Clinicopathological Correlation of Oral Diseases

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Contributors
I: Introduction
	1: Guide to Diagnose Oral Lesions: Principles of Clinicopathological Approach
		1.1 History Taking
		1.2 Clinical Examination
		1.3 Investigations
		1.4 Imaging
		1.5 Histopathology
		1.6 Exfoliative Cytology
		1.7 Brush Biopsy
		1.8 Molecular Tests
		1.9 Haematological, Serological and Biochemical Investigations
		1.10 Urinalysis
			1.10.1 Skin Patch Test
		1.11 Diagnostic Pathway
		Further Reading
II: Pulp and Periodontal Diseases
	2: Pain in an Upper Back Tooth: Pulpitis
		2.1 Main Complaint
		2.2 History of Complaint
		2.3 Additional Complaints
		2.4 With the Findings from History, What Is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		2.5 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
		2.6 Findings of Examination
		2.7 What Other Relevant Features You Look for with the Findings You Have so Far?
		2.8 What Is Your Clinical Differential Diagnosis?
		2.9 How Would You Exclude Other Conditions and Justify the Inclusion of the Diseases That You Have Mentioned in the Differential Diagnosis to Arrive at a Working Diagnosis?
			2.9.1 Cracked Tooth
			2.9.2 Abfractions/Abrasions
			2.9.3 Gingival Recession
			2.9.4 Maxillary Sinusitis
		2.10 What Is the Most Likely Diagnosis?
		2.11 How Would You Investigate This Patent?
		2.12 What Are the Findings of Radiography and the Importance of Radiography in the Assessment of the Teeth Prior to Treatment?
			2.12.1 Interpretation of Electric Pulp Tester Results
		2.13 What Is the Definitive Diagnosis?
		2.14 What Are the Histopathological Features of Irreversible Pulpitis?
		2.15 How Would You Manage This Patient?
			2.15.1 Review and Follow-Up
		2.16 Pulpitis
			2.16.1 Reversible Pulpitis
			2.16.2 Irreversible Pulpitis
			2.16.3 Non-vital Pulp
			2.16.4 Histological Classification of Pulpitis
		Further Reading
	3: Pus Discharging from the Gum: Periodontal Disease
		3.1 Main Complaint
		3.2 History of Complaint
		3.3 Additional Complaints
		3.4 Past Dental and Medical History
		3.5 Social History and Family History
		3.6 Oral Hygiene Practices
		3.7 With the Findings from History, What Is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		3.8 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
		3.9 Clinical Examination
			3.9.1 How Do You Assess the Periodontal Health of This Patient?
			3.9.2 How Do You Interpret the BPE Codes Recorded?
			3.9.3 Does This Patient Need Further Periodontal Assessment, and If So, Why?
			3.9.4 What Are the Other Relevant Findings?
			3.9.5 What Is Your Clinical Differential Diagnosis?
			3.9.6 How Do You Exclude Other Conditions and Justify the Inclusion of the Diseases That You Have Mentioned in the Differential Diagnosis to Arrive at a Working Diagnosis?
			3.9.7 What Is the Most Likely Clinical Diagnosis?
		3.10 Investigations
			3.10.1 According to the BPE Codes Which Investigations Are Indicated?
			3.10.2 How Do You Interpret the Radiographs?
			3.10.3 What Are the Other Investigations That Could Be Carried Out to Aid Diagnosis?
			3.10.4 What Is the Significance of High Glycaemic Levels Found in This Patient?
			3.10.5 How Would You Carry Out a Systematic Multi-level Periodontal Risk Assessment on This Patient? (. Fig. 3.6)
			3.10.6 What Is the Definitive Diagnosis?
			3.10.7 How Did You Arrive at the Diagnosis of Periodontitis?
			3.10.8 What Specific Findings Help You in Arriving at the Diagnosis? (. Table 3.3)
			3.10.9 How Would You Assess the Prognosis of Teeth?
			3.10.10 How Would You Manage This Patient?
			3.10.11 What Is Meant by Non-surgical Debridement?
			3.10.12 What Is the Importance of Achieving a Convincing Glycaemic Control?
			3.10.13 How Would You Plan the Maintenance Phase for This Patient?
		3.11 Periodontal Diseases and Common Conditions Affecting the Periodontium
			3.11.1 Periodontal Abscess
			3.11.2 Endodontic-Periodontal Lesions
		Further Reading
III: Odontogenic and Non-Odontogenic Cysts
	4: Hard Swelling in the Back of the Lower Jaw: Odontogenic Keratocyst
		4.1 Main Complaint
		4.2 History of Complaint
		4.3 Past Dental, Medical and Social History
		4.4 Clinical Examination
		4.5 What Is Your Differential Diagnosis with the Findings from the History and Clinical Examination? Give a Justification for Including Different Entities
		4.6 What Is the Most Likely Clinical Diagnosis?
		4.7 What Are the Necessary Investigations That Should Be Carried Out in a Logical Sequence?
			4.7.1 Dental Panoramic Tomography (DPT)
			4.7.2 Pulp Sensibility Tests
			4.7.3 Aspiration Biopsy
			4.7.4 Incisional Biopsy
		4.8 What Are the Histopathological Findings?
			4.8.1 Histopathological Examination
			4.8.2 3-D Imaging
		4.9 What Is the Definitive Diagnosis?
		4.10 What Specific Findings Help You to Arrive at the Diagnosis?
		4.11 How Will You Treat This Patient?
		4.12 What Is the Rationale for Treatment?
		4.13 Follow-Up and Prognosis
		4.14 Odontogenic Keratocyst
		Further Reading
	5: Dull Pain and Discoloration of Upper Front Tooth: Radicular Cyst
		5.1 Main Complaint
		5.2 History of Complaint
		5.3 Past Medical History
		5.4 Findings of Intra-oral Examination
		5.5 What Is the Most Likely Clinical Diagnosis for This Lesion?
		5.6 What Investigations You Would Need to Carry Out for This Patient?
		5.7 What Is the Most Likely Working Diagnosis?
		5.8 How Would You Manage This Patient?
		5.9 What Specific Histopathological Features Are Helpful to Arrive at a Definitive Diagnosis?
		5.10 What Is the Definitive Diagnosis for This Lesion?
		5.11 What Specific Findings Would Help You to Arrive at the Diagnosis of Radicular Cyst?
		5.12 What Is the Prognosis for Radicular Cyst?
		5.13 Radicular Cyst
			5.13.1 Initiation of Cyst
			5.13.2 Formation of Cyst
			5.13.3 Growth and Enlargement of the Cyst
		Further Reading
	6: Mild Pain in the Left Lower Jaw: Dentigerous Cyst
		6.1 Main Complaint
		6.2 History of Complaint
		6.3 Past Medical History
		6.4 Past Dental History
		6.5 Social History
		6.6 With the Findings from the History, What Is Your Differential Diagnosis and How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis?
		6.7 Findings of Extra-oral Examination
		6.8 Findings of Intra-oral Examination
		6.9 Follow-Up and Prognosis
		6.10 Dentigerous Cyst
		6.11 Eruption Cyst
		Further Reading
	˘7: Lump in the Floor of the Mouth: Epidermoid/Dermoid Cyst
		7.1 Main Complaint
		7.2 History of Complaint
		7.3 How Would You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
		7.4 Findings of Extra-oral Examination
		7.5 Findings of Intra-oral Examination
		7.6 What Are the Most Likely Clinical Diagnoses?
		7.7 How Would You Investigate This Patient?
		7.8 What Are the Findings of FNAC in This Patient?
		7.9 What Is Your Working Diagnosis?
		7.10 What Is the Treatment for This Lesion?
		7.11 What Are the Macroscopic Features Seen in the Excised Lesion?
		7.12 Biopsy Report Confirms That the Lesion Is an Epidermoid Cyst. What Are the Histopathological Features That Help in Arriving at the Diagnosis?
