464
29.7 Medical Applications of Radiation......Page 466
Summary......Page 468
MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS......Page 469
PROBLEMS......Page 470
30.1 Nuclear Fission......Page 474
30.2 Nuclear Fusion......Page 478
30.3 Elementary Particles and the Fundamental Forces......Page 480
30.4 Positrons and Other Antiparticles......Page 481
30.5 Classification of Particles......Page 482
30.6 Conservation Laws......Page 484
30.7 The Eightfold Way......Page 486
30.8 Quarks and Color......Page 487
30.9 Electroweak Theory and the Standard Model......Page 489
30.10 The Cosmic Connection......Page 491
30.11 Problems and Perspectives......Page 492
Summary......Page 493
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS......Page 494
PROBLEMS......Page 495
Appendix A: Mathematics Review......Page 498
Appendix B: An Abbreviated Table of Isotopes......Page 511
Appendix C: Some Useful Tables......Page 516
Appendix D: SI Units......Page 518
Appendix E: MCAT Skill Builder Study Guide......Page 519
Answers to Quick Quizzes, Example Questions, Odd-Numbered Multiple-Choice Questions, Conceptual Questions, and Problems......Page 549
Index......Page 564