Coasts, Estuaries and Lakes: Implications for Sustainable Development

Foreword
Foreword
Foreword
Foreword
Foreword
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Part I: Coastal, Estuarine and Lake (Brackish) Environments: Introduction, Definition, Processes and Dynamics
	Chapter 1: Bibliometric Analysis of the Literature on Coastal Sediment Pollution
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Methods
			1.2.1 Data Collection
			1.2.2 Bibliometric Analysis Using VosViewer Software
		1.3 Results and Discussions
			1.3.1 Chronology of Publications from 1892 to 2022
				1.3.1.1 Type of Publications
				1.3.1.2 Research Category
				1.3.1.3 Evolution of Publication Rate by Year
			1.3.2 Bibliometric Analysis Using VOSviewer
				1.3.2.1 Visualization Map/Network Visualization Based on Text Data
				1.3.2.2 Overlay Map/Overlay Visualization Based on Text Data
				1.3.2.3 Density Heat Map/Density Visualization Based on Text Data
					Density Visualization Map
				1.3.2.4 Visualization Map and Density Map Based on Bibliographic Data
		1.4 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 2: Coastal Flooding in India: An Overview
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Coastal Flood Risk Along Indian Coast: Monsoon, Climate, and Cyclones
		2.3 Classification of Coastal Flooding in India
			2.3.1 Flooding Due to Storm Surges
			2.3.2 Sea-Level Rise (SLR) and Associated Chances of Coastal Flooding
			2.3.3 Remote Forcing: Swell-Induced Coastal Flooding
				2.3.3.1 Kallakkadal
		2.4 Recent Coastal Flooding Along SW Coast of India
		2.5 Conclusions
		References
Part II: Water Quality/Hydrological Processes
	Chapter 3: Appraisal of Coastal Water Quality of Two Hot Spots on Southwest Coast of India: A Case Study of Multi-Year Biogeochemical Observations
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Methodology
			3.2.1 Study Area
				3.2.1.1 Kochi: Weather, Rainfall, Demography, and Land Use Pattern
				3.2.1.2 Mangalore: Weather, Rainfall, Demography, and Land Use Pattern
			3.2.2 Sampling Locations and Periodicity
			3.2.3 Data and Materials Used
			3.2.4 Assessment of Eutrophication Status
		3.3 Results and Discussion
			3.3.1 Kochi Hotspot (CH)
			3.3.2 Mangalore Hotspot (MH)
			3.3.3 Marine Biology
				3.3.3.1 Kochi Hotspot
				3.3.3.2 Mangalore Hotspot
			3.3.4 Microbiology
				3.3.4.1 Kochi Hotspot
				3.3.4.2 Mangalore Hotspot
				3.3.4.3 Kochi Hotspot
				3.3.4.4 Mangalore Hotspot
		3.4 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 4: Assessment of Water Quality from the Gundlakamma Estuary, Andhra Coast, Southeast Coast of India
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Study Area
		4.3 Methodology
		4.4 Results and Discussion
			4.4.1 Potential Hydrogen (pH)
			4.4.2 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
			4.4.3 Salinity
			4.4.4 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
			4.4.5 Calcium (Ca)
			4.4.6 Chloride (Cl)
			4.4.7 Sodium (Na)
			4.4.8 Potassium (K)
		4.5 Factor Analysis (FA)
		4.6 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 5: Evaluation of Physicochemical Parameters of Coastal Water from Pennar River Estuary, East Coast of India: An Integrated Approach
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Study Area
		5.3 Methodology
		5.4 Results and Discussions
			5.4.1 pH
			5.4.2 Temperature (°C)
			5.4.3 Electrical Conductivity (EC) (μmho/cm)
			5.4.4 Salinity (ppt)
			5.4.5 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) (mg/l)
			5.4.6 Organic Matter (OM) (mg/l)
			5.4.7 Nitrates (mg/l)
			5.4.8 Sulphates (mg/l)
		5.5 Multiple Statistical Analysis
			5.5.1 Pearson’s Correlation Analysis
			5.5.2 Factor Analysis (FA)
				5.5.2.1 Factor – 1 (EC – Salinity – pH – Sulphates – BWT Assemblage)
				5.5.2.2 Factor – 2 (AT-Nitrates Assemblage)