		7.13 What Is the Definitive Diagnosis for This Lesion?
		7.14 What Specific Findings Help You to Arrive at the Diagnosis of Epidermoid Cyst?
		7.15 What Is the Prognosis of an Epidermoid Cyst?
		7.16 Epidermoid/Dermoid Cyst
		Further Reading
	8: Trauma to the Lower Lip: Mucocele
		8.1 Main Complaint
		8.2 History of Complaint
		8.3 Additional Complaints
		8.4 What Is Your Differential Diagnosis with the Findings from the History?
		8.5 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
		8.6 Findings of Clinical Examination
		8.7 What Other Relevant Features Would You Look For?
		8.8 What Is Your Clinical Diagnosis?
		8.9 What Is Your Justification for the Clinical Diagnosis?
		8.10 How Would You Investigate This Patient?
		8.11 How Would You Perform an Excisional Biopsy for This Patient? What Are the Important Considerations?
		8.12 Mucocele
		Further Reading
IV: Oral Mucosal Pigmented Lesions
	9: Greyish Black Patch on the Cheek: Amalgam Tattoo
		9.1 Main Complaint
		9.2 History of Complaint
		9.3 Past Medical History
		9.4 Past Dental History
		9.5 Social History
		9.6 With the Findings From the History, What Is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		9.7 Amalgam Tattoo
		9.8 Graphite Tattoo
		9.9 Melanotic Macule
		9.10 Melanocytic Naevus
		9.11 Hemangioma
		9.12 Varix
		9.13 Findings of Intra-oral Examination
		9.14 What Other Relevant Features Would You Look for with the Findings You Have So Far?
		9.15 What Is the Most Likely Clinical Diagnosis?
		9.16 How Would You Justify Your Clinical Diagnosis?
		9.17 What Investigations Need to Be Carried Out for This Patient?
		9.18 What Are the Histopathological Features of the Excised Lesion?
		9.19 What Is the Definitive Diagnosis for This Lesion?
		9.20 What Specific Findings Help You to Arrive at the Diagnosis of Amalgam Tattoo?
		9.21 What Is the Treatment for This Lesion?
		9.22 What Is the Prognosis for Amalgam Tattoo?
		9.23 Amalgam Tattoo
		Further Reading
	10: A Fast-Growing Black Patch on the Upper Front Gum: Malignant Melanoma
		10.1 Main Complaint
		10.2 History of Complaint
		10.3 Additional Complaints
		10.4 With the Findings from the History, What Is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		10.5 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
		10.6 Findings of Clinical Examination
		10.7 What Other Relevant Features Would You Look for with the Findings You Have So Far?
		10.8 What Is Your Clinical Differential Diagnosis?
		10.9 How Would You Exclude Other Conditions and Justify the Inclusion of the Diseases That You Have Mentioned in the Differential Diagnosis to Arrive at a Working Diagnosis?
			10.9.1 Melanosis Associated with Smoking (Smoker’s Melanosis)
			10.9.2 Amalgam Tattoo
			10.9.3 Oral Melanotic Macule
			10.9.4 Vascular Malformations
			10.9.5 Kaposi Sarcoma
		10.10 What Is the Most Likely Diagnosis?
		10.11 How Would You Investigate This Patent?
		10.12 How Would You do an Incisional Biopsy for This Patient? What Are the Important Considerations?
		10.13 Biopsy Report Confirms the Previous Clinical Diagnosis of Oral Malignant Melanoma. What Are the Histopathological Features That Help in the Diagnosis?
		10.14 How Would You Manage This Patient?
		10.15 Oral Malignant Melanoma (OMM)
		Further Reading
	11: A Black Spot on the Upper Gum for Many Years: Melanotic Macule
		11.1 Main Complaint
		11.2 History of Complaint
		11.3 Additional Complaints
		11.4 With the Findings from the History, What Is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		11.5 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After a History Taking?
		11.6 Findings of Clinical Examination
		11.7 What Other Relevant Features Would You Look for with the Findings You Have So Far?
		11.8 What Is Your Clinical Diagnosis?
		11.9 How Would You Exclude Other Conditions and Justify the Inclusion of the Diseases That You Have Mentioned in the Differential Diagnosis to Arrive at a Working Diagnosis?
			11.9.1 Amalgam Tattoo
			11.9.2 Oral Melanoacanthoma
			11.9.3 Oral Melanocytic Naevus
		11.10 What Is the Most Likely Diagnosis?
		11.11 How Would You Investigate This Patent?
		11.12 How Would You Do an Incisional Biopsy for This Patient? What Are the Important Considerations?
		11.13 Biopsy Report Confirms the Previous Clinical Diagnosis of Oral Melanotic Macule. What Are the Histopathological Features That Will Help in the Diagnosis?
		11.14 How Would You Manage This Patent?
		11.15 Oral Melanotic Macule (Focal Melanosis)
		Further Reading
	12: Blue-Purple Lump on the Lip: Haemangioma/Vascular Anomaly
		12.1 Main Complaint
		12.2 History of Complaint
		12.3 From the findings of the history, what is your Differential Diagnosis?
		12.4 How do you justify your Differential Diagnosis reached from the findings of the history?
		12.5 Clinical Examination Findings
		12.6 What other features would you look for in formulating a Clinical Diagnosis?
		12.7 What is your Clinical Diagnosis?
		12.8 How would you exclude other conditions and justify the Iinclusion of the  disease entity that you have mentioned as the Clinical Diagnosis?
		12.9 What is the most likely working diagnosis?
		12.10 How would you investigate this patient?
		12.11 If a biopsy was to be performed, what are the important considerations?
		12.12 The biopsy report confirms the previous Clinical Diagnosis of Vascular Malformation. What are the Histopathological Features that help in confirming the diagnosis?
		12.13 How could you manage this patient?
		12.14 Vascular Anomalies/Haemangioma
		12.15 Management of Vascular Lesions
			12.15.1 Haemangiomas
			12.15.2 Vascular Malformations
		Further Reading
	13: Reddish Growths on the Hard Palate: Kaposi Sarcoma
		13.1 Main Complaint
		13.2 History of Complaint
		13.3 Additional Complaints
		13.4 With the Findings of the History, What Is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		13.5 How Would You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
		13.6 Findings of Clinical Examination
		13.7 What Other Relevant Features Would You Look for with the Findings You Have So Far?
		13.8 What Is Your Clinical Diagnosis?
		13.9 How Would You Exclude Other Conditions and Justify Your Clinical Diagnosis?
		13.10 What Is the Most Likely Diagnosis?
		13.11 How Would You Investigate This Patient?
		13.12 How Would You Do an Incisional Biopsy for This Patient? What Are the Important Considerations?
		13.13 Biopsy Report Confirms the Previous Clinical Diagnosis of Kaposi Sarcoma. What Are the Histopathological Features That Would Help in the Diagnosis?
		13.14 How Would You Manage This Patient?
		13.15 Kaposi Sarcoma
		Further Reading
V: Fibro-Cemento Osseous Lesions
	14: Slow Growing Hard Lump over the Cheek: Fibrous Dysplasia
		14.1 Main Complaint
		14.2 History of Complaint
		14.3 Additional Complaints
		14.4 With the Findings from the History, What Is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		14.5 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
		14.6 Findings of Clinical Examination
		14.7 What Other Relevant Features Would You Look for with the Findings You Have so Far?
		14.8 What Is Your Clinical Differential Diagnosis?
		14.9 How Would You Exclude Other Conditions and Justify the Inclusion of the Diseases That You Have Mentioned in the Differential Diagnosis to Arrive at a Working Diagnosis?
		14.10 What Radiologic Investigations Would You Need to Exclude Other Conditions and Justify the Inclusion of the Diseases That You Have Mentioned in the Differential Diagnosis to Arrive at a Working Diagnosis?
		14.11 What Is the Most Likely Diagnosis?
		14.12 How Would You Further Investigate This Patent?
		14.13 How Would You Perform an Incisional Biopsy for This Patient? What Are the Important Considerations?
		14.14 Biopsy Report Confirms the Previous Clinical Diagnosis of Craniofacial Fibrous Dysplasia. What Are the Histopathological Features That Will Help in the Diagnosis?
		14.15 How Would You Manage This Patent?
		14.16 Fibrous Dysplasia (FD)
		Further Reading
	15: Fast Growing Bony Hard Lump: Cemento-ossifying Fibroma
		15.1 Main Complaint
		15.2 History of Complaint
		15.3 Additional Complaints
		15.4 With the Findings from the History, What Is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		15.5 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
		15.6 Findings of Clinical Examination
		15.7 What Other Relevant Features Would You Look for with the Findings You Have So Far?
		15.8 What Is Your Clinical Differential Diagnosis?
		15.9 How Would You Exclude Other Conditions and Justify the Inclusion of the Diseases That You Have Mentioned in the Differential Diagnosis to Arrive at a Working Diagnosis?
		15.10 What Radiologic Investigations Would You Need to Exclude Other Conditions and Justify the Inclusion of the Diseases That You Have Mentioned in the Differential Diagnosis to Arrive at a Working Diagnosis?
		15.11 What Is the Most Likely Working Diagnosis?
		15.12 How Would You Further Investigate This Patent?
		15.13 How Would You Arrive at a Definitive Diagnosis?
		15.14 How Would You Perform an Incisional Biopsy for This Patient? What Are the Important Considerations?
		15.15 Biopsy Report Confirms the Previous Clinical and Radiological Diagnosis of Cemento-ossifying Fibroma. What Are the Histopathological Features That Help in the Diagnosis?
		15.16 What Is the Final Diagnosis?
		15.17 How Would You Manage This Patent?
		15.18 Cemento-ossifying Fibroma (COF)
		Further Reading
	16: Accidental Finding on the Radiograph: Periapical Cemento-osseous Dysplasia
		16.1 Main Complaint
		16.2 History of Complaint
		16.3 Additional Complaints
		16.4 With the Findings from the History, What Is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		16.5 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
		16.6 Findings of Clinical Examination
		16.7 What Other Relevant Features Would You Look for with the Findings You Have So Far?
		16.8 What Is Your Clinical Differential Diagnosis?
		16.9 How Would You Exclude Other Conditions and Justify the Inclusion of the Diseases That You Have Mentioned in the Differential Diagnosis to Arrive at a Working Diagnosis?
