Cold Regions Pavement Engineering

Front Matter......Page 2
Dedication......Page 4
About the Authors......Page 6
Table of Contents......Page 8
Foreword......Page 12
Preface......Page 14
1.1 Road Networks......Page 16
1.2.2 Cold Mix......Page 20
1.2.3 Surface Treatments......Page 21
1.3 Role of Pavements and Pavement Layers......Page 22
1.3.2 Base Course......Page 23
1.3.3 Subbase......Page 24
1.3.5 Special Pavement Layers......Page 25
1.4 Design Considerations......Page 27
Review Questions......Page 28
References......Page 29
2.1 Temperature Regime in Pavements......Page 30
2.1.1.2 Geothermal Heat......Page 31
2.1.2.1 Emitted Radiations......Page 32
2.1.3.1 Latent Heat of Fusion......Page 33
2.1.4 Thermal Balance and Thermal Cycles......Page 34
2.2.1 Phases of Water......Page 38
2.2.2.1 Capillary Rise......Page 39
2.2.2.2 Lateral Moisture Transfer......Page 40
2.2.2.3 Infiltration of Water from Precipitations......Page 41
2.2.2.4 Frost Action......Page 42
2.2.3.1 Evaporation......Page 48
2.2.4 Moisture Balance......Page 50
2.3.1 Earth Pressure at Rest......Page 52
2.3.2 Static Stresses Induced by Traffic Loads......Page 53
2.3.3 Stresses Related to Permanent Soil Movements......Page 57
2.3.4.1 Evolution of Stresses......Page 58
2.3.4.2 Time-Dependent Material Response......Page 59
2.3.4.3 Stresses Induced by Oscillating Load......Page 61
2.3.5 Thermal Stresses......Page 62
2.3.6 Stresses Related to Frost Heave......Page 63
2.3.7 Negative or Positive Pore Pressure......Page 64
2.4 Interaction with Geology and Morphology......Page 66
Review Questions......Page 67
References......Page 68
3. Cold Region Pavement Performance......Page 72
3.1 Thermal Cracking of Asphalt Concrete......Page 73
3.2 Fatigue Cracking......Page 80
3.3 Crack Deterioration......Page 84
3.4.1.1 Problem Description......Page 86
3.4.1.2 Problem Assessment......Page 87
3.4.1.3 Remedial Solutions......Page 90
3.5 Aging of Asphalt Concrete......Page 95
3.6 Pavement Disintegration......Page 97
3.7 Potholes......Page 100
3.8.1.1 Problem Description......Page 103
3.8.1.2 Problem Assessment......Page 105
3.8.1.3 Remedial Solutions......Page 107
3.8.2.2 Problem Assessment......Page 108
3.8.2.3 Remedial Solutions......Page 110
3.8.3.1 Problem Description......Page 111
3.9 Bearing Capacity Loss during Spring Thaw......Page 114
3.10 Frost Destructuration of Undisturbed Sensitive Clays in Seasonal Frost Conditions......Page 121
Review Questions......Page 123
References......Page 124
4.1 Site Investigation......Page 130
4.1.1 General Site Investigation......Page 131
4.1.1.1 Topographical Maps......Page 132
4.1.1.2 Geomorphology and Photo-Interpretation of Landforms......Page 133
4.1.1.4 Visual Reconnaissance of the Site......Page 143
4.1.1.5.1 Electrical Resistivity......Page 144
4.1.1.5.2 Seismic Refraction......Page 146
4.1.1.5.3 Ground Penetrating Radar......Page 150
4.1.1.6.1 Planning......Page 151
4.1.1.6.2 Boring Techniques......Page 153
4.1.1.6.3 Boring and Sampling Frozen Soils......Page 155
4.1.1.7.2 Shear Strength Test......Page 159
4.1.1.7.3 Dynamic Cone Penetrometer......Page 161
4.1.1.7.4 Light Weight (Portable) Deflectometer......Page 164
4.2.1 Evaluation of Pavement Structural Characteristics Using Falling Weight Deflectometer......Page 165
4.2.1.1 Deflection Basin Indices......Page 166
4.2.1.2 Assessment of Layer Moduli Using Deflection Data......Page 169
4.2.1.3 Analysis of Seasonal Variation of Deflection Parameters......Page 171
4.2.2 Evaluation of Pavement Functional Characteristics Using Longitudinal Profile Measurements......Page 172
4.2.3 Pavement Instrumentation......Page 178
4.3.1 Testing of Bituminous Pavement Materials......Page 179
4.3.1.3 Tests for Volumetric Mix Design......Page 183
4.3.1.4 Tests for Moisture Damage......Page 193
4.3.1.5 Mixture Performance Tests......Page 195
4.3.2 Soils and Unbound Materials......Page 199
4.3.2.1.2 Laboratory Measurement of Resilient Modulus......Page 203
4.3.2.1.3 Prediction of Resilient Modulus......Page 206
4.3.2.2 Assessment of Material Durability......Page 207
4.3.2.3 Assessment of the Seasonal Stability of Soil and Material......Page 208
4.3.2.3.1 Laboratory Determination of the Segregation Potential......Page 210
4.3.2.3.2 Estimation of the Segregation Potential from Simple Tests or Soil Physical Properties......Page 211
