Cogeneration and polygeneration systems

Cogeneration and Polygeneration Systems
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 Cogeneration and polygeneration
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Fundamental of cogeneration
	1.3 Analysis of combined heat and power system
	1.4 Trigeneration
	1.5 Comparison of combined cooling, heating, and power and stand-alone system
	1.6 History of cogeneration
	1.7 Importance of deployment
	1.8 Polygeneration
	1.9 Conclusion
	References
2 Main components of cogeneration and polygeneration systems
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Steam turbines
	2.3 Gas turbine
	2.4 Combined cycle-based cogeneration plants
	2.5 Internal combustion engine
	2.6 Stirling engines
	2.7 Fuel cell
	References
3 Applications of cogeneration and polygeneration
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Main application
		3.2.1 Industrial
		3.2.2 Commercial
		3.2.3 Institutional
	3.3 Prospects for cogeneration in Europe
		3.3.1 Fiona Riddoch, COGEN Europe, Belgium
		3.3.2 Germany—aiming to double cogeneration by 2020
		3.3.3 Spain—Upbeat for combined heat and power
		3.3.4 Austria—The Green Approach
	3.4 Japan
	3.5 China
	3.6 The United States
	3.7 Other countries
	References
4 Thermodynamic modeling and simulation of cogeneration and polygeneration systems
	4.1 Introduction
		4.1.1 The first law of thermodynamics
	4.1.2 The second law of thermodynamics
	4.2 Modeling of CGAM cogeneration plant
	4.3 Thermodynamic modeling of a combined
	4.4 Thermodynamic modeling of a polygeneration system
	4.5 Thermodynamic modeling of a hybrid
	References
5 Exergy and thermoeconomic evaluation of cogeneration and polygeneration systems
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Definition of exergy
		5.2.1 Dead state
		5.2.2 Dead state limited
		5.2.3 Definition of the environment from the perspective of exergy analysis
		5.2.4 Exergy
		5.2.5 Thermoeconomic
	5.3 Exergy and thermoeconomic modeling
		5.3.1 Physical exergy
		5.3.2 Chemical exergy
		5.3.3 Exergy destruction
		5.3.4 Exergoeconomic modeling
		5.3.5 Exergy destruction level and exergy cost destruction level concept
	5.4 Case studies
		5.4.1 Exergy and exergoeconomic modeling of CGAM cogeneration plant
		5.4.2 Exergy and exergoeconomic modeling of a CCHP
		5.4.3 Exergy and exergoeconomic modeling of a polygeneration system
	References
6 Advanced exergetic evaluation of cogeneration and polygeneration systems
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Advanced exergy-based variables
		6.2.1 Endogenous/exogenous
		6.2.2 Avoidable/unavoidable
	6.3 Methodology for splitting the variables
		6.3.1 Unavoidable and avoidable parts
		6.3.2 Endogenous and exogenous parts
			6.3.2.1 Simple approach
			6.3.2.2 Thermodynamic approach
			6.3.2.3 Engineering approach
	6.4 Advanced exergy destruction Level representation
	6.5 Application of advanced exergy-based analysis
		6.5.1 CGAM problem
		6.5.2 Liquefied natural gas cogeneration
	References
7 Total Site integration and cogeneration systems
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Total Site integration
	7.3 Total Site profiles
	7.4 Total Site procedure
	7.5 Case studies
		7.5.1 Case 1. A conventional Total Site analysis
		7.5.2 Case 2. Integration of site utility and thermal power plant
	References
8 Desalinated water production in cogeneration and polygeneration systems
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Main desalination technologies