		16.10 How Would You Investigate This Patient?
		16.11 What Is the Most Likely Diagnosis?
		16.12 What Further Investigations Would You Recommend for This Patient?
		16.13 Biopsy Report Confirms the Previous Clinical Diagnosis of Periapical Cemento-osseous Dysplasia. What Are the Histopathological Features That Help in the Diagnosis?
		16.14 What Is the Final Diagnosis?
		16.15 How Would You Manage This Patient?
		16.16 Periapical Cemento-osseous Dysplasia (PCOD)
		Further Reading
	17: Multiple Radiopaque Masses in the Lower Jaw: Florid Cemento-Osseous Dysplasia
		17.1 Main Complaint
		17.2 History of Complaint
		17.3 Additional Complaints
		17.4 With the Findings From the History, What Is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		17.5 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
		17.6 Findings of Examination
		17.7 What Other Relevant Features Would You Look for with the Findings You Have So Far?
		17.8 What Is Your Clinical Differential Diagnosis?
		17.9 How Would You Justify the Inclusion of the Diseases That You Have Mentioned in the Differential Diagnosis to Arrive at a Working Diagnosis?
		17.10 What Is the Most Likely Diagnosis?
		17.11 How Would You Investigate This Patient?
		17.12 Would You Do an Incisional Biopsy for This Patient? What Are the Important Considerations?
		17.13 What Are the Histopathological Features That Help in the Diagnosis?
		17.14 What Is the Final Diagnosis?
		17.15 How Would You Manage This Patient?
		17.16 Florid Cemento-osseous Dysplasia (FCOD)
		Further Reading
VI: Reactive Lesions and Benign Tumours of the Oral Mucosa
	18: Painless Nodule on the Cheek: Fibroepithelial Polyp
		18.1 Main Complaint
		18.2 History of Complaint
		18.3 Additional Complaints
		18.4 What Is Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
		18.5 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
			18.5.1 Fibroepithelial Polyp (FEP)
			18.5.2 Squamous Cell Papilloma
			18.5.3 Mucocele
			18.5.4 Benign Tumours Including Salivary Gland Tumour
		18.6 Findings of Clinical Examination
		18.7 What Is Your Clinical Differential Diagnoses?
		18.8 How Do You Justify the Inclusion of the Diseases That You Have Mentioned in the Differential Diagnosis to Arrive at a Working Diagnosis?
			18.8.1 Fibroepithelial Polyp
			18.8.2 Squamous Cell Papilloma
			18.8.3 Enlarged Papilla of the Parotid Duct
			18.8.4 Mucocele
			18.8.5 Benign Tumours Including Salivary Gland Tumours
		18.9 What Is the Most Likely Diagnosis?
		18.10 How Would You Investigate This Patient?
		18.11 How do You Confirm the Diagnosis for This Lesion?
		18.12 What Specific Findings Help You to Arrive at the Diagnosis (History, Clinical Findings and Investigations)?
		18.13 What Is Your Definitive Diagnosis?
		18.14 What Is the Treatment?
		18.15 Fibroepithelial Polyp
		Further Reading
	19: Red Lump on the Gum: Pyogenic Granuloma
		19.1 Main Complaint
		19.2 History of Complaint
		19.3 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnoses After History Taking?
		19.4 Findings of Clinical Examination
		19.5 What Is Your Most Likely Clinical Diagnosis?
		19.6 How Would You Investigate This Patient?
		19.7 What Are the Specific Findings to Help You Arrive at the Diagnosis (History, Clinical, and Investigations)?
		19.8 What Is the Definitive Diagnosis?
		19.9 Why Are the Differential Diagnoses Stated Earlier Excluded?
			19.9.1 Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma
			19.9.2 Fibrous Epulis
			19.9.3 Hemangioma
			19.9.4 Neoplasm
		19.10 What Is the Treatment for This Patient?
		19.11 Pyogenic Granuloma
		Further Reading
	20: Lump on the Tongue: Schwannoma
		20.1 Main Complaint
		20.2 History of Complaint
		20.3 Additional Complaints
		20.4 With the Findings From the History, What Are Your Differential Diagnoses?
		20.5 How Would You Justify Your Differential Diagnoses After History Taking?
		20.6 Findings of Clinical Examination
		20.7 What Other Relevant Features Would You Look for with the Findings You Have So Far?
		20.8 What Is Your Clinical Differential Diagnosis?
		20.9 How Would You Exclude Other Conditions and Justify the Inclusion of the Diseases That You Have Mentioned in the Differential Diagnoses to Arrive at a Working Diagnosis?
			20.9.1 Pyogenic Granuloma
			20.9.2 Lipoma
			20.9.3 Haemangioma/Mucocele
		20.10 What Is the Most Likely Diagnosis?
		20.11 How Would You Investigate This Patient in Order to Arrive at the Final Diagnosis?
		20.12 What Does the Histopathological Examination Reveal?
		20.13 Schwannoma
		Further Reading
VII: Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Oral Cancer
	21: Burning Sensation to Spicy Food: Oral Submucous Fibrosis
		21.1 Main Complaint
		21.2 History of Complaint
		21.3 Additional Complaints
		21.4 With the Findings in the History, What Is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		21.5 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
		21.6 Findings of Clinical Examination
		21.7 What Other Relevant Features Would You Look for with the Findings You Have So Far?
		21.8 What is Your Clinical Diagnosis?
		21.9 How Would You Exclude Other Conditions and Justify Your Clinical Diagnosis?
			21.9.1 Candidosis
			21.9.2 Scleroderma
			21.9.3 Oral Lichen Planus and Anaemia
			21.9.4 OSF
		21.10 What is the Most Likely Diagnosis?
		21.11 How Would You Investigate This Patient?
		21.12 How Would You Do an Incisional Biopsy for This Patient? What are the Important Considerations?
		21.13 What are the Histopathological Features That Help in Arriving at the Diagnosis?
		21.14 What is the Significance of the Presence of Epithelial Dysplasia in OSF?
		21.15 How Would You Manage This Patient?
		21.16 Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSF)
		Further Reading
	22: White Patch on the Buccal Mucosa: Leukoplakia
		22.1 Main Complaint
		22.2 History of Complaint
		22.3 Past Medical History
		22.4 Past Dental History
		22.5 Social History
		22.6 Findings of Extra-Oral Examination
		22.7 Findings of Intraoral Examination
		22.8 What Are Your Differential Diagnoses for This White Patch on the Left Buccal Mucosa After History Taking and Clinical Examination?
		22.9 What Is the Most Likely Clinical Diagnosis for This White Patch on the Buccal Mucosa?
		22.10 What Investigations Need to Be Carried Out for This Patient?
		22.11 What Are the Histopathological Features of the Submitted Specimen?
		22.12 What Is the Definitive Diagnosis for This Lesion?
		22.13 What Specific Findings Helped You to Arrive at the Diagnosis of Oral Leukoplakia with Mild Epithelial Dysplasia?
		22.14 How Do You Manage This Patient?
		22.15 What Is the Prognosis for Homogenous Oral Leukoplakia with Mild Epithelial Dysplasia?
		22.16 Oral Leukoplakia
			22.16.1 Clinical Features
			22.16.2 Investigations
			22.16.3 Tissue Biopsy
			22.16.4 Histopathological Features
			22.16.5 Treatment
			22.16.6 Prognosis
		Further Reading
	23: A Red Patch on the Cheek: Erythroplakia
		23.1 Main Complaint
		23.2 History of Complaint
		23.3 Additional Complaints
		23.4 With the Findings From the History, What Is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		23.5 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
		23.6 Findings of Clinical Examination
		23.7 What Is Your Clinical Differential Diagnosis?
		23.8 How Would You Justify the Inclusion of the Diseases That You Have Mentioned in the Differential Diagnosis to Arrive at a Working Diagnosis?
			23.8.1 Oral Cancer
			23.8.2 Erythroplakia
			23.8.3 Traumatic Lesion
		23.9 What Is the Most Likely Clinical Diagnosis?
		23.10 How Would You Investigate This Patent?
		23.11 What Are the Histopathological Features That Help in the Diagnosis?
		23.12 How Would You Manage This Patent?
		23.13 Erythroplakia
		Further Reading
	24
: Painful Mouth: Oral Lichen Planus
		24.1 Main Complaint
		24.2 History of Complaint
		24.3 With the Findings From the History, What Is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		24.4 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
		24.5 Findings of Clinical Examination
		24.6 What Is Your Most Likely Clinical Diagnosis?
		24.7 How Would You Exclude Other Conditions and Justify Your Clinical Diagnosis to Arrive at a Working Diagnosis?
			24.7.1 Oral Lichenoid Reaction
			24.7.2 Lupus Erythematosus
			24.7.3 Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid (MMP)
