Coffee Wilt Disease

Cover\r......Page 1
Coffee Wilt Disease\r......Page 4
Copyright\r......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 8
Preface......Page 10
Acknowledgements......Page 12
1. Introduction......Page 14
References......Page 18
2.1. Introduction......Page 20
2.2. Importance of Coffee in DRC......Page 21
2.3. Constraints to Coffee Production......Page 22
2.5. A Brief History of CWD in DRC......Page 23
2.6. CWD Distribution in DRC......Page 26
2.7. Importance of CWD in DRC......Page 28
2.8.1. Agronomic and environmental factors......Page 32
2.9.1. Cultural practices and chemical control......Page 33
2.9.2. Availability of the improved material for replanting......Page 35
2.9.3. Use of variety resistance......Page 36
2.10. Conclusion......Page 38
References......Page 39
3.1. Introduction......Page 41
3.3. Constraints to Coffee Production......Page 42
3.4. Most Important Diseases and Pests......Page 44
3.5. Brief History of CWD in Uganda......Page 45
3.6. Coffee Wilt Distribution in Uganda......Page 49
3.7. Importance of CWD in the Country......Page 51
3.8.1. Lack of information......Page 53
3.8.4. Lack of preparedness and resources......Page 54
3.8.5. Human activities......Page 55
3.9.1. Farmer support and other establishments......Page 56
3.9.3. Introduction of robusta coffee in non-traditional areas free from CWD......Page 57
3.9.6. Participation of leaders in the CWD control programme......Page 58
3.9.7. Information dissemination......Page 59
3.10. Conclusion......Page 60
References......Page 61
4.1. Introduction......Page 63
4.2. The Importance of Coffee in Ethiopia......Page 64
4.4. Most Significant Disease Problems and Pests......Page 65
4.5. Brief History of CWD in Ethiopia......Page 66
4.6.1. CWD in the forest and semi-forest coffee......Page 67
4.6.2. CWD in garden coffee......Page 68
4.6.3. CWD in plantation coffee......Page 70
4.7. Importance of CWD in Ethiopia......Page 71
4.8.1. Susceptibility of coffee cultivars in the field......Page 72
4.8.3. Spacing and population density of coffee trees......Page 73
4.8.4. Replanting into the fields infested with the pathogen......Page 74
4.9.3. Biological control......Page 75
4.9.4. Deployment of CWD-resistant cultivars......Page 76
4.9.5. Training and information dissemination on CWD management......Page 77
4.10. Conclusion......Page 78
Acknowledgements......Page 79
References......Page 80
5.2. Importance of Coffee in Tanzania......Page 82
5.4. Most Important Pests and Disease Problems......Page 83
5.6. Coffee Wilt Distribution in Tanzania......Page 84
5.7. Importance of CWD in Tanzania......Page 86
5.9. Country-Specific Management Practices in Tanzania......Page 87
5.9.2. Eradication......Page 88
5.9.4. Host plant resistance......Page 89
5.9.5. Variability of the CWD pathogen......Page 90
5.9.6. International and regional collaboration......Page 91
5.9.8. Farmers’ field schools/participatory groups......Page 92
5.9.11. Prioritizing CWD research programmes......Page 93
Acknowledgements......Page 94
References......Page 95
6.1. Introduction......Page 96
6.2. Farmer Perceptions of CWD in ECA......Page 110
6.3. Changes in the Importance of Coffee as a Source of Income......Page 111
6.4. Change in Coffee Production and Income......Page 112
6.5. Change in Input Use and Management of Coffee......Page 116
6.6. Asset Liquidation as a Result of CWD......Page 117
6.8. Farmer Coping Strategies and Factors Influencing Them......Page 118
6.9. Conclusions......Page 121
References......Page 122
7.1. Introduction......Page 124
7.3. Symptoms......Page 125
7.4.1. Host range......Page 126
7.4.2. Infection and colonization of coffee by G. xylarioides......Page 127
7.4.3. Fungal transmission and dynamics of disease spread......Page 128
7.6. Storage and Preservation of G. xylarioides......Page 130
7.8.1. Cultural and morphological variability......Page 131
7.8.2. Genetic variability and the role of the sexual cycle......Page 132
7.8.3. Pathogenic variability......Page 136
7.9. Taxonomic Status of G. xylarioides......Page 137
7.10. Other Fusaria on Coffee......Page 138
7.11. Conclusion......Page 139
References......Page 140
8.1. Introduction......Page 145
8.2. Appraisal of Seedling Inoculation Protocols for Screening forResistance and Studies of the Host–Pathogen Interaction......Page 146
8.3. C. arabica–G. xylarioides Isolates Interactions (Arabica Cultivarsvs. Isolates)......Page 149
8.4. Interactions Among C. arabica and C. canephora vs.G. xylarioides Isolates From Both Host Species......Page 152
8.5. Interactions Among Coffea Species (C. arabica/C. canephora/Coffea excelsa) With G. xylarioides Isolates From Either HostSpecies......Page 154
8.6.1. Histological study on 9-months-old C. canephora seedlings......Page 157
8.7. Summary and Conclusions......Page 158
Acknowledgements......Page 159
References......Page 160
9.1. Introduction......Page 162
9.2.1. Uprooting and burning......Page 163
9.2.2. Quarantine as a tool for managing the spread of CWD......Page 165
9.2.3. Use of disease-free planting materials......Page 166
9.2.4. Prevention of coffee tree wounding......Page 167
9.2.5. Weed management practices for preventing coffee stem wounding......Page 168
9.3. Use of Resistant Varieties (Clones)......Page 171
9.4. Chemical Control......Page 172
9.6. Integrated Crop and Pest Management......Page 173
9.7.1. Preparedness before the outbreak of CWD......Page 174
9.7.2. Initial detection of CWD resurgence......Page 175
9.8. Conclusion......Page 176
References......Page 177
10.1. Introduction......Page 180
10.2. Potential Sources of Resistance......Page 181
10.3. Assessment of Resistance......Page 184
10.3.1. Inoculation methods......Page 185
10.3.2. Inoculum concentration......Page 186
10.3.4. Quantifying CWD resistance in artificial inoculation......Page 187
10.3.5. Evaluation for CWD resistance in the field......Page 188
10.3.6. Comparison of resistance in the field and in artificial inoculations......Page 190
10.4. Inheritance of CWD Resistance......Page 191
10.5.1. En masse germplasm screening......Page 192
10.5.3. Multiplication of the CWD-resistant varieties......Page 194
10.5.5. Hybridization for CWD resistance......Page 195
10.5.6. Grafting......Page 196
10.6. Conservation of CWD-Threatened Coffee Genetic Resources......Page 197
References......Page 198
11.1. Introduction......Page 201
11.2.1. Interpersonal communication approaches......Page 202
11.2.2. Information dissemination using printed materials and mass media......Page 214
11.3. Summary and Conclusion......Page 218
References......Page 219
12. Concluding Remarks......Page 221
C......Page 226
D......Page 227
I......Page 228
S......Page 229
Z......Page 230
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