Coastal Disaster Risk Management in Bangladesh: Vulnerability and Resilience

Cover
Half Title
Series Information
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Figures
Tables
Contributors
Declaration
Preface
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
Glossary of Terms
1 Introducing Coastal Region of Bangladesh
	Bangladesh: The Natural Setting
	Disasters: Global Context
	Disasters in Bangladesh
	Disaster Risk Reduction in Bangladesh: A Shift of Paradigm
	Major Disasters in the Coastal Area in Bangladesh
	Vulnerabilities and Adaptation to Climate Change By Coastal People
	References
Part I Understanding Vulnerability and Risk of Coastal Bangladesh
	2 Effects of Salinity On Health Due to Environmental Exposure: Experiences From Bangladesh
		Introduction
		Sources Or Causes of Salinity
		Salinity Standard
			Groundwater Salinity in Bangladesh
			Soil Salinity in Bangladesh
			Materials and Methods of the Study
			Effects of Salinity
			Dietary Salt Intake and Hypertension
			Drinking Water Salinity and Hypertension
		Saltwater Intake and Cholera
		High Salt Or Saltwater Intake and Kidney Diseases
		High Salt Intake and Stroke
		High Salt Intake and Other Diseases
			Stomach Cancer
			Obesity
			Recommendation
		Conclusion
		References
	3 Does Salinity Intrusion Increase the Rate of Chronic Illnesses for the Coastal Communities? A Case Study From Dacope …
		Introduction
		Health Impacts of Sea-Level Rise On Coastal Communities in Bangladesh
		Materials and Methods
			The Study Area
			Data Collection
			Data Analysis
		Results of the Study
			Major Waterborne Diseases in DacopeUpazila
				Arsenicosis
				Diarrhoea
				Pneumonia and Tuberculosis
			Results From Comparing Environmental Parameters and the Number of Patients With Waterborne Diseases Or Tuberculosis
			Adaptation to Saline Water: Coping Strategies Adopted
		Discussion
		Conclusion
		References
	4 ‘Life On the Move’, Impacts of Riverbank Erosion On People’s Life: A Case Study of an Eroding Village in Bangladesh
		Introduction
		Review of Literature
		Methodology, Methods and the Study Area
		Results Analysis
			Riverbank Erosion in Kalikanagar Village and Displacement
			Impacts of Riverbank Erosion On Household Economy and Poverty
			Changing Residence: Loans and Loanees
			Change in Occupation
			Increase in Poverty: Change in Landownership and Household Income
		Social Impacts of Riverbank Erosion
			Housing Condition
			Education
			Healthcare Access
			Change in Address and Identities: Psychological Impacts
			Recovery Plans and Resilience: Expectations of the Victims
		Conclusion
		References
Part II Disaster, Water Insecurity and Management
	5 Water Insecurity and Poverty: Changing Livelihood in Coastal Bangladesh
		Introduction
		Study Area and Research Design
			Study Area
			Data Collection and Analysis
			Measuring Poverty Through a Multidimensional Lens
			Livelihoods, Employment Opportunities and Precariousness
				Unemployment, Partial Employment, Precarious Jobs
			Little Or No Access to Livelihoods Or Decent Jobs
			Access to Agriculture, Food and Water
				Food and Agricultural Issues
				Inadequate Access to Clean Water and Nutritious Food
			Socio-economic Inequality, Labour Market and Local Economy
				Socio-economic Inequality and Discrimination
				Poor Labour Market (Low Payment)
				Local Trade and Economy, Market Conditions
			Household Vulnerability
				Poor, Little Or No Education
				Household Debt, National Debt
				Lack of Resources and Poor Management of Resources
				Lack of Financial Means to Improve the Living Conditions
		Hazard and Environmental Condition
			Climatic Factors, Extreme Weather, Vulnerability and Natural Disasters
			Government and the Basic Social Support
				Lack of Necessary Infrastructure
				The Limited Capacity of the Government
				Social Services and Safety Nets
				Overpopulation
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	6 Challenges of Safe Water Management in Southwest Coastal Regions of Bangladesh
		Introduction
		Method
		Areas Covered in This Study
		Data Analysis
		Result and Discussion
			Challenges of Safe Water Management in Southwest Coastal Regions of Bangladesh
			Problems Prevailing in Coastal Regions of Bangladesh
			Possible Way Out
		Conclusion
		References
	7 Water Management Issues of Coastal Bangladesh
		Introduction
		Water Management Policies and Strategies for Bangladesh
		Administration of Coastal Water Management
		Water and Livelihood of Coastal Communities
		The Resilience of Coastal Communities
		Conclusion and Recommendation
		References
Part III Gender, Disaster and Social Inclusion
	8 Why Is Women’s Leadership Important for Enhancing Disaster Resilience to Natural Perturbations?: Important Insights From Coastal Communities of Bangladesh