			24.7.4 Candidosis
		24.8 How Would You Investigate This Patient?
		24.9 How Would You Do an Incisional Biopsy for This Patient? What Are the Important Considerations?
		24.10 The Specimen Was Sent for Histopathological Examination. What Are the Histological Findings?
		24.11 What Is Your Definitive Diagnosis Based on the Clinical and Histopathological Findings?
		24.12 How Would You Manage This Patient?
		24.13 Oral Lichen Planus
		Further Reading
	25: Non-healing Ulcer in the Right Lateral Surface of the Tongue: Oral Cancer
		25.1 Main Complaint
		25.2 History of Complaint
		25.3 Findings of Extra-Oral Examination
		25.4 Findings of Intraoral Examination
		25.5 What Is Your Clinical Differential Diagnoses?
		25.6 What Is Your Justification for the Differential Diagnoses?
		25.7 What Is Your Working Diagnosis?
		25.8 How Would You Investigate This Patient?
		25.9 What Are the Histopathological Features of the Submitted Specimen?
		25.10 What Is Your Definitive Diagnosis
		25.11 What Specific Findings Help You to Arrive at the Diagnosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
		25.12 How Would You Manage This Patient?
			25.12.1 Imaging
		25.13 What Is the Definitive Treatment Given for This Patient?
		25.14 How Would You Follow-Up This Patient and What Is the Prognosis?
		25.15 Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
			25.15.1 Metastasis to Neck Nodes
		25.16 Investigations
			25.16.1 Imaging
		25.17 Histopathological Examination
		25.18 Histopathological Features
			25.18.1 Histopathological Grading
			25.18.2 Treatment
			25.18.3 Dental Practitioners’ Role
			25.18.4 Prognosis
		Further Reading
VIII: Tumours of Odontogenic Origin
	26: Large Swelling of the Back of the Lower Jaw: Ameloblastoma
		26.1 Main Complaint
		26.2 History of Complaint
		26.3 Past Dental, Medical and Social History
		26.4 Findings of Clinical Examination
		26.5 What is your Differential Diagnosis with the findings from the History and Clinical Examination? Give a justification for including different entities.
		26.6 What is the most likely Clinical Diagnosis?
		26.7 What are the necessary investigations that should be performed in a logical sequence?
			26.7.1 Pulp Sensibility Test
			26.7.2 Dental Pantomograph (DPT)
			26.7.3 Aspiration Biopsy
			26.7.4 Incision Biopsy
		26.8 What were the Histopathological findings?
		26.9 Three-dimensional (3D) imaging
		26.10 What is the definitive diagnosis?
		26.11 What specific findings help you to arrive at the diagnosis?
		26.12 What is the rationale for treatment?
		26.13 Follow-up and Prognosis
		26.14 Ameloblastoma
			26.14.1 Definition and Epidemiology
			26.14.2 Clinical Presentation
			26.14.3 Radiological Appearance
			26.14.4 Histopathology
			26.14.5 Conventional Ameloblastoma
			26.14.6 Unicystic Ameloblastoma
			26.14.7 Peripheral Ameloblastoma
			26.14.8 Metastasizing Ameloblastoma
		26.15 Diagnostic Challenges (Clinical/Radiological/Histopathological)
		26.16 Treatment Strategies
		26.17 New Advances
		Further Reading
	27
: Swelling in the Left Maxilla: Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumour (AOT)
		27.1 Main Complaint
		27.2 History of Complaint
		27.3 Additional Complaints
		27.4 Past Medical/Dental and Social History
		27.5 With the Findings From the History, What Is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		27.6 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
		27.7 Findings of Clinical Examination
		27.8 What Other Relevant Features Are Evident?
		27.9 What Is Your Clinical Differential Diagnosis?
		27.10 What Is the Justification for Your Clinical Differential Diagnosis?
			27.10.1 Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumour (AOT)
			27.10.2 Dentigerous Cyst
			27.10.3 Odontogenic Keratocyst (OKC)
			27.10.4 Ameloblastoma
			27.10.5 Odontogenic Myxoma
		27.11 How Would You Investigate the Patient?
		27.12 What Would Be the Best Imaging Modality to Investigate This Lesion?
		27.13 What Are the Findings of Radiographic Investigations?
			27.13.1 CT Scan Findings
		27.14 What Is the Most Likely Working Diagnosis with the History, Clinical and Radiological Findings?
		27.15 What Are the Characteristic Histopathological Features of an Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumour?
		27.16 How Would You Treat This Patient?
		27.17 What Is the Prognosis for AOT?
		27.18 Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumour (AOT)
			27.18.1 Investigations
			27.18.2 Treatment and Prognosis
		Further Reading
	28: A Rapidly Growing Swelling in the Posterior Mandible: Clear Cell Odontogenic Carcinoma
		28.1 Main Complaint
		28.2 History of Complaint
		28.3 Additional Complaints
		28.4 With the Findings From the History, What Is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		28.5 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
		28.6 Findings of Clinical Examination
		28.7 What Other Relevant Features Would You Look for with the Findings You Have So Far?
		28.8 What Is Your Clinical Differential Diagnosis?
		28.9 How Would You Justify the Inclusion of the Diseases That You Have Mentioned in the Differential Diagnosis to Arrive at a Working Diagnosis?
		28.10 What Is the Most Likely Diagnosis and Why?
		28.11 How Would You Investigate This Patient?
		28.12 How Would You Do An Incisional Biopsy for This Patient? What Are the Important Considerations?
		28.13 What Specific Histopathological Features Are Helpful Leading to the Definitive Diagnosis?
		28.14 What Is the Most Likely Diagnosis?
		28.15 What Other Findings and Investigations Would Help You to Confirm the  Diagnosis?
		28.16 What Other Investigations You Would Perform in Order to Confirm the Diagnosis? Explain the Specific Reasons to Carry Out Them?
		28.17 What Is the Treatment for CCOC?
		28.18 Clear Cell Odontogenic Carcinoma
		Further Reading
IX: Developmental Alterations of the Oral Mucosa
	29: Bilateral White Patches on the Cheek: White Sponge Naevus
		29.1 Main Complaint
		29.2 History of Complaint
		29.3 Additional Complaints
		29.4 With the Findings From the History, What Is Your Differential Diagnoses?
		29.5 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
		29.6 Findings of Clinical Examination
		29.7 What Other Relevant Features Would You Look for with the Findings You Have So Far?
		29.8 What Is Your Clinical Diagnosis?
		29.9 How Would You Exclude Other Conditions and Justify the Inclusion of the Diseases That You Have Mentioned in the Differential Diagnosis to Arrive at a Working Diagnosis?
			29.9.1 Leukoedema
			29.9.2 Oral Lichen Planus
			29.9.3 Pseudomembranous Candidosis
		29.10 What Is the Most Likely Diagnosis?
		29.11 How Would You Investigate This Patent?
		29.12 How Would You Do An Incisional Biopsy for This Patient? What Are the Important Considerations?
		29.13 What Are the Histopathological Features That Help in the Diagnosis?
		29.14 How Would You Manage This Patent?
		29.15 White Sponge Naevus (WSN)
		Further Reading
	30
: Bilateral Whitish Patches on the Inner Cheek: Leukoedema
		30.1 Main Complaint
		30.2 History of Complaint
		30.3 Past Medical History
		30.4 Past Dental History
		30.5 Social History
		30.6 What Is Your Differential Diagnosis with the Findings From the History?
		30.7 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis?
		30.8 What Are the Findings of Clinical Examination?
			30.8.1 Extra-oral
			30.8.2 Intra-oral
		30.9 What Is Your Clinical Diagnosis?
		30.10 How Do You Investigate the Patient to Confirm Your Diagnosis?
		30.11 Do You Need to Do a Biopsy to Confirm the Diagnosis of Leukoedema?
		30.12 What Histological Features Would You Expect to See If a Biopsy Is Performed?
		30.13 What Is the Definitive Diagnosis?
		30.14 How Would You Justify Your Definitive Diagnosis?
		30.15 How Would You Manage This Patient?
		30.16 Leukoedema
		Further Reading
	31: Irregular Red Patches on the Dorsum of the Tongue: Benign Migratory Glossitis
		31.1 Main Complaint
		31.2 History of Complaint
		31.3 Additional Complaints
		31.4 With the Findings From the History, What Is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		31.5 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
		31.6 Findings of Clinical Examination
		31.7 What Other Relevant Features Would You Look for with the Findings You Have So Far?
		31.8 What Is Your Clinical Differential Diagnosis?
		31.9 How Would You Exclude Other Conditions and Justify the Inclusion of the Diseases That You Have Mentioned in the Differential Diagnosis to Arrive at a Working Diagnosis?
			31.9.1 BMG
			31.9.2 Anaemia
		31.10 Median Rhomboid Glossitis (MRG)
		31.11 Erosive Oral Lichen Planus (EOLP)
		31.12 What Is the Most Likely Diagnosis?
		31.13 How Would You Investigate This Patent?
		31.14 What Findings Would You Expect From the Above Investigations?
		31.15 How Can We Confirm the Diagnosis of BMG?
		31.16 What Are the Histopathological Features of BMG?
		31.17 How Would You Manage This Patent?
		31.18 What Is the Follow-Up Plan and Prognosis?
		31.19 Benign Migratory Glossitis (BMG)
		Further Reading
X: Oral Mucosal Ulcerations
	32: Ulceration Related to New Dentures: Traumatic Ulcer
		32.1 Chief Complaint
		32.2 History of Complaint
		32.3 With the Findings From the History, What Is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		32.4 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
		32.5 Findings of Clinical Examination
		32.6 What Is the Most Likely Clinical Differential Diagnosis?
		32.7 How Would You Exclude Other Conditions and Justify the Inclusion of the Diseases That You Have Mentioned in the Clinical Differential Diagnosis?