				5.5.2.3 Factor – 3 (DO-OM Assemblage)
			5.5.3 Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA)
		5.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 6: Climatic Variability and Anthropogenic Forcing on Marine Ecosystems: Evidence from the Lakshadweep Archipelago
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Marine Archives
		6.3 Resilience of Corals to Rising Sea Surface Temperature
		6.4 Study Area
			6.4.1 Geomorphology and Geology
			6.4.2 Climate Variability in and Around the Lakshadweep Archipelago
		6.5 Methodology
			6.5.1 Coral Chronology and Isotope Records
			6.5.2 The SST and Nino 3.4 Index
		6.6 Rainwater Sampling
		6.7 Result and Discussion
			6.7.1 The Variability in Regional SST
			6.7.2 Analysis of Coralline δ11B Records and Ocean pH Variability
			6.7.3 Erosion Associated with Sea-Level Rise
			6.7.4 Evidence of Cyclonic Activity on Rainwater Isotope from Minicoy Island
		6.8 Summary and Conclusions
		6.9 Recommendations
		References
Part III: Sediment Characteristics
	Chapter 7: Geochemical Characterization of Suspended Sediments in the Nethravati Estuary, Southwest Coast of India: Insights to Redox Processes, Metal Sorption, and Pollution Aspect
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Materials and Methods
			7.2.1 Study Area
			7.2.2 Sampling Strategy and Analytical Techniques
		7.3 Results
			7.3.1 General Physicochemical Characteristics of Water in the Nethravati Estuary
			7.3.2 Particulate Elemental Concentrations in the Nethravati Estuary
			7.3.3 Enrichment of Metals in SPM of the Nethravati Estuary
		7.4 Discussion
			7.4.1 Seasonal Variability of Particulate Elemental Concentrations in the Tropical Estuary
			7.4.2 Geochemical Processes Controlling the Particulate Metal Abundance in Tropical Estuary
				7.4.2.1 Oxidation and Reduction of Metal Species
				7.4.2.2 Adsorption of Metals with Oxide Particles
			7.4.3 Heavy Metal Concentrations in Tropical Estuaries of India
		7.5 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 8: Geochemical Studies of Ilmenite from Bhimunipatnam to Konada Coastal Sands, East Coast of India, North Andhra Pradesh, India
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 The Study Area’s Geology and Location
		8.3 Materials and Methods
			8.3.1 Heavy Mineral Analysis
			8.3.2 Grain Picking
			8.3.3 Sample Preparation
			8.3.4 Analytical Techniques
		8.4 Results and Discussion
			8.4.1 Distribution of Heavy Minerals
			8.4.2 Ilmenite
		8.5 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 9: Study of Beach Sand from Harihareshwar, Shrivardhan, and Diveagar Beach of Raigad District, Maharashtra, India
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Study Area
		9.3 Physiography of the Area
		9.4 Geology of the Study Area
		9.5 Materials and Methods
			9.5.1 Stability of Minerals
		9.6 Results and Discussion
			9.6.1 Harihareshwar Beach (HB) (Fig. 9.3a)
			9.6.2 Shrivardhan Beach (SB) (Fig. 9.3b)
			9.6.3 Diveagar Beach (DB) (Fig. 9.3c)
		9.7 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 10: Impact of Seasonal Sediment Dynamics on Beach Morphology: A Case Study from the Govindampalli–Durgarajupatnam Coast, East Coast of India
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Study Area
			10.2.1 Geology and Geomorphology
		10.3 Methodology
			10.3.1 Beach Surveying Method
		10.4 Results and Discussion
			10.4.1 Temporal Variations in Sedimentation Trends from December 2015 to June 2017 Seasons
			10.4.2 Govindampalli Segment
				10.4.2.1 Govindampalli-North (GP-N) Profile
				10.4.2.2 Govindampalli-South (GP-S)
			10.4.3 Tupilipalem Segment
				10.4.3.1 Tupilipalem Beach-North (TP-N)
				10.4.3.2 Tupilipalem-South (TP-S)
			10.4.4 Durgarajupatnam Segment
				10.4.4.1 Durgarajupatnam Beach-North (DP-N)
