Cognitive Biases in Health and Psychiatric Disorders: Neurophysiological Foundations

Dedication
Front Matter
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
	References
Acknowledgments
Beyond negativity: Motivational relevance as cause of attentional bias to positive stimuli
	Introduction
	Main theories of attention to positive information
		Phylogenetic relevance
		Ontogenetic relevance
		Current relevance
		Arousal as cause of attentional bias to phylogenetic and ontogenetic relevant events
	Methods
		Cueing paradigms
			Exogenous spatial cueing paradigm
			Dot probe paradigm
		Emotional Stroop paradigm
		Emotional flanker paradigm
		Visual search
	Brain regions involved in the emergence of the Bias
	Somatovisceral responses related to the Bias
	Similarities and differences between healthy and clinical populations
	Limitations and future directions
	Summary
	References
Attention bias toward negative stimuli
	Introduction
	Major theories on the nature and underlying causes of attention biases
	Prevalent paradigms and findings in attention bias
	Brain regions involved in the emergence of attention bias
	Autonomic responses related to attention bias
	Similarities and differences between healthy and clinical populations
	Limitations and future directions
	Summary
	References
	Further Reading
The neurophysiological basis of optimism bias
	Introduction
	Major theories in the field
	When does optimism bias manifest?
	How and why does optimism bias emerge?
	Methods used to investigate the optimism bias
	Brain regions involved in the emergence and maintenance of the bias
	Somatovisceral responses related to optimism bias
	Similarities and differences between healthy and clinical populations
	Limitations
	Future directions
	Summary
	References
Negative expectancy biases in psychopathology
	Introduction
	Methods used to investigate expectancy biases
	Development of expectancy biases
		Negative expectancy biases
		Pathways to expectancy bias
	Factors that contribute to the robustness of expectancy bias
		Avoidance behaviors
		Modulatory effects of expectancies
		Uncontrollability of expected outcomes
		Uncertainty and illusory correlations
		Postevent “validation” processes (rumination and immunization)
	The neural basis of expectancy biases
		Expectations influencing perception
		Neural correlates of overgeneralization of fear stimuli
		Neural correlates of regulatory responses
	Somatovisceral responses related to negative expectancy biases
	Similarities and differences between healthy and clinical populations
	Recapitulation, limitations, and some future directions
	References
	Further reading
Positive interpretation bias across the psychiatric disorders☆
	Introduction
	Major theories in the field
	Methods used to investigate a positive interpretation bias
	Brain regions involved in the emergence of a positive interpretation biases
		Positive interpretation bias specifically
		Constructs related to a positive interpretation bias
		Summary
	Somatovisceral (e.g., autonomic) responses involved in the emergence of a positive interpretation bias
	Similarities and differences between healthy and clinical populations in the biological basis of positive interpretation bi ...
		Depression
		Social anxiety disorder
		Comorbid depression and social anxiety disorder
		Other anxiety disorder
		Summary and debate
	Limitations
	Future directions
	Chapter summary
	References
Resolving ambiguity: Negative interpretation biases
	Introduction
	Major theories in the field
	Methods used to investigate the biases
		Direct measures of interpretation biases
		Indirect measures of interpretation biases
	Brain regions involved in the emergence of the bias
	Somatovisceral responses related to the biases
	Similarities and differences between healthy and clinical populations
		Negative interpretation biases: A risk factor for anxiety and depression
	Limitations
	Future directions
	Summary
	References
A “rosy view” of the past: Positive memory biases
	Methods used to investigate the bias
	Major theories in the field
		Self-protecting and self-enhancing mechanisms
			Avoiding negative information and assimilating positive information
			Distancing negative memories
			Emotion regulation strategies
			Social disclosure
		Self-consistency
			Consistency with current knowledge
			Consistency with current emotions
			Consistency with expectations
		Variables that may moderate the bias—Individual differences
			Cultural differences
			Age-related differences
			Personality differences
	Brain regions involved in the emergence of the bias
	Similarities and differences between healthy and clinical populations
	Summary, limitations, and future directions
	References
	Further reading
Negative memory biases in health and psychiatric disorders
	Introduction
	Major theories of affective memory biases
		Semantic/associative network models
		Beck’s theory of emotional disorders
		Elaboration/priming hypotheses
		Overgeneral memory and executive functioning
		The combined cognitive bias hypothesis
	Methods for examining memory biases
		Measuring negative encoding biases
		Measuring negative recall biases
	Brain regions involved in the emergence of memory biases
	Somatovisceral contributions
		Endocrine correlates
	Similarities and differences between healthy and clinical populations
	Limitations
	Future directions
	Summary
	References
	Further reading
The interplay among attention, interpretation, and memory biases in depression: Revisiting the combined cognitive bias hyp ...
	Introduction
	Major theories in the field
		The causal loop diagram of depression dynamics
		The attention-memory bias-interaction research framework
		Conceptualizing the combined influence of cognitive biases on depression over time
	Methods used to investigate the CCBH
		Association questions
		Causal questions
		Predictive magnitude questions
	Empirical research on the CCBH
		Association questions
		Causal questions
		Predictive magnitude questions
	Limitations and future directions
	Summary
	References
	Further reading
The impact of top-down factors on threat perception biases in health and anxiety
	Introduction
	Major theories and evidence supporting top-down threat processing
		Theoretical considerations
	Methods used to investigate threat perception
	Neural mechanisms involved in threat processing
		Neural mechanisms of bottom-up threat processing
		Neural mechanisms of top-down threat processing
	Peripheral mechanisms of threat processing
	Threat processing in anxiety versus healthy populations
		Neural mechanisms of threat processing in anxiety versus healthy populations
	Limitations
	Future directions
	Summary and conclusions
	References
Cognitive biases across development: A detailed examination of research in fear learning
	Introduction
	Cognitive biases related to fear learning across development
		Fear acquisition and extinction
		Retrieval of fear extinction memories
		Biases related to overgeneralization of fear
	Conclusions and future directions
	References
	Further reading
Attentional control and cognitive biases as determinants of vulnerability and resilience in anxiety and depression
	Introduction
	Cognitive biases and emotional vulnerability
	Neurocognitive mechanisms of attentional control in emotional vulnerability
	A mediating role for attentional control in cognitive biases
	Exercising attentional control to reduce emotional vulnerability
	Implications for real world, educational, and clinical settings
	Can adaptive cognitive training change cognitive bias?
	Concluding remarks and future directions
	References
	Further reading
Index
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