Review Questions......Page 216
References......Page 219
5. Calculation of Engineering Parameters......Page 224
5.1 Air Temperature and Air Freezing and Thawing Indices......Page 225
5.2.1 The n-Factor Approach......Page 232
5.2.2 Radiation Index Approach......Page 233
5.3 Temperature in Asphalt Concrete......Page 235
5.4 Thermal Properties of Soils and Pavement Materials......Page 238
5.5 Freezing and Thawing Indices within the Pavement Structure......Page 240
5.6 Frost and Thaw Depth......Page 242
5.6.1 Transmitted Freezing Index Method......Page 243
5.7.1 Konrad's Method for Frost Heave Prediction......Page 245
5.8 Thaw Settlement......Page 247
5.9 Stresses and Strains in Pavements......Page 250
Review Questions......Page 254
References......Page 260
6.1 Lifetime Engineering Considerations......Page 262
6.2 Long-Term Procurement Methods......Page 263
6.3 Life-Cycle Cost Analysis......Page 266
6.3.1.1 Interest Rate......Page 267
6.3.1.2 Analysis Period......Page 268
6.3.1.4 Selection of Pavement Alternatives......Page 269
6.3.2 Calculation of Life-Cycle Costs......Page 270
6.4.1 Network-Level PMS......Page 273
6.4.2 Project-Level PMS......Page 276
References......Page 277
7.1 Mix Design Approaches......Page 280
7.2 Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete......Page 281
7.2.1.1 Asphalt Cement......Page 284
7.2.1.3 Superpave Binder Grade Selection......Page 286
7.2.1.5 Additives......Page 292
7.2.2 Trial Aggregate Gradations......Page 293
7.2.3 Volumetric Parameters......Page 296
7.2.4 Performance Tests......Page 301
7.2.4.2 Low-Temperature Cracking......Page 304
7.2.4.4 Permanent Deformation Resistance......Page 305
7.3 Cold Mixes......Page 307
7.3.1 Material Selection......Page 308
7.3.2 Selection of Optimum Asphalt Residue Content......Page 311
7.3.3 Cold Mix Recycling......Page 313
7.4 Stabilized Bases......Page 317
7.5 Asphalt Surface Treatment......Page 320
7.6 Gravel Surfaces......Page 321
Review Questions......Page 322
References......Page 324
8.1.1 Pavement Design Approaches......Page 328
8.1.2 Synthesis of Design Methods Used by Highway Agencies in Cold Climates......Page 330
8.2 Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Procedure for Cold Region Pavements......Page 337
8.3.1.1 Longitudinal Transitions......Page 348
8.3.1.2 Pavement Insulation......Page 349
8.3.1.2.1 Structural Implications......Page 350
8.3.1.2.2 Thermal Design of the Insulation Layer......Page 353
8.3.1.2.3 Considerations for the Risk of Differential Icing......Page 354
8.3.1.2.4 Considerations for Differential Behavior at the End of Insulated Areas......Page 356
8.3.2.2 Reinforcement Using Steel Nets......Page 358
8.4 Conclusion......Page 359
References......Page 360
9.1 Routine Maintenance......Page 364
9.2.1 Surface Treatments......Page 367
9.2.4 Repair of Local Failures......Page 369
9.3 Maintenance of Gravel Roads......Page 370
9.4 Rehabilitation......Page 373
9.5 Load Restrictions......Page 377
Review Questions......Page 382
References......Page 383
10.1 Causes of Instability and Problem Manifestation......Page 384
10.3 Management of Transportation Infrastructure Built over Thaw-Sensitive Permafrost......Page 389
10.3.3 Design Considerations......Page 390
10.4 Embankment and Pavement Design over Permafrost......Page 391
10.4.1 General Considerations......Page 392
10.4.3 Methods Based on Preventing Heat Intake Underneath the Embankment......Page 395
10.4.3.2 Embankment Insulation......Page 396
10.4.3.2.3 Peat Insulation......Page 397
10.4.3.3 Reflective Surfaces......Page 398
10.4.4.1 Air Ducts......Page 400
10.4.4.2 Thermosyphons......Page 402
10.4.4.3 Air Convection Embankments......Page 404
10.4.5.1 Geosynthetics......Page 406
10.4.6 Other Methods......Page 409
10.4.6.2 Excavation and Replacement......Page 410
10.4.7 Applicability and Relative Cost of Protection Techniques......Page 411
Review Questions......Page 412
References......Page 413
A......Page 417
B......Page 419
C......Page 421
D......Page 425
E......Page 428
F......Page 430
G......Page 433
H......Page 434
I......Page 436
L......Page 438
M......Page 440
N......Page 443
P......Page 444
R......Page 449
S......Page 451
T......Page 456
U......Page 458
V......Page 459
Y......Page 460