Cohesion in English (English Language Series)

Cover......Page 1
Series......Page 2
Title......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Foreword......Page 6
Preface......Page 8
Acknowledgements......Page 10
Table of Contents......Page 12
Table 1:  The place of COHESION in the description of English......Page 45
Table 3:  Demonstrative reference......Page 54
Table 4:  Comparative reference......Page 55
Table 5:  The forms of one, and related items......Page 122
Table 6:  The forms of do......Page 145
Table 7:  The forms of so......Page 156
Table 8:  Summary of substitution forms......Page 157
Table 9:  Types of rejoinder......Page 223
Summary Table of Conjunctive Relations......Page 258
1.1.1  Text......Page 17
1.1.2  Texture......Page 18
1.1.3  Ties......Page 19
1.1.4  Cohesion......Page 20
1.2.1  Texture and structure......Page 22
1.2.2  Cohesion within the sentence?......Page 23
1.2.3  Cohesion and discourse structure......Page 26
1.2.4  Cohesion as a semantic relation......Page 27
1.3.1  The domain of cohesive relations......Page 30
1.3.2  Text and situation......Page 35
1.3.3  Components of the context of situation, and register......Page 37
1.3.4  The place of cohesion in the linguistic system......Page 42
1.3.5 The meaning of cohesion......Page 44
2.1  Endophoric and exophoric reference......Page 47
2.2  Types of reference......Page 53
2.3  Personal reference......Page 59
2.3.1  Semantic distinctions in the personal system......Page 61
2.3.2  Speech roles and other roles......Page 64
2.3.3.1  Extended reference, and text reference......Page 68
2.3.3.2  Generalized exophoric reference......Page 69
2.3.4  Personal pronouns, possessive determiners and possessive pronouns......Page 70
2.3.5  Cataphoric reference......Page 72
2.4  Demonstrative reference......Page 73
2.4.1  The selective nominal demonstratives: this, these, that, those......Page 75
2.4.1.1  Near and not near: this/these versus that/those......Page 76
2.4.1.3  Head and modifier: this, etc, as pronoun versus this, etc, plus following noun......Page 78
2.4.1.4  Extended reference and reference to ‘fact’: this and that......Page 82
2.4.1.5  Anaphoric and cataphoric demonstratives......Page 84
2.4.2  The......Page 86
2.4.3  Demonstrative adverbs......Page 90
2.4.4  A final note on denwnstratives......Page 91
2.5  Comparative reference......Page 92
2.5.1  General comparison......Page 93
2.5.2  Particular comparison......Page 96
2.5.3  A note on so, such and as......Page 100
3.1.1  Substitution and reference......Page 104
3.1.2  Types of substitution......Page 106
3.2  Nominal substitution......Page 107
3.2.1  The meaning of substitute one/ones......Page 108
3.2.2  Conditions of use of the nominal substitute......Page 111
3.2.3.2  Cardinal numeral one......Page 114
3.2.3.3  Indefinite article one......Page 116
3.2.3.4  ‘Pronoun’ one......Page 118
3.2.4  Summary of uses of one......Page 120
3.2.5  Nominal substitute same......Page 121
3.2.5.1  Say the same......Page 123
3.2.5.2  Do the same......Page 124
3.2.5.3  Be the same......Page 125
3.2.6  Difference between the same and one(s) as nominal substitutes......Page 126
3.3  Verbal substitution......Page 128
3.3.1  The meaning of the verbal substitute do......Page 129
3.3.2  Conditions of use of the verbal substitute......Page 133
3.3.3  The word do other than as substitute......Page 139
3.3.3.2  General verb do......Page 140
3.3.3.3  Pro-verb do......Page 141
3.3.3.4  Verbal operator do......Page 143
3.3.4  Summary of uses of do......Page 144
3.4.1  Difference between clausal and other types of substitution......Page 146
3.4.1.1  Substitution of reported clauses......Page 147
3.4.1.3  Substitution of modalized clauses......Page 150
3.4.2  Similarity among the types of clausal substitution......Page 151
3.4.3.1  Response forms......Page 153
3.4.3.2  Other uses of so and not......Page 154
3.4.4  Summary of uses of so......Page 155
4.1  Ellipsis, substitution and reference......Page 158
4.2.1  Ellipsis within the nominal group......Page 163
4.2.2  Presupposition of nominal elements......Page 166