		32.8 What is the Most Likely Diagnosis?
		32.9 How Would You Investigate This Patient?
		32.10 Should a Biopsy Be Done Immediately?
		32.11 If a Traumatic Ulcer Does Not Heal, A Biopsy Should Be Performed. How Would It Appear Under the Microscope?
		32.12 What Is the Final Diagnosis?
		32.13 How Would You Manage This Patient?
		32.14 Traumatic Oral Ulcer
		Further Reading
	33: A Painful Non-healing Ulcer on the Tongue: Traumatic Ulcerative Granuloma with Stromal Eosinophilia (TUGSE)
		33.1 Complaint
		33.2 History of Complaint
		33.3 Past Dental and Medical and Social History
		33.4 With the Findings From the History, What Is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		33.5 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
			33.5.1 Major Aphthous Ulcer
			33.5.2 Traumatic Ulcer/Traumatic Ulcerative Granuloma with Stromal Eosinophilia
			33.5.3 Primary Syphilis (Syphilitic Chancre)
			33.5.4 Necrotizing Sialometaplasia
			33.5.5 Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC)
		33.6 Findings of Clinical Examination
			33.6.1 Extra-oral Examination
			33.6.2 Intra-oral Examination
		33.7 What Is Your Clinical Differential Diagnosis?
		33.8 How Would You Justify the Inclusion of the Diseases That You Have Mentioned in the Differential Diagnosis to Arrive at a Working Diagnosis?
		33.9 How Would You Investigate This Patient?
		33.10 How Would You Do An Incisional Biopsy for This Patient? What Are the Important Considerations?
		33.11 What Are the Histopathological Features?
		33.12 What Specific Findings Help You to Arrive at the Diagnosis (History, Clinical and Investigations)?
		33.13 What Is Your Definitive Diagnosis?
		33.14 What Is the Treatment and Prognosis?
		33.15 Traumatic Ulcerative Granuloma with Stromal Eosinophilia (TUGSE)
		Further Reading
	34
: Crusting and Ulceration of Lips: Erythema Multiforme
		34.1 Main Complaint
		34.2 History of Complaint
		34.3 Additional Complaints
		34.4 With the Findings From the History, What Is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		34.5 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
			34.5.1 Erythema multiforme (EM)
			34.5.2 Mucocutaneous Autoimmune Blistering Disorder
			34.5.3 Oral Lichenoid Reaction (OLR)
			34.5.4 Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Infection
		34.6 Findings of Clinical Examination
		34.7 What Other Relevant Features Would You Look for with the Findings You Have So Far?
		34.8 What Is Your Clinical Differential Diagnosis?
		34.9 How Would You Exclude Other Conditions and Justify the Inclusion of the Diseases Mentioned in the Differential Diagnosis to Arrive at a Working Diagnosis?
		34.10 What Is the Most Likely Diagnosis and Why?
		34.11 How Would You Investigate This Patient?
		34.12 How Would You Do An Incisional Biopsy for This Patient? What Are the Important Considerations?
		34.13 What Histopathological Features Are Helpful to Arrive at the Definitive Diagnosis?
		34.14 What Is the Definitive Diagnosis?
		34.15 What Is the Treatment Protocol?
		34.16 Erythema Multiforme (EM)
		Further Reading
	35: Painful Recurrent Ulcers in the Mouth: Aphthous Ulcers
		35.1 Main Complaint
		35.2 History of Complaint
		35.3 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
		35.4 What Are the Clinical Examination Findings?
		35.5 What Are the Clinical Differential Diagnoses?
		35.6 How Would You Exclude Other Conditions and Justify the Inclusion of the Diseases That You Have Mentioned in the Differential Diagnoses to Arrive at a Working Diagnosis?
		35.7 What Is the Most Likely Diagnosis?
			35.7.1 Recurrent Aphthous Major (RAU)
		35.8 How Would You Investigate This Patient?
		35.9 Recurrent Aphthous Ulcers
		Further Reading
XI: Infections of the Oral Cavity
	36: Multiple White Lesions of Recent Onset: Candidosis
		36.1 Main Complaint
		36.2 History of Complaint
		36.3 Additional Complaints
		36.4 With the Findings From the History, What is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		36.5 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
		36.6 Findings of Examination
		36.7 What Other Relevant Features Would You Look for with the Findings You Have So Far?
		36.8 What Is Your Clinical Diagnosis?
		36.9 How Would You Arrive At This Working Diagnosis?
		36.10 How Would You Confirm Your Clinical Diagnosis?
		36.11 How Would You Manage This Patent?
		36.12 Oral Candidosis
		36.13 Clinical Presentation of Oral Candidosis
		36.14 Pseudomembranous Candidosis/Oral Thrush
		36.15 Acute Erythematous Candidosis
		36.16 Chronic Hyperplastic Candidosis
		36.17 Candida-Associated Denture Stomatitis/Chronic Atrophic Candidosis/Chronic Erythematous Candidosis
		36.18 Angular Cheilitis
		36.19 Median Rhomboid Glossitis (MRG)
		36.20 Management of Oral Candidosis
		Further Reading
	37: Slow Growing Lump on the Labial Mucosa: HPV Infection (Squamous Cell Papilloma/ Condyloma/ Viral Wart)
		37.1 Main Complaint
		37.2 History of Complaint
		37.3 Additional Complaints
		37.4 With the Findings From the History, What is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		37.5 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
		37.6 Findings of Examination
		37.7 What are the Other Relevant Features That You Will Look For?
		37.8 What is Your Clinical Differential Diagnosis?
		37.9 How Would You Justify the Inclusion of the Diseases That You Have Mentioned in the Differential Diagnosis to Arrive at a Working Diagnosis?
			37.9.1 Squamous Cell Papilloma
			37.9.2 Condyloma Acuminatum
			37.9.3 Verruca Vulgaris (Viral Wart)
		37.10 What is the Most Likely Diagnosis?
		37.11 How Would You Investigate This Patient?
		37.12 What are the Risk Factors for Oral HPV?
		37.13 How Would You Manage This Patient?
		37.14 What are the Histopathological Features of Squamous Cell Papilloma?
		37.15 What are the Important Histopathological Differential Diagnosis of Squamous Cell Papilloma?
		37.16 Oral Manifestations of HPV Infections
			37.16.1 Oral Squamous Cell Papilloma
			37.16.2 Condyloma Acuminatum
			37.16.3 Verruca Vulgaris/Viral Wart
			37.16.4 Multifocal Epithelial Hyperplasia (Heck’s Disease)
			37.16.5 Management of Common Oral HPV Lesions
		Further Reading
	38: Pustules on One Side of the Face: Herpes Zoster
		38.1 Main Complaint
		38.2 History of Complaint
		38.3 Additional Complaints
		38.4 With the Findings from the History, What is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		38.5 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
		38.6 Findings on Examination
		38.7 What Other Relevant Features Would You Look for with the Findings You Have So Far?
		38.8 What is Your Clinical Diagnosis?
		38.9 How Would You Justify Your Clinical Diagnosis?
		38.10 How Would You Manage This Patient?
		38.11 What are the Complications of This Condition?
		38.12 Herpes Zoster (Shingles) and Post-herpetic Neuralgia
			38.12.1 Prodrome
			38.12.2 Rash
				38.12.2.1 Resolution
		Further Reading
	39: Non-healing Ulcer on the Palate in a Long-Term Diabetic Patient: Deep Fungal Infection
		39.1 Main Complaint
		39.2 History of Complaint
		39.3 Additional Complaints
		39.4 With the Findings from the History, What Is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		39.5 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
		39.6 Findings of Clinical Examination
		39.7 What Is Your Clinical Differential Diagnosis?
		39.8 How Would You Exclude Other Conditions and Justify the Inclusion of the Diseases That You Have Mentioned in the Differential Diagnosis to Arrive at a Working Diagnosis?
		39.9 How Would You Investigate This Patient?
		39.10 How Would You Do an Incisional Biopsy for This Patient? What Are the Important Considerations?
		39.11 Biopsy Report Confirms the Previous Clinical Diagnosis of Mucormycosis. What Are the Histopathological Features That Help in the Diagnosis?
		39.12 What Is the Final Diagnosis?
		39.13 How Would You Manage This Patient?
		39.14 Mucormycosis
		Further Reading
	40: Deep-Seated Lump in the Buccal Mucosa: Dirofilariasis
		40.1 Main Complaint
		40.2 History of Complaint
		40.3 Additional Complaints
		40.4 With the Findings from the History, What is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		40.5 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
		40.6 Findings of Clinical Examination
		40.7 What is Your Clinical Differential Diagnosis?
		40.8 How Would You Justify the Inclusion of the Diseases Mentioned in the Differential Diagnosis to Arrive at a Working Diagnosis?
