Code-switching

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 11
Acknowledgements......Page 12
Transcription conventions......Page 14
1.1 What is code-switching?......Page 15
1.2.1 Code-switching as a window on speech and language......Page 18
1.2.2 Studying code-switching for its own sake......Page 19
1.3 A common-sense approach......Page 21
1.4 The study of code-switching......Page 23
1.5.1 A misleading term?......Page 24
1.5.2 What does code-switching cover?......Page 26
1.6 Studies of code-switching......Page 27
1.7 Speakers’ insights......Page 28
1.8.1 Tri-/plurilinguals......Page 30
1.8.2 Second language learners......Page 31
1.9 Conclusion......Page 32
2.1 Introduction......Page 34
2.2.1 Convergence v. preserving distinctiveness......Page 35
2.2.2 Studies which show code-switching to be bound up with shift or change......Page 38
2.2.4 A sign of doom or of vitality?......Page 39
2.3.1 Code-switching, interference and borrowing......Page 44
2.3.1.2 Morphophonemic integration with the surrounding language......Page 45
2.3.1.3 Native synonym displacement......Page 46
2.3.2 Code-switching and pidginization/creolization......Page 47
2.3.3 Code-switching and mixed languages......Page 48
2.4 Structural v. social influences......Page 50
2.5 Conclusion......Page 53
3.2 Types of factor......Page 56
3.3 Code-switching in two communities: Strasbourg and London Cypriots......Page 57
3.3.1.1 Background......Page 58
3.3.1.2 Types of code-switching......Page 59
3.3.2.1 Background......Page 62
3.3.2.2 Types of code-switching......Page 63
3.3.2.3 Symbolic duality......Page 66
3.4 Macro-linguistic approaches......Page 68
3.4.1 Diglossia, marked choices and networks......Page 69
3.5.1 We-codes and they-codes......Page 70
3.5.2 Situational and conversational code-switching......Page 72
3.6 Comparisons between and within communities......Page 73
3.6.2.1 McClure and McClure (1988)......Page 74
3.6.2.2 Poplack (1988)......Page 75
3.6.2.3 Reasons underlying the differences......Page 76
3.7 Conclusion......Page 77
4.1 Introduction......Page 79
4.2.1 Using the external symbolism of the two codes......Page 80
4.2.2 Code-switching as a discourse-structuring device......Page 81
4.2.2.1 Markedness Theory and the Rational Choice Model......Page 83
4.2.2.2 Code-switching as “verbal action”: Auer and Li Wei......Page 84
4.2.3 Code-switching compared with monolingual conversational moves......Page 88
4.2.4 A Western view of “intentionality”?......Page 91
4.3.1 Accommodation and audience design......Page 92
4.3.2 Attitudes......Page 95
4.4.1 Code-switching and gender in various communities......Page 96
4.4.2 Code-switching, gender and politeness......Page 98
4.4.2.1 Code-switching used for humour......Page 99
4.4.2.3 Code-switching used for dampening directness......Page 100
4.5 Conclusion......Page 101
5.1 Introduction......Page 105
5.2.1 Prescriptive/Pedagogical grammar......Page 106
5.2.2 Chomskyan/Universalist grammar......Page 107
5.3 The application of grammatical models to code-switching......Page 108
5.3.1.2 The free morpheme constraint......Page 109
5.3.1.3 The equivalence constraint......Page 110
5.3.2.1 Government......Page 111
5.3.2.2 “Null” theories......Page 112
5.3.3 The Matrix Language Frame (MLF) model......Page 114
5.3.3.1.1 The quantitative criterion......Page 115
5.3.3.1.2 The morpheme-type criterion......Page 116
5.3.3.1.5 Use of the Matrix Language by other researchers......Page 117
5.3.4.1 Alternation......Page 118
5.3.4.4 Sociolinguistic factors determining type of code-switching......Page 119
5.4.1 Code-switching outside the grammatical confines......Page 120
5.4.2.1 Bilingual compound verbs......Page 121
5.4.2.4 Double morphology......Page 122
5.5 Sociolinguistic v. typological factors......Page 123
5.6.3 Clausal chunks (Backus)......Page 125
5.7 Conclusion......Page 126
6.1 Introduction......Page 131
6.2.1 Forcing speech into “languages”......Page 132
6.2.2 Experimental tasks......Page 133
6.3.1 Separate and joint access to the bilingual lexicon......Page 134
6.3.2 Encoding and production......Page 135
6.4.2 Brain scanning techniques......Page 136
6.4.3 Emotional factors......Page 137
6.4.4 Network failures......Page 138
6.5.2 Locating the switching mechanism......Page 140
6.5.3 One pattern of lateralization for all?......Page 141
6.6 Models of bilingual production......Page 142
6.6.1 Green......Page 143
6.6.2 De Bot......Page 146
6.6.3 Myers-Scotton and Jake: testing theories on naturally occurring data......Page 149
6.6.4 Grosjean......Page 150
6.7 Conclusion......Page 154
7.1 Introduction......Page 156
7.2.1 Characteristics of bilingual children......Page 157
7.2.2 Some problems with studying children’s code-switching......Page 158
7.3 Terminology again......Page 160
7.4 One system or two – the wrong question?......Page 161
7.4.1 What does “mixing” mean in children?......Page 162
7.4.2.2 Productive......Page 164
7.6 The role of input......Page 168
7.8 Cognitive effects of code-switching......Page 171
7.9 Group studies......Page 172
7.10 Code-switching in the classroom......Page 173
7.11 Code-switching in second language learners......Page 174
7.12 Conclusion: code-switchers or code-breakers?......Page 176
8.1 What do we know about code-switching?......Page 179
8.2 Acknowledging fuzziness......Page 181
8.3 The story so far......Page 184
8.4 Code-switching as an instance of a more wide-ranging “switching” skill......Page 190
8.5 Some directions for future research......Page 191
8.6 The past and future of code-switching......Page 192
A.1 Introduction......Page 195
A.2 The goals of LIDES......Page 196
A.2.1 Why use CHILDES?......Page 197
A.2.2 Why use CHAT?......Page 199
A.3 The basics of transcription......Page 201
A.4.1.1 File headers......Page 205
A.4.1.2 The main tier......Page 206
A.4.1.3 Dependent tiers......Page 207
A.4.3 depfile and depadd files......Page 208
A.5 A step-by-step outline of the minimal transcription process......Page 209
A.6.2 Coding at morpheme level......Page 211
A.7.3 FLO output for other programs......Page 212
A.8.1 Datasets currently available in the LIDES database......Page 214
A.9 Glossary of terms......Page 215
Bibliography......Page 219
Index......Page 247