4.2.3  Types of nominal ellipsis......Page 169
4.2.3.1  Specific deictics......Page 171
4.2.3.2  Non-specific deictics......Page 173
4.2.3.3  Post-deictics......Page 175
4.2.3.4  Numeratives......Page 177
4.2.3.5  Epithets......Page 179
4.3.1  Ellipsis within the verbal group......Page 183
4.3.2  Lexical ellipsis......Page 186
4.3.3  Operator ellipsis......Page 190
4.3.4.1  Polarity......Page 192
4.3.4.2  Finiteness and modality......Page 196
4.3.4.3  Voice......Page 198
4.3.4.4  Tense......Page 202
4.3.5  Summary of verbal ellipsis......Page 208
4.3.6  Verbal ellipsis and the clause......Page 210
4.4.1  Modal and propositional......Page 212
4.4.2  No ellipsis of single elements......Page 218
4.4.3  Ellipsis in question-answer tmd other rejoinder sequences......Page 222
4.4.3.1  Direct responses (1): yes/no questions......Page 224
4.4.3.2  Direct responses (2): wh- questions......Page 226
4.4.3.3  Indirect responses......Page 228
4.4.3.5  Other rejoinders......Page 230
4.4.4.1  Indirect wh- questions......Page 233
4.4.4.2  Indirect yes/no questions......Page 234
4.4.4.3  Indirect statements......Page 235
4.4.4.4  Ambiguity between indirect statements and indirect questions......Page 236
4.4.4.5  Reports and facts in relation to clausal ellipsis......Page 237
4.4.5  Clausal ellipsis and clause complexes......Page 238
5.1  Conjunction and other cohesive relations......Page 242
5.1.1.  Structural equivalents of conjunctive relations......Page 243
5.1.2  Types of conjunctive expression......Page 246
5.2.1  The ‘and’ relation......Page 249
5.2.2  Coordinate and and conjunctive and......Page 251
5.2.3  Other conjunctive elements: but, yet, so and then......Page 253
5.3  Types of conjunction......Page 254
5.4  Additive......Page 260
5.5  Adversative......Page 266
5.6  Causal......Page 272
5.7  Temporal......Page 277
5.8  Other conjunctive items (continuatives)......Page 283
5.8.1  Now......Page 284
5.8.3  Well......Page 285
5.8.6  After all......Page 286
5.9  The cohesive function of intonation......Page 287
6.1  The class of ‘general nouns’......Page 290
6.2  Types of reiteration......Page 293
6.3  Lexical relations as cohesive patterns......Page 298
6.4  Collocation......Page 300
6.5  The general concept of lexical cohesion......Page 304
7.1  Text......Page 309
7.1.2  Definitiveness of the concept of text......Page 310
7.1.3  Tight and loose texture......Page 311
7.1.4  Imaginary texture......Page 313
7.2  The general meaning of cohesion......Page 314
7.3  The meaning of different kinds of cohesion......Page 319
7.3.1  General principles behind the different types......Page 320
7.3.2  Reference......Page 324
7.3.3  Substitution and ellipsis......Page 330
7.3.4  Lexical cohesion: reiteration and collocation......Page 334
7.3.5  Conjunction......Page 336
7.3.6  Summary......Page 338
7.4  Cohesion and the text......Page 340
7.4.1  Texture within the sentence......Page 341
7.4.2  The texture of discourse......Page 342
7.4.3  The role of linguistic analysis......Page 343
8.1  General principles......Page 345
A.  Type of cohesion......Page 349
B.  Direction and distance of cohesion......Page 355
Text I......Page 356
Text II (conversation)......Page 357
Text III (sonnet)......Page 360
Text IV (autobiography)......Page 361
Note......Page 363
Text V (dramatic dialogue)......Page 364
Notes......Page 366
Text VI (informal interview, adult; reported)......Page 367
Text VII (informal interview, children; transcribed)......Page 369
Note......Page 371
Bibliography......Page 373
A-B......Page 374
C-D......Page 375
E-F......Page 376
G-H......Page 377
J......Page 378
K-L......Page 379
M-N-O-P......Page 380
Q-R-S......Page 381
T-U-V-W-Y-Z......Page 382
A-B-C......Page 383
D......Page 384
E-F-G......Page 385
H-I-L-M......Page 386
N-O-P......Page 387
Q-R-S......Page 388
T......Page 389
V-W-Y-Z......Page 390
Phonetics and Phonology......Page 391
Pragmatics......Page 392
Lexicography......Page 393
Psycholinguistics......Page 394
Historical Linguistics......Page 395
Second Language Acquisition......Page 396
Research Method......Page 397
Dictionary......Page 398