Coastal defence

Content: COASTAL DEFENCES  * History and background  * Coastal defences - who builds them  * Coastal zone management  * A strategic approach to coastal defence COASTLINE PROCESSES * Waves  * Tides  * Coastline changes  * Changes on open coasts  * Estuarial coastline changesREVIEW OF COASTAL DEFENCE TECHNIQUES  * Introudction  * Linear defences  * Introudction  * Embankments  * Revetments  * Seawalls  * Beach Management  * Beach recharge  * Beach recycling and bypassing  * Beach control structures  * Groynes  * Breakwaters  * Sills  * Dune stabilisation methods  * Estuarial coastal defences  * Surge and tidal barriers  * Satmarsh management  * Cliff StabilisationSTEPS REQUIRED IN CHOOSING COSTAL DEFENCE OPTIONS  * Introduction  * Data gathering  * Introduction  * Collection of data on physical processes and characteristics  * Data on benefits and costs  * Data on environmental constraints and opportunities  * Studying the \'non-intervention\' option  * Assessing hydrodynamics and sediment transport rates  * Assessing existing defences  * Predicting future changes in the coastline and standards of defence  * Preliminary economic evaluation  * Preliminary environmental appraisal  * Preliminary public consultation  * Assessing coastal defence optionsCHOOSING A PREFERRED OPTION  * Technical appraisal  * Introduction  * Functional effectiveness  * Durability and residual life  * Sustainability  * Constructability  * Economic Appraisal  * Introduction  * Present values/discounting  * Costs  * Benefits  * Economic comparision of options  * Enviornmental appraisal  * Background and need for environmental appraisal  * Scoping  * Environmental surveys  * Impact identification and evaluation  * Mitigation, compensation and enhancement  * RiskDESIGN DEVELOPMENT  * Introduction  * Mathematical modelling  * Physical modelling  * Scheme promotion and approvalPRACTICALITIES OF COASTAL DEFENCE CONSTRUCTION  * Access and delivery/storage of materials  * Tidal restrictions  * Seasonal and phased construction  * Seasonal working  * Phased construction  * Planning and environmental considerations  * Construction plant and methods  * Measurement and detailing  * Construction risks  * Construction supervisionPOST PROJECT MONITORING, MAINTENANCE AND APPRAISAL  * Introduction  * Construction appraisal  * Monitoring the condition of defences  * Maintenance  * Evaluation of defence performance  * Environmental monitoring  * Post-project appraisal  * Data storage, sharing and future use