Collective Trauma and the Armenian Genocide: Armenian, Turkish, and Azerbaijani Relations since 1839

Foreword
Preface
	I. Traumatic Experiences, Systematic Traininig, and Family History in the Prelude to this Book
	II. Working with Israelis and Palestinians
	III. Entry Into the Armenian-Turkish Relationship
	IV. Meeting Hasan Cemal
	V. Another Meeting, Another Inspiration
	VI. Hard, Necessary Learning
Acknowledgements
A Note on Dates and Namesof People and Places
Contents
Introduction
	I. My Values
	II. The Book's Argument
	III. The Importance of Collective Identity
	IV. Why This Book Falls within a Series on Human Rights Law in Perspective
	V. The Book's Organisation
	VI. Sources and Method in Parts II and III
	VII. 'Objectivity' in Parts II and III
	VIII. Multidisciplinary Approaches and Social Concepts
	IX. When Lacking Documented Emotions and Unconscious or Inadmissible motivations
PART I: COLLECTIVE TRAUMA: AN INTRODUCTION
	1. Introduction to Trauma, a Capacious Social Concept
		I. PTSD and Trauma: Clinical and Popular Uses
		II. Trauma
		III. Types of Traumatic Events
		IV. Other Feelings Generated by Trauma, Who Gets Traumatised, and How Severely?
		V. Trauma's Effect on Internal Integration
		VI. Trauma and Functionality
		VII. Factors in Healing Individual and Collective Trauma
		VIII. The Daunting Scope of Collective Trauma
	2. Impaired Meaning Making, Trauma's Meta-Effect
		I. The Body's Reactions to Trauma
		II. Post-Trauma Symptoms
		III. Are Individuals with Trauma Symptoms Pathological?
		IV. Coping Strategies: Conscious and Unconscious
		V. Processing Trauma
		VI. Transmitted Trauma
		VII. Moral Injury and Repetition Compulsion in Individual Official and Non-Official Policy Makers
	3. Some Distinctive Aspects of Collective Trauma
		I. Collective Trauma on Four Continents
		II. Society's Shattered Fabric
		III. One Baseline for Collective Recovery: Shoring Up Collective Identity
		IV. Collective and Individual Identity
		V. The Need to De-Idealise Collective Identities
PART II: A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ARMENIAN-TURKISH RELATIONSHIP
	4. The Tangled Roots of Homeland and Identity
		I. Homelands
		II. The Armenian Homeland
		III. The Ottoman Empire, Turkey, and Turks
		IV. Ottoman Armenians
		V. The End of the Ottoman Empire and Emergence of the Turkish Republic
		VI. The Kurds
		VII. Georgia
		VIII. Azerbaijan
		IX. Nagorno-Karabakh
		X. A Start of an Argument Linking Attachment to Land/Homelands with Human Rights Law
	5. The Riddle of Ottomanism
		I. Confronting Modernisation
		II. Ottoman Armenians
		III. Reform within the Armenian Community
		IV. Paranoia and Trauma at Yldz Palace
		V. Another Crisis in the Balkans
		VI. Muslim-Armenian Relations in the Russo-Ottoman Borderlands
		VII. The Call to Arms
		VIII. Emergence of the Young Turks
		IX. The Hamidian Massacres
		X. Armenian-Turkish Relations at the End of the Nineteenth Century
	6. The Unlikely Alliance against the Sultan
		I. The Young Turks and Formation of the CUP
		II. The Isolated Sultan-Caliph
		III. Advice Not Taken
		IV. The Aftermath of the Hamidian Massacres
		V. The ARF-CUP Alliance
		VI. Tension-Producing Differences between Ottoman Armenians and Muslims
		VII. The Ottomans' Image Problem
		VIII. The Young Turk Revolution of 1908
		IX. Reactions to the Young Turk Revolution
		X. Armenians after the 1908 Revolution
		XI. Evaluating the Young Turks
		XII. A Word on the Role of Honour
	7. The Final Path to Imperial Ruin
		I. The Counter-Revolution and the Tragedy in Adana
		II. The New CUP Government
		III. Accountability for the Adana Massacres
		IV. Behind the Failure of the ARF-CUP Alliance
		V. Substituting Ottomanism with Turkification
		VI. Muslim Albanians' Refusal to 'Turkify'
		VII. The Emotional Roller Coaster
		VIII. The Development of Turkish Nationalism
		IX. To Fight, Flee, or Freeze
	8. Five Men's Traumatisation before they Acquired Power
		I. Mehmet Talt
		II. smail Enver
		III. Ahmed Djemal
		IV. Behaeddin akir
		V. Selanikli Nzm
		VI. Witnesses of the Loss of Home and Homeland
	9. The Armenian Genocide
		I. The Yeniköy Accord
		II. The War Begins and Armenian Security Vanishes
		III. The Genocide
		IV. How Two Survived
		V. Revenge, Expropriation, Plunder
		VI. The Meeting of Minds of Ottoman Leaders and Citizens
		VII. The Effect of Gallipoli
PART III: VIOLENT ENTITLEMENT CARRIED INTO ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJANI RELATIONS IN TRANSCAUCASIA
