Cognitive Exploration of Language and Linguistics (Cognitive Linguistics in Practice)

Cover......Page 1
Title page......Page 5
Table of contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 11
Some frequent abbreviations......Page 14
1.1 Introduction: Sign systems......Page 15
1.2.1 The principle of indexicality in language......Page 19
1.2.2 The principle of iconicity in language......Page 22
1.2.3 The principle of symbolicity in language......Page 26
1.3.1 Conceptual categories......Page 27
1.3.2 Lexical categories......Page 30
1.3.3 Grammatical categories......Page 32
1.4 Summary......Page 34
1.5 Further reading......Page 35
Assignments......Page 36
2.1 Introduction: Words, meanings and concepts......Page 39
2.2 From words to meanings: Semasiology......Page 42
2.2.1 Salience: Prototypical word senses and referents......Page 44
2.2.2 Links between word senses: Radial networks......Page 45
2.2.3 Fuzziness in conceptual categories and word senses......Page 49
2.3 From concepts to words: Onomasiology......Page 50
2.3.1 Salience in conceptual domains: Basic level terms......Page 51
2.3.2 Links in conceptual domains: Taxonomies......Page 53
2.3.3 Fuzziness in conceptual domains: Problematical taxonomies......Page 55
2.4 Conclusion: Interplay between semasiology and onomasiology......Page 57
2.5 Summary......Page 58
2.6 Further reading......Page 59
Assignments......Page 60
3.0 Overview......Page 63
3.1.1 Two kinds of building blocks: Words and affixes......Page 64
3.1.2 Word formation and name-giving......Page 66
3.2.1 Basic patterns of compounds......Page 68
3.2.2 Compound versus syntactic group......Page 70
3.2.3 The role of compounds in naming things......Page 72
3.3.1 Derivational versus inflectional affixes......Page 73
3.3.2 Where do affixes come from? Grammaticalization......Page 74
3.3.3 Meaning and productivity of affixes......Page 75
3.3.4 Subtypes of affixes and new affix-like forms......Page 77
3.4 Other word-formation processes......Page 78
3.5 Inflection and function words......Page 80
3.6 Conclusion: Morphology, lexicology and syntax......Page 83
3.7 Summary......Page 84
Assignments......Page 86
4.1 Introduction: Syntax and grammar......Page 89
4.2 Event schemas and participant roles......Page 91
4.2.1 The “being” schema......Page 93
4.2.2 The “happening” schema......Page 94
4.2.4 The “experiencing” schema......Page 95
4.2.5 The “having” schema......Page 96
4.2.6 The “moving” schema......Page 97
4.2.7 The “transferring” schema......Page 99
4.3.1 Hierarchical structure of the sentence constituents......Page 100
4.3.2 Linear sequence in the sentence: Sentence patterns......Page 102
4.4 The grounding elements of a sentence......Page 105
4.4.2 Speaker’s attitude: Modality......Page 106
4.4.3 Speech act time: Tense......Page 107
4.4.5 Internal phases in an event: Progressive aspect......Page 108
4.4.6 Synthesis: Grounding of events......Page 109
4.5 Summary......Page 110
Assignments......Page 112
5.0 Overview......Page 115
5.1.1 Spelling and pronunciation......Page 116
5.2 Production of speech sounds......Page 117
5.2.1 Phonation......Page 118
5.3.1 Places of articulation......Page 120
5.3.2 Manner of articulation......Page 121
5.4 Vowels......Page 122
5.4.1 Cardinal vowels......Page 124
5.4.2 The vowels of (standard) British English......Page 125
5.4.3 The diphthongs of (standard) British English......Page 126
5.5.1 Definitions......Page 127
5.5.2 Free variation and complementary distribution......Page 128
5.5.3 Principles of transcription......Page 129
5.6.1 Syllables......Page 130
5.7 Sounds in context......Page 132
5.7.3 Assimilation......Page 133
5.7.4 Palatalization......Page 134
5.7.6 “Weak” and “strong” forms......Page 135
5.8 Summary......Page 136
Assignments......Page 138
6.1 Introduction: Linguistic relativity and universalism......Page 141
6.1.1 Linguistic and cultural relativity......Page 142
6.1.2 Semantic primes as a key to cross-cultural comparisons......Page 145
6.2 Culture-specific words......Page 148
6.3 Culture-specific grammar......Page 151
6.4 Cultural scripts......Page 154
6.5 Conclusion: Language, culture and thought......Page 157
6.6 Summary......Page 158
Assignments......Page 160
7.0 Overview......Page 163
7.1.1 Communicative intention and speech acts......Page 164
7.1.2 A cognitive typology of speech acts......Page 166
7.2.1 Subcategories of constitutive speech acts......Page 169
7.2.2 Felicity conditions......Page 172
7.3.1 Conversational and conventional presuppositions......Page 173
7.3.2 The cooperative principle and maxims of conversation......Page 175
7.3.3 Conversational and conventional implicatures......Page 178
7.4 Obligative speech acts and polite interaction......Page 180
7.4.1 Difference between information questions and directives......Page 181
7.4.2 Politeness: Acknowledging the other’s identity......Page 182
7.5 Conclusion: Interplay between sentence structure and types of speech act......Page 185
7.6 Summary......Page 187
Assignments......Page 188
8.0 Overview......Page 193
8.1 Communication, text, and text linguistics......Page 194
8.2 Text representation......Page 195
8.3 Coherence vs. cohesion......Page 198
8.4 Referential coherence......Page 200
8.5 Relational coherence......Page 203
8.6 Survey of coherence relations......Page 209
8.7 Summary......Page 211
8.8 Further reading......Page 212
Assignments......Page 213
9.0 Overview......Page 217
9.1 Language change and language variation......Page 218
9.2 Methods of studying historical linguistics......Page 222
9.3.1 Changes within a radial network......Page 228
9.3.2 Changes across radial networks......Page 230
9.3.3 Changes in schemas......Page 232
9.3.4 Analogical change......Page 236
9.4 Causation and predictability......Page 237
9.5 Summary......Page 240
Assignments......Page 242
10.0 Overview......Page 245
10.1.2 Linguistic identification of languages and dialects......Page 246
10.1.3 The political and international status of languages......Page 248
10.2.1 The genesis and spread of languages......Page 250
10.2.2 Genetic relatedness of languages......Page 252
10.3 Language typology and language universals......Page 257
10.4.1 “Comparative” or “contrastive?”......Page 261
10.4.2 Methodological aspects of contrastive linguistics......Page 264
10.4.3 Contrasting verb phrases......Page 266
10.5 Summary......Page 269
10.6 Further reading......Page 270
Assignments......Page 271
References......Page 273
Index......Page 283