		40.9 How Would You Investigate This Patient?
		40.10 What is the Next Step in the Management of this Patient?
		40.11 What are the Histopathological Features Helpful to Arrive at the Definitive Diagnosis?
		40.12 What is the Most Likely Diagnosis?
		40.13 What are the Specific Histopathological Features of Dirofilaria?
		40.14 How Would You Manage This Patient?
		40.15 Oral Dirofilariasis
		Further Reading
	41: Inabilty to Wear Dentures: Denture-Induced Stomatitis
		41.1 Main Complaint
		41.2 History of Complaint
		41.3 Additional Complaints
		41.4 With the Findings from the History, What Is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		41.5 Findings on Clinical Examination
		41.6 How Would You Identify Poor Denture Hygiene If Deposits Are Not Visible Clinically?
		41.7 With the History and Clinical Findings, What Is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		41.8 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis?
		41.9 What Is the Most Likely Clinical Diagnosis and Your Justification?
		41.10 How Would You Investigate This Patient?
		41.11 How Would You Manage This Patient?
		41.12 Denture-Induced Stomatitis
			41.12.1 Prosthetic Factors
			41.12.2 Infectious Factors
		Further Reading
	42: Fever with Ulcers in the Mouth: Herpes Simplex Infection
		42.1 Main Complaint
		42.2 History of Complaint
		42.3 Additional Complaints
		42.4 With the Findings from the History, What is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		42.5 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
		42.6 Findings of Examination
		42.7 What Other Relevant Features Would You Look for with the Findings You Have So Far?
		42.8 What is Your Working Diagnosis After History Taking and Clinical Examination?
		42.9 How Would You Investigate This Patient?
		42.10 What is the Significance of Immune Status of the Patient?
		42.11 How Would You Manage This Patient?
		42.12 What is the Possible Complication of this Condition?
		42.13 Primary Herpetic Gingivostomatitis
		Further Reading
	43: Persistent Ulcer on the Tongue with Cough: Tuberculosis
		43.1 Main Complaint
		43.2 History of Complaint
		43.3 Additional Complaints
		43.4 With the Findings from the History, What Is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		43.5 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis after History Taking?
		43.6 Findings of Clinical Examination
		43.7 What Other Relevant Features Would You Look for with the Findings You Have So Far?
		43.8 What Is Your Clinical Differential Diagnosis?
		43.9 How Would You Justify the Inclusion of the Diseases That You Have Mentioned in the Differential Diagnosis to Arrive at a Working Diagnosis?
			43.9.1 Tuberculous Ulcer
			43.9.2 Deep Fungal Infection
			43.9.3 Oral Cancer
		43.10 How Would You Investigate This Patient?
		43.11 His Biopsy Report Confirms the Clinical Diagnosis of TB. What Are the Histopathological Features that Help in the Diagnosis?
		43.12 What Are the Findings Expected to be Seen in Other Investigations?
		43.13 How Would You Manage This Patient?
		43.14 Tuberculosis
		Further Reading
	44: Painful Swelling in the Face and Neck: Odontogenic Infection
		44.1 Main Complaint
		44.2 History of Complaint
		44.3 Past Dental, Medical, and Social History
		44.4 Clinical Examination
		44.5 What Is Your Differential Diagnosis with the Findings from the History and Clinical Examination? Justify the Inclusion of Different Entities
		44.6 What Is the Most Likely Clinical Diagnosis?
		44.7 How Would You Manage This Patient?
		44.8 What are the Necessary Investigations that Should Be Performed Out in a Logical Sequence?
			44.8.1 Laboratory Findings (On Admission to Hospital):
			44.8.2 Pulp Sensibility Test
			44.8.3 Dental Pantomography (DPT)
			44.8.4 Aspiration
			44.8.5 Computerised Tomography Scanning (CT)
		44.9 What Is the Definitive Diagnosis?
		44.10 What Specific Findings Help You to Arrive at the Definitive Diagnosis?
		44.11 How Would You Treat This Patient?
		44.12 What Is the Rationale for Treatment Provided?
		44.13 Follow-up and Prognosis
		44.14 Odontogenic Infections
			44.14.1 Definition and Epidemiology
			44.14.2 Clinical Presentation
			44.14.3 Principles of Management
			44.14.4 Assess the Severity and Decide the Setting of Care
			44.14.5 Determine the Level of Integrity of Host Defences
			44.14.6 Determine and Eliminate the Source of Infection
			44.14.7 Establish and Maintain Drainage
			44.14.8 Administer Appropriate Antibiotics as Necessary
			44.14.9 Support and Monitor General Health and Regularly Review Clinical Progress
			44.14.10 Follow-up Focused on Prevention
			44.14.11 Complications
		Further Reading
	45: Pain in the Lower Jaw with Numbness of the Lip: Osteomyelitis of the Mandible
		45.1 Main Complaint
		45.2 History of Complaint
		45.3 Past Medical History
		45.4 Past Dental History
		45.5 Social History and Family History
		45.6 With the Information From the History, What Is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		45.7 How Would You Justify your Differential Diagnosis after Taking the History?
		45.8 Findings of Clinical Examination
		45.9 What Is Your Clinical Differential Diagnosis?
		45.10 Explain the Justification for Your Clinical Differential Diagnosis
		45.11 What Is the Working Diagnosis?
		45.12 How Would You Investigate This Patient?
		45.13 What Is the Most Likely Diagnosis?
		45.14 How Would You Manage This Patient?
		45.15 What Are the Histopathological Findings of the Surgically Removed Lesional Tissue?
		45.16 Osteomyelitis
			45.16.1 The Zurich Classification of Osteomyelitis of the Jaws
		Further Reading
	46: Painless and Exposed Bone in the Maxilla: Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (MRONJ)
		46.1 Main Complaint
		46.2 History of Complaint
		46.3 Additional Complaints
		46.4 With the Findings From the History, What Is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		46.5 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
		46.6 Findings of Clinical Examination
		46.7 What Other Relevant Features Do You Look for with the Findings You Have So Far?
		46.8 What Is Your Clinical Differential Diagnosis?
		46.9 How Would You Exclude Other Conditions and Justify the Inclusion of the Diseases That You Have Mentioned in the Differential Diagnosis to Arrive at a Working Diagnosis?
			46.9.1 Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws (MRONJ)
			46.9.2 Osteoradionecrosis (ORN)
			46.9.3 Osteomyelitis
			46.9.4 Metastatic Lesion
			46.9.5 What Is the Most Likely Diagnosis?
			46.9.6 How Would You Investigate This Patient?
			46.9.7 A DPT Was Taken for This Patient. What Features Do You See in This DPT?
			46.9.8 Is Biopsy Always Necessary in All Cases?
			46.9.9 What Do You Expect to See If Biopsy Is Performed?
			46.9.10 How Would You Manage This Patient?
		46.10 Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws (MRONJ)
		Suggested Readings
XII: Oral Manifestations of Autoimmune Disorders
	47: Blisters and Ulcers on the Soft Palate: Pemphigus
		47.1 Main Complaint
		47.2 History of Complaint
		47.3 Additional Complaints
		47.4 With the Findings from the History, What Is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		47.5 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis after History Taking?
		47.6 Findings of Clinical Examination
		47.7 What Other Relevant Features Would You Look for with the Findings You Have So Far?
		47.8 What Is Your Clinical Differential Diagnosis?
		47.9 How Would You Justify the Inclusion of the Diseases That You Have Mentioned in the Differential Diagnosis to Arrive at a Working Diagnosis?
		47.10 What Is the Most Likely Diagnosis and Why?
		47.11 How Would You Investigate This Patient?
		47.12 How Would You Do an Incisional Biopsy for This Patient? What Are the Important Considerations?
		47.13 What Specific Histopathological Features Are Helpful to Arrive at the Definitive Diagnosis?
		47.14 What Is the Definitive Diagnosis?
		47.15 What Is the Treatment Protocol?
		47.16 Pemphigus Vulgaris
		Suggested Readings
	48: A Patient Presenting with Desquamative Gingivitis: Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid
		48.1 Main Complaint
		48.2 History of Complaint
		48.3 Additional Complaints
		48.4 With the Findings from the History, What is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		48.5 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
		48.6 Findings of Clinical Examination
		48.7 What Other Relevant Features Would You Look for with the Findings You Have So Far?
		48.8 What is Your Clinical Differential Diagnosis?
		48.9 How Would You Justify the Inclusion of the Diseases That You Have Mentioned in the Differential Diagnosis?
		48.10 What is the Most Likely Diagnosis and Why?
		48.11 How Would You Investigate This Patient?
		48.12 How Would You Do an Incisional Biopsy for This Patient? What are the Important Considerations?
		48.13 The Haematoxylin & Eosin Stained Sections from the Biopsy Showed a Subepithelial Blister. What Specific Histopathological Features and Immunofluorescence Findings are Helpful to Arrive at the Definitive Diagnosis?
		48.14 What is the Definitive Diagnosis?
		48.15 How Do You Manage This Patient?
		48.16 Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid
		Suggested Readings
XIII: Oral Manifestations of Hematological Disorders
	49: Multiple Reddish Swellings on the Gum: Leukemia
		49.1 Main Complaint
		49.2 History of Complaint
		49.3 Based on the Findings From the Patient's History, What Is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		49.4 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis Based on the History?