	10. Enemies or Allies? Armenian-Azerbaijani Relations, 1850–1915
		I. Russian Transcaucasia
		II. Baku
		III. Armenians and the Russian State, 1884–1905
		IV. The Russian Empire under Siege
		V. Muslim-Armenian Relations in Mountainous Nagorno-Karabakh
		VI. Azerbaijani Political Parties Form, Unite, and Divide
		VII. The Joint Effort of the Difia, the ARF, and Prince Sabahaddin
		VIII. making sense of the traumatic Armeno-Tatar Clashes
		IX. Meanings Made of the Armeno-Tatar War
		X. Azeris during the Balkan Wars and World War I
		XI. The Fading Possibility of Mutual Cooperation between Armenians and Muslims
	11. A Kaleidoscope of Armenian-Muslim Relations in the Intense Dynamics of Transcaucasia and Baku in 1917
		I. Trauma and Transmitted Trauma in the Borderlands
		II. The February Revolution
		III. Baku Muslims in 1917
		IV. Baku's Armenians during the Provisional Government
		V. Missed Opportunities in Baku
		VI. Stepan Shaumian: Embodiment of the Historical Moment's Potential
		VII. Things Fall Apart
		VIII. Transcaucasian Muslims Come under Suspicion
		IX. The Complicated Situation in the Borderlands
		X. Deliberating Armenian Identity
	12. Bolshevik Decrees and Anarchy in the Borderlands, Late 1917–Early 1918
		I. Gift Giving to the Peasants and Ottomans
		II. Who Were Transcaucasians and What Was Transcaucasia?
		III. Order in Transcaucasia and Muslim Militias
		IV. The Decree on 'Turkish Armenia'
		V. Acts of Vengeance as the Ottoman Armies Move East
		VI. The Civil War in Transcaucasia
	13. How World War I Ended in Transcaucasia: Betrayal, New Republics, Race Murder
		I. The Ottomans' Opportunity
		II. Would Transcaucasian Muslims Support Ottoman Aims in Transcaucasia?
		III. Ottoman Aims in Transcaucasia
		IV. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
		V. The Trabzon Talks
		VI. 'The Unreal World of Transcaucasian Politics'
		VII. Traumatic Fears and the Impetus for Muslim Unity in Transcaucasia
		VIII. THE Armenians Triumph over Existential Threats
		IX. The End of a Wartime Alliance
		X. Sacrificing the Armenians
		XI. Three New Republics
		XII. The Democratic Republic of Armenia
		XIII. The CUP's Traumatic Fears at the Time of the Turan Quest
	14. Baku, 1917–1918: More Conflict, its Seeds Planted for Transmission
		I. Muslim Struggle for Federalism
		II. Political and Administrative Struggles Before and Immediately After the October Coup
		III. Hunger in Baku
		IV. Growing Fear and Polarisation
		V. Armed Camps
		VI. The March Days Massacre
		VII. The Significance of the March Days
	15. World War I's End in Eastern Transcaucasia: War Fever Sparks the Turan Quest and Race Murder
		I. The Pursuit of Turan before the Bolshevik Revolution
		II. War Fever Relaunches the Pursuit of Turan
		III. What Did the CUP Want?
		IV. Military and Political Preparation for the Assault on Baku
		V. Closing in on Baku
		VI. International Competition for Baku
		VII. Showdown and Massacre in Baku
		VIII. Last Chances
		IX. Armenian, Turk, and Transcaucasian Muslim Relations at World War I's End
		X. Trauma and Armenian–Azerbaijani Relations
PART IV:
ANALYSING AND PROCESSING COLLECTIVE TRAUMA:
IS A DIFFERENT FUTURE POSSIBLE?
	16. How People Make Meaning in General, and Illustrated by an Armenian and a Turk
		I. The 'Concretely Self-Centered' Epistemology
		II. The 'Co-Constructing' Epistemology
		III. The 'Self-Authoring' Epistemology
		IV. 'Always-Learning' Meaning Making in the Flexible Epistemology
		V. Meaning Making with Trauma
		VI. An Armenian American and a Turk Separating from Co-Constructed Collective Narratives
		VII. Meline Toumani's Meaning Making at the Time She Wrote Her Book
		VIII. Ece Temulkuran's Meaning Making at the Time She wrote Her Book
		IX. The Meaning Making Factor in Trauma-Informed Conflict Resolution
	17. Meaning Making with Trauma and Relative Powerlessness in the Armenian People as a Whole
		I. Striving for Safety and Equalisation
		II. Benefits and Costs of Pressing for Genocide Recognition
		III. Restricted Critical Thinking
		IV. Can Armenians Exercise Critical Thinking and Remain Loyal Armenians, or Must They Present a United Front?
		V. Friendly Outsiders and Loyalty
		VI. The Deep Mark of Trauma in Transcaucasia
		VII. Nagorno-Karabakh: Tragic Symptom
		VIII. Collective Traumas Transmitted to Actors and Repeated in Nagorno-Karabakh
	18. Meaning Making with Trauma and Relative Power among Turks
		I. Contextualising the Establishment of the Republic of Turkey
		II. Official Denial of Genocide in Today's Turkey
		III. Explanations for the Refusal to Recognise Genocide
		IV. Motivations for Turkey's Denial
		V. Hatred and Contempt, Silencing and Blaming
		VI. Denial's Refuge in Constructivism
		VII. The Meaning of Turkey's Honour Culture
		VIII. Collective Dysregulation
		IX. Restricted Critical Thinking
		X. Hidden Knowledge and a Morally Injured Culture
		XI. Change in Turkey?
Conclusion: Processing Collective Trauma Collectively: Will We?
	I. The Karabakh Conflict Today
	II. How Processing Collective Trauma Collectively Might Look
	III. Other Fields that Can Address Collective Trauma
	IV. Fraternal Relations and the Way Forward
Bibliography
Index