		Introduction
		Theoretical Consideration and Analytical Framework
		Research Study Area
		Research Method and Data Collection Tools
		Data Processing and Analysis
		Results and Discussion
			Disaster and Risk in Everyday Life
		Disaster, Livelihood Options, and Women
		Women as Leaders in Disaster Risk Management
		Disaster and Women in Decision-Making Process
		Women in Disaster Risk Management at Family and Community/Local Level
		Women in Protecting Environment
		Conclusion
		References
	9 Gender Culture in Water Security of Coastal Bangladesh: A Maxim Or Redress?
		Introduction
		Methods and Materials
		Analysis of the Data
		Spatial Variations: Dialectical Relation With Water and Gender
		Paradoxical Challenges Towards Gender and Water
		Gender Division of Labour, a Jeopardizing Dimension
		Discussions
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgment
		Notes
		References
	10 Where Lies the Problem With Elderly Population Beneath the Non-Response to Evacuation Order? A Study On Cyclone Bulbul …
		Introduction
		Context and Issue
		Study Area and Research Methods
		Findings
		Discussion
			Cyclone Shelter-Related Determinants
			Cyclone Warning Message and Evacuation Order
			Emergency Evacuation Perception
			Gendered Perspective in Decision to Follow Evacuation Order
		Conclusions
		Notes
		References
	11 Empowering Women to Enhance Social Equity and Disaster Resilience in Coastal Bangladesh Through Climate Change …
		Introduction
			Objectives and Steps of the Literature Review
			Specific Objectives
			Methods and Steps
		Defining Adaptation Technology in Agriculture, Water and Women-Friendly Technology
		Climate-Resilient and Adaptation Technology
		Adaptive Capacity and Resilience to Climate Change
		Climate Change Contexts of Satkhira
			Climate Change Impacts in Coastal District
			Most Vulnerable Groups to Climate Change in Satkhira
			Adaptation Technologies in Agriculture in Coastal Region
			Adaptation Technology in Agriculture in Satkhira
		Brief Descriptions of the Promising Technologies
			Saline-Tolerant Crop Varieties
			Saline-Tolerant Maize Cultivation
			Hanging Garden and Floating Bed Vegetable Cultivation
		Floating Gardens
			Dyke Cropping
		Irrigation and Water Management in the Coastal Areas and Storing Excess Rainwater in Ponds/Tanks
		Covering Land in Dry Season to Reduce Evaporation
		Application of Ashes and Biochar
			Pitcher Irrigation
			Raised Beds and Mulches for Drought Management
			Integrated Pest Management Methods
			Fish Cage Farming in Coastal Area
		Soft-Shell Mud Crab Farming
			Semi-Scavenger Housing for Goat
		Adaptation Technologies in Water and Sanitation in Coastal Region
		Adaptation Technologies in Water and Sanitation in Satkhira
		Rainwater Harvesting
		Pond Sand Filter
		Artificial Aquifer Tube Well
		Deep Tube Well
		Managed Aquifer Recharge
		Pipeline Water Supply
		Reverse Osmosis
		Biosand Filter
		Sanitation Technologies in Satkhira
		Step Toilet
		Ring Slab Latrine
		Floating Composting Toilets
		Eco-San Or UDDT Toilets
		Offset Seepage Pit
		Women-Friendly Adaptation Technologies in Agriculture, Water and Livelihoods
		Agriculture
		Livestock
		Poultry
		Women’s Access to Information
		Conclusion and Recommendations
		Notes
		References
Part IV Disaster Risk, Human Capital and Preparedness
	12 Role of Community Clinic in Reducing Climate Change and Disaster-Induced Health Risks: An Explorative Study in Coastal ...
		Introduction
		Methods and Data Sources
			Study Site and Study Population
			Data Collection
			Data Analysis
			Ethical Consideration
		Results and Analysis
			Demographic Information and Distribution of Diseases
			Services Available at Community Clinics
			Prevalence of Diseases
			Challenges for Healthcare Providers
			Perception of Care Seekers About CC Services
			Role of CCs in Emergencies
			Recommendations to Improve Quality Health Care System
		Discussion
		Conclusion
		References
	13 Role of Human Capital On Disaster Preparedness in the Southwestern Coastal Bangladesh
		Introduction
		Theoretical Considerations
		Study Location and Methods
			Study Location
			Data Collection
			Analytical Approach
		Major Findings
			Socio-economic Characteristics of the Respondents
			Disaster-Related Issues for the Households
		Human Capital and Disaster Preparedness: Empirical Analysis
			A Logit Regression Analysis
			Poisson Regression Analysis
		Conclusion
		References
	14 Nature-Based Solutions in Coastal Disaster Management in Bangladesh
		Introduction
		Tidal Flood
			Occurrence
			Protections
		Deadly Cyclones
			Occurrence
			Protection
				Shelter
				Polders
				Forests
		Nature-Based Solution
			Tidal River Management
				Background
				Problems During Rotations
				Improvements
			Afforestation
				Background
				Improvement
		Conclusions
		References
	15 Blue Revolution in Coastal Bangladesh: A Call for an Inclusive Policy and Sustainable Governance
		Introduction
		Overview of Shrimp Aquaculture Policies in Bangladesh
		Drivers of Blue Revolution
			Markets and Foreign Currency
			Development Actors, Financial Institutions, and Government Agencies
		Business Actors
		Power Politics and Local Elites
