Cognitive Psychology: In and Out of the Laboratory

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
About the Author......Page 5
Brief Contents......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Part I: Overview......Page 22
CHAPTER 1 Cognitive Psychology: History, Methods, and Paradigms......Page 23
Influences on the Study of Cognition......Page 26
Research Methods in Cognitive Psychology......Page 40
Paradigms of Cognitive Psychology......Page 45
SUMMARY......Page 53
KEY TERMS......Page 54
WEB RESOURCES......Page 55
CHAPTER 2 The Brain: An Overview of Structure and Function......Page 56
Structure of the Brain......Page 57
Localization of Function......Page 62
Lateralization of Function......Page 67
Brain Imaging Techniques......Page 68
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 74
WEB RESOURCES......Page 75
Part II: Basic Processes......Page 76
CHAPTER 3 Perceiving Objects and Recognizing Patterns......Page 77
Gestalt Approaches to Perception......Page 80
Bottom-Up Processes......Page 85
Top-Down Processes......Page 100
Direct Perception......Page 113
Disruptions of Perception: Visual Agnosias......Page 118
SUMMARY......Page 121
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 122
COGLAB: DEMONSTRATIONS......Page 123
WEB RESOURCES......Page 124
CHAPTER 4 Paying Attention......Page 125
Selective Attention......Page 128
Neuroscientific Studies of Attention......Page 144
Automaticity and the Effects of Practice......Page 149
Divided Attention......Page 158
SUMMARY......Page 167
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 168
WEB RESOURCES......Page 169
CHAPTER 5 Forming and Using New Memory Traces......Page 170
Metaphors of Memory......Page 172
Sensory Memory......Page 175
Short-Term Memory......Page 180
Working Memory......Page 190
Executive Functioning......Page 195
Neurological Studies of Memory Processes......Page 196
SUMMARY......Page 200
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 201
COGLAB: DEMONSTRATIONS......Page 202
WEB RESOURCES......Page 203
CHAPTER 6 Retrieving Memories From Long-Term Storage......Page 204
The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory......Page 205
The Levels-of-Processing View......Page 219
The Reconstructive Nature of Memory......Page 223
Amnesia......Page 241
SUMMARY......Page 248
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 250
COGLAB: DEMONSTRATIONS......Page 251
WEB RESOURCES......Page 252
Part III: Representation and Organization of Knowledge......Page 254
CHAPTER 7 Memory for General Knowledge......Page 255
The Semantic/Episodic Distinction......Page 257
Semantic Memory Models......Page 260
Schemata......Page 276
Implicit Versus Explicit Memory......Page 279
SUMMARY......Page 285
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 286
WEB RESOURCES......Page 287
CHAPTER 8 Concepts and Categorization......Page 288
Theoretical Descriptions of the Nature of Concepts......Page 291
Forming New Concepts and Classifying New Instances......Page 302
SUMMARY......Page 313
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 314
WEB RESOURCES......Page 315
CHAPTER 9 Visual Imagery and Spatial Cognition......Page 316
Mnemonics and Memory Codes......Page 318
Empirical Investigations of Imagery......Page 323
The Nature of Mental Imagery......Page 336
Neuropsychological Findings......Page 345
Spatial Cognition......Page 347
SUMMARY......Page 352
KEY TERMS......Page 353
WEB RESOURCES......Page 354
Part IV: Use and Manipulation of Information......Page 356
CHAPTER 10 Language......Page 357
The Structure of Language......Page 360
Language Comprehension and Production......Page 372
Language and Cognition......Page 394
SUMMARY......Page 403
KEY TERMS......Page 405
WEB RESOURCES......Page 406
CHAPTER 11 Thinking and Problem Solving......Page 407
Classic Problems and General Methods of Solution......Page 411
Blocks to Problem Solving......Page 420
The Problem Space Hypothesis......Page 428
Expert Systems......Page 432
Finding Creative Solutions......Page 434
Critical Thinking......Page 438
SUMMARY......Page 440
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 441
WEB RESOURCES......Page 442
CHAPTER 12 Reasoning......Page 443
Types of Reasoning......Page 445
Patterns of Reasoning Performance......Page 457
Three Approaches to the Study of Reasoning......Page 463
Neuropsychological Evidence on Reasoning......Page 475
SUMMARY......Page 477
KEY TERMS......Page 478
WEB RESOURCES......Page 479
CHAPTER 13 Making Decisions......Page 480
Phases of Decision Making......Page 482
Basic Concepts of Probability......Page 485
Cognitive Illusions in Decision Making......Page 487
Utility Models of Decision Making......Page 502
Descriptive Models of Decision Making......Page 509
Improving Decision Making......Page 512
SUMMARY......Page 514
KEY TERMS......Page 516
WEB RESOURCES......Page 517
Part V: Individual and Situational Differences in Cognition......Page 518
CHAPTER 14 Cognitive Development Through Adolescence......Page 519
Piagetian Theory......Page 521
Non-Piagetian Approaches to Cognitive Development......Page 533
Some Post-Piagetian Answers to the Question “What Develops?”......Page 545
SUMMARY......Page 556
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 557
WEB RESOURCES......Page 558
CHAPTER 15 Individual, Aging, and Gender Differences in Cognition......Page 559
Individual Differences in Cognition......Page 560
The Effects of Aging on Cognition......Page 570
Gender Differences in Cognition......Page 572
SUMMARY......Page 590
KEY TERMS......Page 592
WEB RESOURCES......Page 593
CHAPTER 16 Cognition in Cross-Cultural Perspective......Page 594
Examples of Studies of Cross-Cultural Cognition......Page 600
Effects of Schooling and Literacy......Page 623
Situated Cognition in Everyday Settings......Page 630
SUMMARY......Page 634
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 635
WEB RESOURCES......Page 636
Glossary......Page 637
References......Page 650
Author Index......Page 681
Subject Index......Page 692