				10.4.4.2 Durgarajupatnam Beach-South (DP-S)
			10.4.5 Sweep Zones
			10.4.6 Beach Slopes
			10.4.7 Inferences
		10.5 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 11: Heavy Minerals Studies of Coastal Sands from Bavanapadu to Kalingapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, East Coast of India
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Study Area
		11.3 Methodology
		11.4 Results and Discussion
			11.4.1 Distribution of Heavy Minerals Percentages
			11.4.2 Comparative Abundance of Heavy Minerals
			11.4.3 Along Shore Variation of Individual Minerals
		11.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 12: Mineral Chemistry of Ilmenites as a Source Indicator for Coastal Sediments Between Vamsadhara and Nagavali River Mouth, North Coastal, Andhra Pradesh
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Study Area and Regional Geology
		12.3 Methodology
			12.3.1 Sample Collection and Preparation
		12.4 Results
		12.5 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 13: Major and Trace Elements in the Sediments of the Gollumutta Paya Estuary of the Krishna River, East Coast of India
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 The Study Area
		13.3 Geology of the Krishna River Basin
		13.4 Methodology
		13.5 Results and Discussion
			13.5.1 Major and Trace Elements
			13.5.2 Major Elements
				13.5.2.1 Iron (Fe)
				13.5.2.2 Manganese (Mn)
				13.5.2.3 Aluminum (Al)
			13.5.3 Trace Elements
				13.5.3.1 Lithium (Li)
				13.5.3.2 Beryllium (Be)
				13.5.3.3 Vanadium (V)
				13.5.3.4 Chromium (Cr)
				13.5.3.5 Cobalt (Co)
				13.5.3.6 Nickel (Ni)
				13.5.3.7 Copper (Cu)
				13.5.3.8 Zinc (Zn)
				13.5.3.9 Arsenic (As)
				13.5.3.10 Rubidium (Rb)
				13.5.3.11 Strontium (Sr)
				13.5.3.12 Silver (Ag)
				13.5.3.13 Cadmium (Cd)
				13.5.3.14 Cesium (Cs)
				13.5.3.15 Barium (Ba)
				13.5.3.16 Lead (Pb)
				13.5.3.17 Titanium (Ti)
				13.5.3.18 Uranium (U)
		13.6 Conclusions
		References
Part IV: Biodiversity/Bio-indicators/Ecological Studies
	Chapter 14: Assessment of Trace Metal Contamination in Saccostrea cucullata (Born, 1778) from the Coast of South Andaman Island, India
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Materials and Methods
			14.2.1 Study Site
			14.2.2 Methodology
		14.3 Results
			14.3.1 Abundance and Distribution
			14.3.2 Analysis of Dry and Wet Weight
			14.3.3 Trace Metal Analysis
			14.3.4 Bioconcentration Factor
			14.3.5 Comparative Studies
		14.4 Discussion
		14.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 15: Analytical Approach of Haematology in Variation to Physical Parameters of Indian Mackerel and Yellowfin Tuna from Indian Waters
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Materials and Methods
			15.2.1 Study Sites
			15.2.2 Methodology
		15.3 Results
			15.3.1 Physio-chemical Parameters
			15.3.2 Haematological Parameters
		15.4 Discussion
		15.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 16: Geochemistry of Mollusc Shells as Proxies of Marine Pollution, East Coast of India
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Study Area
		16.3 Methods
		16.4 Results and Discussion
		16.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 17: Sedimentary Structures of Tidal Flats in Recent Chandipur East Coast of Odisha, India
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 Study Area
			17.2.1 Lithology
			17.2.2 Morphology
		17.3 Methodology
			17.3.1 Scope of the Work
		17.4 Results and Discussion
			17.4.1 Surface Sedimentary Structures
				17.4.1.1 Straight Crested and Sinuous Ripples
				17.4.1.2 Cuspate and Lunate Ripples
				17.4.1.3 Linguoid Ripple
				17.4.1.4 Ladder-Back Ripple
				17.4.1.5 Double-Crested and Flattop Ripples
				17.4.1.6 Superimposed Ripple and Microbial Mats
			17.4.2 Beach Environment
