CO2 Capture and Storage: A Key Carbon Abatement Option (International Energy Agency)

FOREWORD......Page 5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 7
TABLE OF CONTENTS......Page 9
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY......Page 17
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 23
The Purpose and Scope of this Study......Page 24
The Structure of the Publication......Page 25
2. SCENARIOS FOR CO2 CAPTURE AND STORAGE......Page 27
The Scenarios in this Study......Page 28
Results......Page 30
CO2 Capture in Electricity Generation......Page 33
CO2 Capture in Industry and Fuel Transformation......Page 41
Regional Use of CCS......Page 44
CO2 Storage......Page 45
3. CO2 CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES......Page 47
CO2 Emissions and Capture Opportunities......Page 48
CO2 Capture in Electricity and Heat Generation......Page 49
Post-Combustion Capture......Page 50
Oxyfueling......Page 53
CO2 Capture in the Electricity Sector......Page 55
Advanced Coal Technologies......Page 56
Cost of Power Plants with CO2 Capture......Page 62
CO2 Capture in Industry......Page 68
Iron and Steel......Page 69
Cement Industry......Page 71
Chemical and Petrochemical Industry......Page 72
Pulp and Paper......Page 73
Sour Gas......Page 74
Heavy Oil and Tar Sands......Page 75
Refineries
......Page 76
Hydrogen (H2) Production......Page 77
Gasifi cation and Hydrocarbon Synfuel Production......Page 79
CO2 Transportation Options......Page 83
Cost of CO2 Pipeline Transportation......Page 85
CO2 Transportation by Ship......Page 86
Geological Storage Mechanisms and Capacity Estimates......Page 87
Cost of CO2 Storage......Page 91
Enhanced Oil Recovery and CO2 Injection......Page 93
Carbon Sequestration with Enhanced Gas Recovery (CSEGR)......Page 99
CO2 Storage in Depleted Oil and Gas Fields......Page 100
CO2 Enhanced Coal-Bed Methane (ECBM) Recovery......Page 101
Other Storage Options......Page 109
5. FINANCIAL, LEGAL, REGULATORY AND PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE ISSUES......Page 113
Financing CCS......Page 114
Financing CCS Demonstration Projects......Page 115
Financing CO2 Transport......Page 117
Legal and Regulatory Issues......Page 124
Legal Issues Associated with CO2 Transport......Page 125
Jurisdiction: Assigning Regulatory Responsibility for CCS......Page 126
Risks Associated with CCS......Page 127
Site Selection......Page 128
Monitoring and Verifi cation......Page 129
Long-Term Liability......Page 131
The London Protocol......Page 134
OSPAR Convention......Page 135
Building Public Awareness and Support: Lessons Learned......Page 136
Introduction......Page 139
The European Union......Page 140
The Middle East and North Africa......Page 144
Australia......Page 146
Brazil......Page 150
Canada......Page 151
China......Page 156
France......Page 160
Germany......Page 162
India......Page 164
Italy......Page 166
Japan......Page 168
The Netherlands......Page 170
Norway......Page 172
Poland......Page 174
United Kingdom......Page 176
The United States......Page 178
Argentina......Page 185
Czech Republic......Page 186
Denmark......Page 187
Indonesia......Page 188
Lithuania......Page 189
New and Candidate EU Member States......Page 190
Portugal......Page 191
Slovenia......Page 192
Spain......Page 193
Turkey......Page 195
Vietnam......Page 196
7. CCS TECHNOLOGY ROADMAPS AND RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 197
What is Included in the ETP 2008 Roadmaps......Page 198
How to Use the ETP 2008 Roadmaps......Page 199
Technology Options for CCS......Page 204
CCS Roadmap Indicators......Page 205
Recommendations......Page 208
Regional CCS Development......Page 209
Conclusion: Recommendations for International Collaboration......Page 213
Industrial Manufacturing Base......Page 215
Participation of Developing Countries......Page 216
ANNEX 1 - 
Regional Investment Costs And Discount Rates......Page 217
ANNEX 2 - 
GDP Projections......Page 221
ANNEX 3 - 
Websites with Information on CCS......Page 223
ANNEX 4 - Definitions, Abbreviations, Acronyms and Units
......Page 227
ANNEX 5 - 
Current CO2 Capture and Storage Projects......Page 239
ANNEX 6 - 
References......Page 243