		8.2.1 Multistage flash distillation desalination
		8.2.2 Multiple-effect distillation desalination
		8.2.3 Reverse osmosis desalination
	8.3 Integration with thermal power plants
	8.4 Integration with of gas turbines
	8.5 Integration with site utility industrial plants
	References
9 Cogeneration and polygeneration targets
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Cogeneration issues
	9.3 Significant models
		9.3.1 Exergetic model
		9.3.2 T–H model
		9.3.3 Turbine hardware model
		9.3.4 Harell method
		9.3.5 Sorin and Hammache method
		9.3.6 Medina-Flores and Picón-Núñez model
		9.3.7 Bandyopadhyay model
		9.3.8 Iterative bottom-to-top model
		9.3.9 Kapil model
		9.3.10 Actual steam level temperature model
		9.3.11 Automated targeting method
		9.3.12 Ren et al. model
		9.3.13 Other models
		9.3.14 Software
	9.4 Comparison of different methods
	9.5 Case study
	9.6 Conclusion
	References
10 R-curve tool
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Notation of R-curve
	10.3 R-curve tool
		10.3.1 Ideal R-curve or grassroots R-curve
		10.3.2 Actual R-curve
	10.4 Developing the extended R-curves
		10.4.1 Cogeneration targeting
		10.4.2 R-ratio against ED, CD, and BD
		10.4.3 Advanced representation of Exergy Destruction Level
		10.4.4 The algorithm proposed for advanced analyses
	10.5 Extended R-curve using in liquefied natural gas cogeneration
	10.6 Integrating the desalination systems with the help of R-curve
		10.6.1 Reverse osmosis desalination
		10.6.2 Multieffect distillation desalination system
		10.6.3 Integration effect on cogeneration efficiency factor
		10.6.4 Case studies
			10.6.4.1 Specifications of desalination systems
			10.6.4.2 First case study
			10.6.4.3 Second case study
	References
11 Environmental impacts consideration
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Life cycle assessment
		11.2.1 Stages of life cycle assessment framework
		11.2.2 Applications of life cycle assessment
		11.2.3 Benefits of life cycle assessment
		11.2.4 Design a life cycle assessment project
		11.2.5 Real planning and process management
		11.2.6 How is life cycle assessment done?
	11.3 Eco-indicator 99
	11.4 Exergoenvironmental analysis
	11.5 Estimation of greenhouse gas emissions
	11.6 Footprint
		11.6.1 Carbon footprint
		11.6.2 Emission footprint
		11.6.3 Energy footprint
		11.6.4 Water footprint
	11.7 Environmental targeting
	11.8 Case studies
		11.8.1 Case 1
		11.8.2 Case 2
	References
12 Combined heating, cooling, hydrogen, and power production
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 System description
	12.3 Modeling and analysis
		12.3.1 Assumptions
		12.3.2 Modeling and analysis
			12.3.2.1 Ejector modeling
			12.3.2.2 Proton-exchange membrane electrolyzer
			12.3.2.3 Energy and exergy analysis
			12.3.2.4 Exergoeconomic modeling
			12.3.2.5 Overall performance evaluation
	12.4 Validation of model
		12.4.1 Performance evaluation
	References
13 Modern polygeneration systems
	13.1 Introduction
		13.1.1 Fuel cell
		13.1.2 Solar energy
	13.2 Fuell cell integration
		13.2.1 Fuel cell+thermoelectric generator
			13.2.1.1 Fuel cell—gas turbine
		13.2.2 Fuel cell+heat pump/refrigeration
	13.3 Fuel cell+absorption chillers
		13.3.1 Fuel cell—desalination systems
		13.3.2 Microbial cell integration
	13.4 Solar energy
		13.4.1 General overview
		13.4.2 Polygeneration with solar energy
			13.4.2.1 The parabolic trough type
			13.4.2.2 Solar power tower–driven systems
			13.4.2.3 Parabolic dish–driven systems
		13.4.3 Photovoltaic/thermal/CPVT collector–driven systems
	13.5 Hybrid solar polygeneration systems
		13.5.1 Integrated solar–biomass-driven devices
			13.5.1.1 Hybrid parabolic trough collectors–biomass
			13.5.1.2 Hybrid solar power tower–biomass
			13.5.1.3 Hybrid CPVT collectors–biomass
		13.5.2 Hybrid solar–geothermal
			13.5.2.1 Hybrid parabolic trough collectors–geothermal
			13.5.2.2 Hybrid solar power tower–geothermal
			13.5.2.3 Hybrid photovoltaic/thermal/CPVT collectors–geothermal
		13.5.3 Hybrid photovoltaic/thermal–ocean
		13.5.4 Hybrid solar power tower–wind turbines
		13.5.5 Hybrid solar–wind/ocean
		13.5.6 Other hybrid models
	References
14 Optimization of cogeneration and polygeneration systems
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Optimization problem
		14.2.1 System boundaries
		14.2.2 Objective functions and system criteria
		14.2.3 Decision variables
		14.2.4 Constraints
	14.3 Optimization techniques
		14.3.1 Classical optimization
		14.3.2 Numerical optimization techniques
		14.3.3 Metaheuristic optimization techniques
	14.4 Multiobjective optimization
	14.5 Case studies
		14.5.1 Case 1: Solar hybrid cogeneration plant
			14.5.1.1 General overview
			14.5.1.2 Solar field design
			14.5.1.3 Optimization
			14.5.1.4 Physical constraints
			14.5.1.5 Optimization runs
				14.5.1.5.1 Conventional case
				14.5.1.5.2 Solar hybrid case
		14.5.2 Case 2: Optimal design of utility systems using targeting strategy
		14.5.3 Grassroots case study
		14.5.4 Optimization results
		14.5.5 Case 3: Optimal design of thermoelectric generator-parabolic trough collector-driven polygeneration system
			14.5.5.1 General overview
			14.5.5.2 Multiobjective optimization method
		14.5.6 Case 4: Biomass–solar-driven polygeneration system
			14.5.6.1 General overview
			14.5.6.2 Optimization
	References
15 Reliability and availability of cogeneration and polygeneration systems
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Definitions
	15.3 Reliability modeling of utility system
	15.4 Case studies
		15.4.1 Case 1
		15.4.2 Case 2
	References
16 Software tools
	16.1 Introduction
		16.1.1 Power plants
			16.1.1.1 GT PRO
			16.1.1.2 GT MASTER
			16.1.1.3 STEAM PRO
			16.1.1.4 STEAM MASTER
			16.1.1.5 THERMOFLEX
			16.1.1.6 GateCycle
			16.1.1.7 EBSILON
			16.1.1.8 Cycle-Tempo
		16.1.2 Process industries
			16.1.2.1 Aspen Plus
			16.1.2.2 Aspen HYSYS
			16.1.2.3 Petro-SIM
			16.1.2.4 UniSim
			16.1.2.5 ProMAX
			16.1.2.6 AVEVA PRO/II
			16.1.2.7 i-Steam
			16.1.2.8 STAR
		16.1.3 Renewable energy
			16.1.3.1 TRNSYS
			16.1.3.2 HOMER Pro
			16.1.3.3 RETScreen
			16.1.3.4 System Advisor Model
		16.1.4 Computer code
			16.1.4.1 EES
			16.1.4.2 Thermolib
			16.1.4.3 MATLAB
	References
Appendix A A
	A Calculation of thermodynamic properties for several substances
	B Seawater properties correlations
		B.1 Specific volume and density of seawater
		B.2 Specific enthalpy of seawater and pure water
		B.3 Specific entropy of seawater and pure water
	C Cost functions
	D Weight function
	E Eco-indicator for some components
	References
Index