Coherent Time Difference of Arrival Estimation Techniques for Frequency Hopping GSM Mobile Radio Signals

Coherent Time Difference
of Arrival Estimation
Techniques for Frequency
Hopping GSM Mobile
Radio Signals......Page 4
Abstract......Page 8
Zusammenfassung......Page 10
Acknowledgments......Page 12
Contents......Page 16
List of Figures......Page 20
List of Tables......Page 24
1.1 GSM Mobile Phone Localization......Page 26
1.2 Localization in Search and Rescue Scenarios......Page 29
1.3 Key Inventive Concept......Page 30
1.4 Scope of this Work......Page 31
2.1.1 Localization Scenario......Page 32
2.1.2 Major Challenges and Requirements......Page 34
2.1.3 Auxiliary System Components......Page 35
2.2.1 Elementary Measurement Setup......Page 37
2.2.2 Generic Radio Channel Model......Page 39
3.1.1 Modulation......Page 42
3.1.2 Burst Types and Structures......Page 45
3.1.3 Power and Spectral Characteristics......Page 47
3.1.4 Multiple Access and Duplexing......Page 49
3.2.1 Single Burst Signal Model......Page 54
3.2.2 Frequency Hopping Signal Model......Page 55
4.1.1 Wideband Frontend Signal Acquisition......Page 56
4.1.2 Narrowband Frontend Signal Acquisition......Page 58
4.1.3 Mixed Acquisition Schemes......Page 60
4.1.4 Coherence and Phase Relationships......Page 61
4.2.2 Effective Signal Bandwidth......Page 62
4.2.3 Signal to Noise Ratio......Page 63
4.3.1 Burst Isolation Technique......Page 65
4.3.2 Wideband Signal Reconstruction Technique......Page 68
4.3.3 Multiple Source Separation Technique......Page 69
5.1.1 Definition of the Crosscorrelation Function......Page 70
5.1.2 Decomposition of the Crosscorrelation Function......Page 71
5.1.3 Ambiguity Function of Frequency Hopping Signals......Page 72
5.1.4 Shape of the Ambiguity Function......Page 73
5.1.5 Properties of the Ambiguity Function......Page 81
5.1.6 Application of Concatenated and Stacked Signals......Page 85
5.1.7 Range Limitations......Page 89
5.2.1 Derivation for Simple Delay Scenarios......Page 91
5.2.2 Evaluation of Multiple Burst Signals......Page 93
5.2.3 Influence of Multipath Components......Page 96
5.2.4 Averaging of Burst Phase Differences......Page 102
5.2.5 Range Ambiguities......Page 105
5.3 Realizable Frequency Hopping Signal
Configurations......Page 106
6.1 Simulation Environment and Parameters......Page 108
6.2.2 Cramér-Rao Lower Bound......Page 111
6.2.3 Estimation Standard Deviation......Page 112
6.3.2 Maximum Estimation Bias......Page 117
6.4.1 Tapped Delay-Line Channel Model......Page 121
6.4.2 Resolvability of Propagation Paths......Page 125
6.5 Summary of Estimation Technique Performance......Page 129
7.1.1 Main Functional Components......Page 130
7.1.2 Synchronization Source Module......Page 131
7.1.3 Synchronization and Trigger Module......Page 132
7.1.4 Wideband Signal Acquisition Module......Page 134
7.1.5 Data and Control Module......Page 136
7.1.6 Integration of the Modules......Page 137
7.2.1 Phase Noise Profile of Synchronization Signals......Page 138
7.2.2 Synchronicity of Synchronization Source Signals......Page 139
7.2.3 Synchronicity of Synchronization and Trigger Signals......Page 141
7.2.4 Frequency Response of Wideband Signal Acquisition
Modules......Page 143
7.2.5 Symmetry of Wideband Signal Acquisition Modules......Page 145
7.3.1 Static Offset Compensation Procedure......Page 147
7.3.2 Measurement Setup and Evaluation Procedure......Page 148
7.3.4 Delay-Line Measurement Results......Page 151
7.4 Summary of Hardware and Measurement Results......Page 155
8.1 Major Achievements and Contributions......Page 158
8.2 Future Work and Development......Page 159
8.3 Patents, Scientific Publications and Theses......Page 162
Appendices......Page 164
A. Frequency Hopping Sequence
Generation in GSM Systems......Page 166
B.2 Structure of the 26-Multiframe......Page 168
B.3 Structure of the 51-Multiframe......Page 169
C.2 Voice and Data Connection......Page 172
C.3 Modified Handover Procedure......Page 175
D.1 Narrowband Crosscorrelation Technique......Page 178
D.2 Model-based Estimation Techniques......Page 180
D.3 Incoherent Integration with Multipath Rejection
Technique......Page 181
D.4 Successive Cancellation Technique......Page 183
D.5 Further Applicable Techniques......Page 184
D.6 Comparative Summary......Page 187
E. Localization System Architecture for Search and Rescue Scenarios......Page 188
References......Page 190