				17.4.2.1 Backshore Environment
				17.4.2.2 Foreshore Environment
			17.4.3 Aeolian Environments
		17.5 Conclusions
		References
Part V: Climate Change and Anthropocene
	Chapter 18: Coastal EV Index: A Case Study of Kuwaiti Coast
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Literature Review
		18.3 Impact on Coastal Erosion Due to Sea-Level Rise and Possible Adoption Principles
		18.4 Methodology for Assessment of EV Index (EVI)
		18.5 Data for the Present Study
			18.5.1 Wave Height Data
			18.5.2 Landside Slope of the Beach
			18.5.3 Beach Soil Properties
		18.6 Results and Discussions
		18.7 Management Options to Deal with Coastal Erosion
		18.8 Application of EVI Study for Preparing the Strategy for Future Adaptation Plan
		18.9 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 19: Total Suspended Matter Variability in Response to Tropical Cyclone Titli Along Coastal Waters of Southeast India Using Satellite Observations: Implications to Climate Change
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 Data and Methods
		19.3 Results and Discussion
		19.4 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 20: Climate Change and Its Impact on Depletion of Oxygen Levels on Coastal Waters and Shallow Seas
		20.1 Introduction
		20.2 Objectives of the Study
			20.2.1 The Present Study Has the Following Objectives
		20.3 Research Methodology
		20.4 Background Literature
		20.5 The Effect of Climate Warming on Lakes and Seas’ Oxygen Levels
		20.6 Climate Warming and Warming of Coastal Seas and Estuaries
		20.7 Climate Warming and Continental Waters
		20.8 Climate Warming and Rise in Sea Level
		20.9 Warming of the Climate and Oxygen Solubility in Water
		20.10 Climate Change and Stratification of Water
		20.11 Proper Monitoring of Oceans and Seas
		20.12 Prediction of Decline in Oxygen
		20.13 Suggestions for Work Direction in Future
		20.14 Conclusion
		20.15 Recommendation
		References
	Chapter 21: Nanoparticle-Based Bioremediation for Crude Oil Removal from Marine Environment
		21.1 Introduction
			21.1.1 Advancement in the Properties of Spilled Oil
		21.2 Nanoparticles Enhancing Bioremediation Process
			21.2.1 Types of Nano-size Particles
			21.2.2 Approaches for the Formation of Nanoparticles
			21.2.3 Physiochemical and Biological Approach for the Formation of Nanostructured Particles
			21.2.4 Plant-Based Marine Nanoparticle
			21.2.5 Marine-Microbes-Based Nanoparticles
		21.3 Types of Nanoparticles Involved in Petroleum Degradation
		21.4 Bioaugmentation and Its Application to Bioremediation Process
			21.4.1 Cell Immobilization
			21.4.2 Carrier Attached to the Biofilms
			21.4.3 Uses of Cell Immobilization
			21.4.4 Surfactants That Enhance the Bioremediation Process
		21.5 Biostimulation
		21.6 Future Prospects and Conclusion
		References
Part VI: Socio-economic Scenarios Related to Sustainable Development
	Chapter 22: Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Coastal Tourism of Andaman Isles, India: Sustainable Development Scenario
		22.1 Introduction
		22.2 Location
		22.3 Materials and Methods
		22.4 Tourist Attractions in the ANI
		22.5 Havelock Islands
		22.6 Baratang Island
			22.6.1 Neil Island
			22.6.2 Port Blair
		22.7 Socioeconomic Fallout Versus Government Involvement
			22.7.1 Cluster Analysis
		22.8 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 23: Spatial Planning for Sustainable Resource Use with a Special Reference to Aquaculture Development
		23.1 Introduction
		23.2 Environmental Issues Due to Uncontrolled Aquaculture Development
		23.3 Spatial Planning of Aquaculture
		23.4 Monitoring Aquaculture Development Using Spatial Tools
		23.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 24: Sustainable Aquaculture and Economic Development in Coastal Areas: The Case of Andhra Pradesh, India
