Cognition, Evolution, and Behavior, Second Edition

Contents......Page 12
1. Cognition and the Study of Behavior......Page 18
1.1. What is comparative cognition about?......Page 19
1.2. Kinds of explanation for behavior......Page 25
1.3. Approaches to comparative cognition......Page 30
1.4. Summary......Page 38
2.1. Testing adaptation......Page 41
2.2. Mapping phylogeny......Page 46
2.3. Evolution, cognition, and the structure of behavior......Page 49
2.4. Evolution and the brain......Page 57
2.5. What does all this have to do with comparative psychology?......Page 64
2.6. Summarizing and looking ahead......Page 68
Part I. Fundamental Mechanisms......Page 70
3.1. Specialized sensory systems......Page 72
3.2. How can we find out what animals perceive?......Page 77
3.3. Some psychophysical principles......Page 80
3.4. Signal detection theory......Page 81
3.5. Perception and evolution: Sensory ecology......Page 88
3.6. Search and attention......Page 92
3.7. Attention and foraging: The behavioral ecology of attention......Page 99
3.8. Summary......Page 109
4.1. General processes and "constraints on learning"......Page 111
4.2. A framework for thinking about learning......Page 113
4.3. When and how will learning evolve?......Page 117
4.4. Pavlovian conditioning: Conditions for learning......Page 120
4.5. What is learned?......Page 134
4.6. Conditional control of behavior: Occasion setting and modulation......Page 141
4.7. Effects of learning on behavior......Page 142
4.8. Concluding remarks......Page 149
5.1. Habituation......Page 151
5.2. Perceptual learning......Page 161
5.3. Imprinting......Page 165
5.4. The behavioral ecology of social recognition: Recognizing kin......Page 176
5.5. Forms of recognition learning compared......Page 180
6.1. Three examples......Page 182
6.2. Untrained responses to natural stimuli......Page 183
6.3. Classifying complex natural stimuli......Page 187
6.4. Discrimination learning......Page 194
6.5. Category discrimination and concepts......Page 205
6.6. Summary and conclusions......Page 223
7. Memory......Page 225
7.1. Functions and properties of memory......Page 226
7.2. Methods for studying memory in animals......Page 230
7.3. Conditions for memory......Page 237
7.4. Species differences in memory?......Page 245
7.5. Mechanisms: What is remembered and why is it forgotten?......Page 252
7.6. Memory and consciousness......Page 256
7.7. Summary and conclusions......Page 271
Part II. Physical Cognition......Page 274
8. Getting Around: Spatial Cognition......Page 276
8.1. Mechanisms for spatial orientation......Page 279
8.2. Modularity and integration......Page 298
8.3. Acquiring spatial knowledge: The conditions for learning......Page 303
8.4. Do animals have cognitive maps?......Page 311
8.5. Summary......Page 325
9.1. Circadian rhythms......Page 328
9.2. Interval timing: Data......Page 338
9.3. Interval timing: Theories......Page 346
9.4. Summary: Two timing systems?......Page 353
10. Numerical Competence......Page 355
10.1. Numerosity discrimination and the analog magnitude system......Page 359
10.2. The object tracking system......Page 365
10.3. Ordinal comparison: Numerosity, serial position, and transitive inference......Page 370
10.4. Labels and language......Page 380
10.5. Numerical cognition and comparative psychology......Page 385
11. Cognition and the Consequences of Behavior: Foraging, Planning, Instrumental Learning, and Using Tools......Page 386
11.1. Foraging......Page 387
11.2. Long-term or short-term maximizing: Do animals plan ahead?......Page 404
11.3. Causal learning and instrumental behavior......Page 409
11.4. Using and understanding tools......Page 414
11.5. On causal learning and killjoy explanations......Page 428
Part III. Social Cognition......Page 430
12. Social Intelligence......Page 432
12.1. The social intelligence hypothesis......Page 433
12.2. The nature of social knowledge......Page 436
12.3. Intentionality and social understanding......Page 447
12.4. Theory of mind......Page 456
12.5. Cooperation......Page 470
12.6. Summary......Page 479
13. Social Learning......Page 481
13.1. Social learning in context......Page 483
13.2. Mechanisms: Social learning without imitation......Page 490
13.3. Mechanisms: Imitation......Page 497
13.4. Do nonhuman animals teach?......Page 512
13.5. Animal cultures?......Page 518
13.6. Summary and conclusions......Page 521
14. Communication and Language......Page 523
14.1. Some basic issues......Page 526
14.2. Natural communication systems......Page 531
14.3. Trying to teach human language to other species......Page 547
14.4. Language evolution and animal communication: New directions......Page 558
14.5. Summary and conclusions......Page 561
15. Summing Up and Looking Ahead......Page 563
15.1. Modularity and the animal mind......Page 564
15.2. Theory and method in comparative cognition......Page 566
15.3. Humans versus other species: Different in degree or kind?......Page 569
15.4. The future: Tinbergen’s four questions, and a fifth one......Page 574
References......Page 578
Credits......Page 666
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I......Page 706
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