		49.5 What Are the Findings of the Clinical Examination?
		49.6 What Is Your Clinical Differential Diagnosis?
		49.7 How Would You Exclude Other Conditions and Justify the Inclusion of the Diseases That You Have Mentioned in the Differential Diagnosis to Arrive at a Working Diagnosis?
		49.8 What is the Most Likely Diagnosis?
		49.9 What Special Investigations Are Needed to Confirm Your Diagnosis?
		49.10 How Would You Do an Incisional Biopsy for This Patient? What Are the Important Considerations?
		49.11 What Other Relevant Features Would You Look for with Your Findings So Far?
		49.12 What Is the Definitive Diagnosis?
		49.13 How Would You Manage This Patient?
		49.14 Leukemia
			49.14.1 Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)
			49.14.2 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL)
			49.14.3 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
			49.14.4 Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
			49.14.5 Oral Manifestations of Leukemia
		49.15 Dentist's Role in Management
		Further Reading
	50: Generalized Weakness and Recurrent Ulcers on the Tongue: Anemia
		50.1 Main Complaint
		50.2 History of Complaint
		50.3 Past Medical History
		50.4 Past Dental History
		50.5 Social History
		50.6 What Is Your Differential Diagnosis with the Findings from the History?
		50.7 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis?
		50.8 What Are the Findings of Clinical Examination?
			50.8.1 Extra Oral
			50.8.2 Intraoral
		50.9 What Is Your Clinical Diagnosis?
		50.10 How Would You Exclude Other Conditions Leading to Oral Ulceration from Your Differential Diagnosis and Justify Your Clinical Diagnosis?
		50.11 How Do You Investigate the Patient to Confirm Your Diagnosis?
		50.12 What Is Your Definitive Diagnosis?
		50.13 What Are the Specific Findings That Help You to Confirm Your Definitive Diagnosis?
		50.14 How Would You Manage This Patient?
		50.15 Follow-up and Prognosis
		50.16 Oral Manifestations of Anemia
			50.16.1 Specific Oral Manifestations
		Suggested Reading
XIV: Granulomatous Disorders
	51: Generalized Swelling of the Lip: Orofacial Granulomatosis
		51.1 Main Complaint
		51.2 History of Complaint
		51.3 With the Findings from the History, What is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		51.4 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
		51.5 Findings of Examination
		51.6 What is Your Clinical Differential Diagnosis?
		51.7 How Would You Justify the Inclusion of the Diseases That You Have Mentioned in the Differential Diagnosis to Arrive at a Working Diagnosis?
		51.8 How Would You Investigate this Patient?
		51.9 What Are the Findings of the Investigations?
		51.10 What are the Histopathological Findings?
		51.11 Do any other Investigations Need to be Performed in Order to Arrive at the Definitive Diagnosis?
		51.12 What is the Definitive Diagnosis and Explain the Findings Which Helped You to Arrive at the Definitive Diagnosis?
		51.13 How Would You Manage This Patient?
		51.14 Orofacial Granulomatosis (OFG)
		Suggested Reading
	52: Swelling of the Lips and Shortness of Breath: Sarcoidosis
		52.1 Main Complaint
		52.2 History of Complaint
		52.3 Additional Complaints
		52.4 With the History Findings, What Is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		52.5 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
		52.6 Findings of Examination
		52.7 What Other Relevant Features Would You Look for Based on Your Current Findings?
		52.8 What Is Your Clinical/Working Diagnosis?
		52.9 How Would You Exclude Other Conditions and Justify Your Clinical/Working Diagnosis?
			52.9.1 Orofacial Granulomatosis (OFG)/Crohn’s Disease
			52.9.2 Sjogren Syndrome
			52.9.3 Sarcoidosis
		52.10 How Would You Investigate This Patient?
		52.11 How Would You Do a Lip Biopsy for This Patient?
		52.12 What Are the Histopathological Features Present in Sarcoidosis?
		52.13 How Would You Manage This Patient?
		52.14 Sarcoidosis
		Suggested Reading
XV: Neurological Disorders
	53: Asymmetry of Face: Bell’s Palsy
		53.1 Main Complaint
		53.2 Additional Complaints
		53.3 With the Findings from the History, What Is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		53.4 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
		53.5 Findings of Examination
		53.6 What Other Relevant Features Would You Look for with the Findings You Have So Far?
		53.7 What Is Your Clinical Diagnosis?
		53.8 How Would You Exclude Other Conditions and Justify the Inclusion of the Disease That You Have Mentioned in the Clinical Diagnosis to Arrive at a Working Diagnosis?
		53.9 What Is the Most Likely Diagnosis?
		53.10 How Would You Investigate This Patient?
		53.11 What Is the Final Diagnosis?
		53.12 How Would You Manage This Patient?
		53.13 Bell’s Palsy
		Further Reading
	54: Unbearable Pain in the Left Lower Jaw: Trigeminal Neuralgia
		54.1 Main Complaint
		54.2 History of Complaint
		54.3 Additional Complaints
		54.4 With the Findings from the History, What Is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		54.5 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
		54.6 Findings of Clinical Examination
		54.7 What Is Your Clinical Differential Diagnosis?
		54.8 How Would You Exclude Other Conditions and Justify the Inclusion of the Diseases That You Have Mentioned in the Differential Diagnosis to Arrive at a Working Diagnosis?
		54.9 What Is the Most Likely Diagnosis?
		54.10 How Would You Investigate This Patient?
		54.11 Trigeminal Neuralgia
		Suggested Reading
XVI: Temporomandibular Disorders
	55: Pain During Mouth Opening: Temporomandibular Disorders (Myalgia)
		55.1 Main Complaint
		55.2 History of Complaint
		55.3 Additional Complaints
		55.4 From the Clinical History, What Is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		55.5 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
		55.6 Findings of Examination
		55.7 What Is the Most Likely Diagnosis?
		55.8 How Do You Justify the Exclusion of the Diseases That You Have Mentioned in the Differential Diagnosis to Arrive at a Working Diagnosis?
			55.8.1 Dry Socket
			55.8.2 Pericoronitis
			55.8.3 Acute Periapical Periodontitis
			55.8.4 Cracked Tooth
			55.8.5 How Would You Investigate This Patient?
			55.8.6 How Would You Manage This Patient?
		55.9 Temporomandibular Disorders (TMDs)
		Suggested Reading
	56: Bilateral Pain in Front of The Ear During Mouth Opening: Temporomandibular Disorders (Disc Displacement Disorders)
		56.1 Main Complaint
		56.2 History of Complaint
		56.3 Additional Complaints
		56.4 With the Findings from the History, What Is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		56.5 Findings of Examination
		56.6 What Is the Most Likely Diagnosis?
		56.7 How Would You Investigate This Patient?
		56.8 How Would You Manage This Patient?
		56.9 Temporomandibular Joint Disorder (TMD): Disc Displacement Disorders
		Suggested Reading
XVII: Salivary Gland Disorders
	57: Dry Mouth and Dry Eyes: Sjogren Syndrome
		57.1 Main Complaint
		57.2 History of Complaint
		57.3 Past Medical History
		57.4 Past Dental History
		57.5 Social History
		57.6 Findings of Extraoral Examination
		57.7 Findings of Intraoral Examination
		57.8 What Is Your Provisional Diagnosis for This Patient? Give Reasons for Your Diagnosis?
		57.9 What Investigations Need to Be Carried out for This Patient?
		57.10 What Are the Histopathological Features of the Labial Salivary Gland Biopsy?
		57.11 What Is the Definitive Diagnosis for This Patient?
		57.12 What Specific Findings Help You to Arrive at the Diagnosis of SS (Clinical Findings and Investigations)?
		57.13 What Is the Management Plan for This Patient? Indicate the Rationale for Selecting a Particular Treatment Option If Many Available
		57.14 What Is the Prognosis of a Patient with SS?
		57.15 Sjogren Syndrome (SS)
		Suggested Reading
	58: Swelling over the Right Cheek: Pleomorphic Adenoma
		58.1 Main Complaint
		58.2 History of Complaint
		58.3 Additional Information
		58.4 With the Findings from the History, What is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		58.5 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
		58.6 Findings of Examination
		58.7 What is Your Provisional Clinical Diagnosis?
		58.8 What is the Justification for Your Provisional Clinical Diagnosis?
		58.9 How Would You Investigate This Patient?
		58.10 What is the Most Likely Diagnosis Based on Cytological Findings?
		58.11 How Would You Manage This Patient?
		58.12 The Specimen was sent for Histopathological Examination. What are the Features That Confirm the Diagnosis?
		58.13 What is Your Definitive Diagnosis Based on the Histopathological Findings?
		58.14 Pleomorphic Adenoma
		Suggested Reading
	59: Swelling in the Floor of the Mouth: Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
		59.1 Main Complaint
		59.2 History of Complaint
		59.3 Additional Complaints
		59.4 Past Medical/Dental and Social History
		59.5 With the Findings from the History, What Is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		59.6 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
		59.7 Findings of Clinical Examination
		59.8 What Other Relevant Features Are Evident?
		59.9 What Is Your Clinical Differential Diagnosis?
		59.10 How Would You Exclude Other Conditions and Justify the Inclusion of the Disease That You Have Mentioned in the Differential Diagnosis to Arrive at a Working Diagnosis?