		24.1 Introduction
		24.2 Methodology
		24.3 Geographical Profile of State Andhra Pradesh
		24.4 Results and Discussion
			24.4.1 Development of Aquaculture in Andhra Pradesh
			24.4.2 Fishermen Population in the State of Andhra Pradesh
			24.4.3 Marine and Inland Fishery Resources
			24.4.4 Factor Analysis (FA)
			24.4.5 Analysis of Growth Rate in Fish Production
		24.5 Summary
		24.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 25: Marine and Coastal Ecosystem Services for Sustainable Development
		25.1 Introduction
			25.1.1 Ecosystem
		25.2 Marine Ecosystem
			25.2.1 Classification of Marine Species
			25.2.2 Components of Marine Diversity
		25.3 Marine and Coastal Ecosystem Services
			25.3.1 Types of Marine and Coastal Ecosystem Services
			25.3.2 Climate Impact on the Marine Ecosystem
			25.3.3 Impacts of Human Activities on Global Marine Environment
			25.3.4 Climates Partial Stabilisation
			25.3.5 Protection of Wave Erosion on the Coast
			25.3.6 Preservation of Biodiversity
		25.4 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
			25.4.1 Effects of Ecosystem Services on SDGs
			25.4.2 Ocean Sustainability and Sustainable Development
			25.4.3 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for Marine and Coastal Ecosystem
			25.4.4 Ocean and Coastal Sustainability Indicators
		25.5 Conclusion
		References
Part VII: Application of Geospatial Tools
	Chapter 26: Advanced Remote Sensing Methods for High-Resolution, Cost-Effective Monitoring of the Coastal Morphology Using Video Beach Monitoring System (VBMS), CoastSnap, and CoastSat Techniques
		26.1 Introduction
		26.2 Study Area
			26.2.1 Installation and Setup of VBMS and CoastSnap Stations
				26.2.1.1 VBMS – Valiyathura
				26.2.1.2 VBMS – Varkala
				26.2.1.3 CoastSnap – Adimalathura
		26.3 Data and Methodology
			26.3.1 Data Products
			26.3.2 Methodology
				26.3.2.1 VBMS
				26.3.2.2 CoastSnap
				26.3.2.3 CoastSat
		26.4 Results and Discussion
			26.4.1 Beach State Conditions from VBMS
				26.4.1.1 VBMS – Valiyathura
				26.4.1.2 VBMS – Varkala
			26.4.2 Shoreline Change Analysis from CoastSnap – Adimalathura
			26.4.3 Shoreline Change Analysis Using CoastSat
		26.5 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 27: Coastal Morphodynamics and Environmental Variables of Ennore Creek: An Integrated Approach
		27.1 Introduction
			27.1.1 Creek Mouth and Water Quality
		27.2 Objectives
		27.3 Study Area
		27.4 Environmental Issues of the Ennore Creek
			27.4.1 Socioeconomic Survey
				27.4.1.1 Environmental Issues
		27.5 Creek Mouth Analysis Through Remote Sensing
			27.5.1 Decadal Analysis of the Creek Width Changes
			27.5.2 Monthly Variations of the Ennore Creek Mouth
		27.6 Water Quality Analysis of the Creek
		27.7 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 28: A Study on Dynamics of Krishna River Mouth, East Coast of India: A Geospatial Approach
		28.1 Introduction
		28.2 Geology of the Study Area
		28.3 Shore Currents
		28.4 Waves
		28.5 Sediments
		28.6 Weather
		28.7 Efficacy of the Data (Table 28.1)
		28.8 Methodology
		28.9 Results and Discussion
		28.10 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 29: Non-monsoonal Coastal Erosion Due to the Tropical Cyclone (OCKHI) and Its Impacts Along Thiruvananthapuram Coast, Southwest Coast of India – A Geospatial Approach
		29.1 Introduction
			29.1.1 The OCKHI Cyclone – Origin, Growth and Dissipation
			29.1.2 Societal Impacts of Cyclone OCKHI Along Southwest Coast of India
		29.2 Study Area
		29.3 Data and Methodology
			29.3.1 Satellite Data
			29.3.2 Methodology
		29.4 Results and Discussion
			29.4.1 Short-Term Shoreline Change Analysis Using Satellite Imagery
			29.4.2 Site-Specific Data Collection Through Field Survey
		29.5 Discussion and Conclusions
		References
Index