		Government Officials and Bureaucracy
		Effects of Blue Revolution On the Coastal Society and Environment
			Socioeconomic Effects
			Environmental Effects
		Conclusion
		References
Part V Behavioural Change and Community Participation
	16 Community Priorities in Disaster Risk Reduction Interventions: A Critical Perspective From Bangladesh
		Introduction
		The Evolution of DRR
		DRR and Community’s Prioritization
		DRR in Bangladesh
		Consultation With Local People
		Local People’s Ownership
		The Value of Local People’s Knowledge
		Coordination, Accountability, and Transparency of Stakeholders
		Gender Priorities
		Conclusion
		References
	17 Developing a Behaviour Change Intervention Using the Behaviour Change Wheel to Increase Community Participation in the …
		Introduction
		A Theory Informed Intervention Design
		Aims
		Methods
			Study Setting
			Study Design
			Prioritising the Target Behaviour Process and APEASE Criteria
		Findings
			Stage 1: Identify Intervention Options
				Step 1. Define the Problem
				Step 2. Select the Target Behaviours
				Step 3. Specify the Target Behaviour
				Step 4. Identify What Needs to Change
			Stage 2: Identify Intervention Options
				Step 5. Identify Appropriate Intervention Functions
				Step 6. Identify Policy Categories
			Stage 3: Identifying Content and Implementation Options
				Step 7. Identifying Behaviour Change Techniques
				Step 8. Selecting the Mode of Delivery
		Discussion
			Strengths and Limitations
		Conclusion
		References
18 Demographic Determinants of Disaster Preparedness Behavior Among the Inhabitants of Southwest Coastal Bangladesh
	Introduction
	Materials and Methods
		General Information and Selection of Research Area
		Identifying Disaster Preparedness Among the Inhabitants
		Knowledge Identification for Risk Assessment
	Community Capacity and Natural Disaster Resilience Identification
	Data Collection: Sampling, Analysis, and Interpretation
	Results and Discussion
		Knowledge and Community Practice Governing Human Capital in Disaster Preparedness
			Incidence of Natural Hazards
			Frequency of Natural Hazards
			Disaster Preparedness Behavior Scores for the Study Participants
			Independent Sample T-Test for Differences Between the Groups
		Community Capacity for Hazard Resilience Livelihoods
			Community Capacity Assessment for Preparedness
			Community Hazard Resilience Capacity for Disaster Preparedness
		Indigenous Knowledge for Disaster Risk Assessment
			Hazard Ranking and Risk Valuation
			Disaster Vulnerability Score
			Knowledge Scores Concerning to Disaster Preparedness
	Demographic Analysis
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
Part VI Disaster Risk Governance and Policy Implementation
	19 “Gaps On the Ground”: Local-Level Policy Implementation for Disaster Risk Reduction in Coastal Bangladesh
		Introduction
		Conceptual Considerations: Local Institutions and Disaster Management at the Local Community Level
		Study Area and Methods
			Profile of the Study Area
			Data Collection Methods and Instruments
		Results
		Local-Level Disaster Management Policy Implementation Institutions, Networks, and Partnerships
		Disaster Management Policy Implementation Gaps at the Local Level
		Discussion
		Operationalizing Disaster Governance and Comprehensive Disaster Management
			Strong Leadership and Autonomy Is Critical for Local Institutions
			Gender Inclusivity and Women Empowerment Is the Key for Disaster Risk Reduction
			Compliance With Good Governance Criteria Can Enhance Effective Disaster Management
			Financial and Technical Capacity of Local Institutions Are Pivotal
		Barriers Against Effective Local-Level Policy Implementation and Challenges to Addressing Them
			Institutional Adaptation Is a Key to Good Disaster Governance
			Multi-Level Networking and Capacity Building of Local Institution Is Prerequisite for DRR
		Conclusion
		References
	20 Protective Effects of Existing Coastal Buffers
		Introduction
		Methodology
		Mitigating Effects On the Cyclonic Winds
		Mitigating Effects On Storm Surges
		Primary Data Analysis
		Interpretation and Discussion
		References
	21 Sustainable Livelihood and Urban Environment: Learning From the Disaster-Affected Displaced Population in Khulna City, …
		Introduction
		The Sustainable Livelihood of Disaster-Affected People in Khulna City
		Methodology of the Study
		Indicators
		Background of the Study Locations and Population
		Major Challenges in the Study Area
		Gender Difference in Access to and Control Over Resources During Disaster
		Level of Vulnerability
		Means of Livelihood
		Livelihood Resources Portfolios of the Urban Disaster-Affected People
		Natural Resources
		Tree as the Source of Livelihood
		Financial Resources
		Social Resources
		Physical Asset
		Level of Sustainability
		Sustainable Livelihood Index
		Resource, Vulnerability, and Sustainable Livelihood
		Conclusion
		References
	22 A Conceptual Approach for Understanding the Disaster-Pandemic Nexus
		Introduction
		Compounding Complexities: Covid-19 and Disasters
		Challenges and Potentials
		A Holistic Approach: The Reconfiguration of the Commonalities
		Outlook
		References
	23 Conclusions
Index