		59.11 What Is the Most Likely Diagnosis?
			59.11.1 Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
			59.11.2 Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
			59.11.3 Polymorphous Adenocarcinoma
		59.12 How Would You Investigate This Patient?
		59.13 How Would You Perform FNAB and What Are the Important Considerations?
		59.14 What Cytopathological Features Would You Expect to See in This Lesion?
		59.15 What Would Be the Best Imaging Modality to Investigate This Lesion?
		59.16 How Would You Treat This Patient?
		59.17 What Are the Histopathological Features That You Would Expect to See in the Excised Specimen?
		59.18 Follow Up and Prognosis
		59.19 Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
		59.20 Diagnostic Algorithm
		Suggested Reading
	60: A Painless Swelling on the Left Cheek: Warthin Tumour
		60.1 Main Complaint
		60.2 History of Complaint
		60.3 Past Medical/Dental and Social History
		60.4 With the Findings from the History, What Is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		60.5 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
		60.6 Findings of Examination
		60.7 What Is Your Clinical Differential Diagnosis?
		60.8 How Would You Justify the Inclusion of the Diseases That You Have Mentioned in the Differential Diagnosis to Exclude Other Conditions?
			60.8.1 Pleomorphic Adenoma
			60.8.2 Warthin Tumour
		60.9 How Would You Investigate the Patient?
		60.10 What Is the Reason to Perform an FNAC Without Performing an Incisional Biopsy?
		60.11 The Cytology Report Confirms the Previous Clinical Diagnosis of Warthin Tumour. What Are the Cytological Features?
		60.12 What Would Be the Best Imaging Modality to Investigate This Lesion?
		60.13 How Would You Treat This Patient?
		60.14 What Are the Common Complications with Surgery to the Parotid Gland?
		60.15 What Histopathological Features Would You Expect to See in the Excision Specimen?
		60.16 Follow-Up and Prognosis
		60.17 Warthin Tumour
		60.18 Diagnostic Algorithm
		Suggested Reading
	61: Intermittent Pain and Swelling in the Floor of the Mouth: Sialolithiasis
		61.1 Main Complaint
		61.2 History of Complaint
		61.3 Additional Complaints
		61.4 With the Findings from the History, What is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		61.5 How do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis after History Taking?
		61.6 Findings of Examination
		61.7 What is Your Clinical Differential Diagnosis?
		61.8 How would You Justify Your Clinical Diagnosis?
		61.9 What are the Investigations that should be Carried Out in Logical Sequence?
		61.10 What are the Findings of Investigations?
		61.11 What is the Definitive Diagnosis?
		61.12 How would You Manage This Patient?
		61.13 Sialolithiasis
		61.14 Differential Diagnosis of Sialolithiasis
		61.15 Diagnostic Algorithm for Salivary Calculi
		Suggested Reading
	62: A Lump on the Palate: Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
		62.1 Main Complaint
		62.2 History of Complaint
		62.3 Past Medical, Dental and Social History
		62.4 With the Findings from the History, What Is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		62.5 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
		62.6 Findings of Examination
		62.7 What Other Relevant Features Would You Look for with the Findings You Have So Far?
		62.8 What Is Your Clinical Differential Diagnosis?
		62.9 How Would You Exclude Other Conditions and Justify the Inclusion of the Diseases that You Have Mentioned in the Differential Diagnosis to Arrive at a Working Diagnosis?
			62.9.1 Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma (MEC)
			62.9.2 Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
			62.9.3 Polymorphous Adenocarcinoma
			62.9.4 Pleomorphic Adenoma
		62.10 What Is the Most Likely Diagnosis?
		62.11 How Would You Investigate This Patient?
		62.12 How Would You Biopsy the Lesion? What Are the Important Considerations?
		62.13 Biopsy Report Confirms the Previous Clinical Diagnosis of Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma. What Are the Histopathological Features that Will Help in the Diagnosis?
		62.14 What Would Be the Best Imaging Modality to Investigate This Lesion?
		62.15 How Would You Manage This Patient?
		62.16 Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
		62.17 Diagnostic Algorithm
		Suggested Reading
XVIII: Orofacial Syndromes
	63: Multiple Asymptomatic Cysts in the Jaws: Naevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome
		63.1 Main Complaint
		63.2 History of Complaint
		63.3 Additional Complaints
		63.4 With the Findings from the History, What Is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		63.5 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis After History Taking?
		63.6 Findings of Clinical Examination
		63.7 What Other Relevant Features Would You Look for with the Findings You Have So Far?
		63.8 What Is Your Clinical Differential Diagnosis?
		63.9 How Would You Exclude Other Conditions and Justify the Inclusion of the Diseases That You Have Mentioned in the Differential Diagnosis to Arrive at a Working Diagnosis?
			63.9.1 Odontogenic Cyst with Possible Gorlin-Goltz Syndrome (GGS)
			63.9.2 Odontogenic Tumours
			63.9.3 Pathology of the Maxillary Sinus
		63.10 What Is the Most Likely Diagnosis?
		63.11 How Would You Investigate This Patient?
		63.12 What Findings Would You Expect from the Above Investigations?
		63.13 What Are the Histopathological Features of the Biopsy from the Cystic Lesion?
		63.14 How Would You Confirm the Diagnosis of GGS?
		63.15 What Other Additional Investigations Would You Perform?
		63.16 How Would You Manage This Patient?
		63.17 Gorlin-Goltz Syndrome (GGS)
		63.18 Diagnostic Algorithm
		Suggested Reading
	64: A Hard Lump at the Back of the Lower Jaw: Gardner Syndrome
		64.1 Main Complaint
		64.2 History of Complaint
		64.3 Additional Complaints
		64.4 Findings of Clinical Examination
		64.5 What Other Relevant Features Would You Look for with the Findings You Have So Far?
		64.6 With The Findings From The History And Clinical Examination, What is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		64.7 How Do You Justify Your Differential Diagnosis?
		64.8 What Is the Most Likely Clinical Diagnosis?
		64.9 How Would You Investigate This Patient?
		64.10 What Are the Investigation Indings?
		64.11 What Is the Importance of Investigating Intestinal Symptoms in a Suspected Patient with GS?
		64.12 How Do You Confirm the Diagnosis of GS?
		64.13 What Is Your Definitive Diagnosis?
		64.14 How Would You Manage This Patient?
		64.15 What Histopathological Features Would You Expect to See in the Excised Lesion?
		64.16 Gardner Syndrome (GS)
		64.17 Management Algorithm of GS
		Suggested Reading
XIX: Forensic Odontology
	65: 
Burning Sensation of the Tongue: Burning Mouth Syndrome
		65.1 Main Complaint
		65.2 History of Complaint
		65.3 Additional Information
		65.4 With the Findings from the History, What is Your Differential Diagnosis?
		65.5 Findings of Examination
		65.6 What is Your Provisional Clinical Diagnosis?
		65.7 How Would You Exclude Other Conditions and Justify the Inclusion of the Disease That You Have Mentioned as the Diagnosis?
			65.7.1 Oral Mucosal Lesions/Diseases
			65.7.2 Oral Candidiasis
			65.7.3 Local Trauma
			65.7.4 Hyposalivation
			65.7.5 Endocrine-Related Disorders
			65.7.6 Nutritional Deficiency
			65.7.7 Medications
		65.8 How Would You Investigate This Patient?
		65.9 What is Your Definitive Diagnosis Based on the Clinical and Laboratory Results/Findings?
		65.10 How Would You Manage This Patient?
		65.11 Burning Mouth Syndrome
			65.11.1 Management
			65.11.2 Topical
			65.11.3 Systemic
			65.11.4 Others
		Suggested Reading
	66: Forensic Age Estimation: Forensic Odontology
		66.1 Main Complaint
		66.2 History of Complaint
		66.3 Past Dental and Medical History
		66.4 Family History
		66.5 Social History
		66.6 Examination
		66.7 What is the Protocol of Conducting Dental Age Estimation?
		66.8 Why is Obtaining Personal Information of a Person Important?
		66.9 What is the Type of Radiograph Taken for Dental Age Estimation?
		66.10 Radiographic Findings
			66.10.1 Mr X
			66.10.2 Mr Y
			66.10.3 Analysis
				66.10.3.1 Mr X
				66.10.3.2 Mr Y
			66.10.4 Results
				66.10.4.1 Mr X
				66.10.4.2 Mr Y
			66.10.5 Conclusion
		66.11 Forensic Age Estimation
			66.11.1 Dental Age Estimation of Infants, Children and Adolescents
				66.11.1.1 Histological Assessment
				66.11.1.2 Atlas of Tooth Development
				66.11.1.3 Radiographic Assessment
				66.11.1.4 Measuring the Apical Foramen of Developing Teeth
				66.11.1.5 Third Molar Development
			66.11.2 Dental Age Estimation of Adults
				66.11.2.1 Secondary Dentin Formation
				66.11.2.2 Attrition
				66.11.2.3 Root Transparency
				66.11.2.4 Cementum Annulations
				66.11.2.5 Aspartic Acid Racemisation
				66.11.2.6 DNA Methylation
			66.11.3 Conclusion
		Suggested Reading
Index