Clinically Oriented Anatomy

Cover
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
	Key Features
	Extensive Art Program
	Clinical Blue Boxes
	The Bottom Line Summaries
	Anatomy Described in a Practical, Functional Context
	Surface Anatomy and Medical Imaging
	Videos, Case Studies, and Board Review-style Questions
	Terminology
	Retained and Improved Features
	Commitment to Educating Students
	Abbreviations
Acknowledgments
Contents
List of Clinical Blue Boxes
List of Tables
Figure Credits
Chapter 1: Overview and Basic Concepts
	Approaches to Studying Anatomy
		Regional Anatomy
		Systemic Anatomy
		Clinical Anatomy
	Anatomicomedical Terminology
		Anatomical Position
		Anatomical Planes
		Terms of Relationship and Comparison
		Terms of Laterality
		Terms of Movement
	Anatomical Variations
	Integumentary System
		Clinical Box: Integumentary System
			Skin Color Signs in Physical Diagnosis
			Skin Incisions and Scarring
			Stretch Marks in Skin
			Skin Injuries and Wounds
	Fascias, Fascial Compartments, Bursae, and Potential Spaces
		Clinical Box: Fascias
			Fascial Planes and Surgery
	Skeletal System
		Cartilage and Bones
		Classifcation of Bones
		Bone Markings and Formations
		Bone Development
		Vasculature and Innervation of Bones
			Clinical Box: Bones
				Accessory (Supernumerary) Bones
				Heterotopic Bones
				Trauma to Bone and Bone Changes
				Osteoporosis
				Sternal Puncture
				Bone Growth and Assessment of Bone Age
				Effects of Disease and Diet on Bone Growth
				Displacement and Separation of Epiphyses
				Avascular Necrosis
		Joints
			Classification of Joints
			Joint Vasculature and Innervation
	Muscle Tissue and Muscular System
		Types of Muscle (muscle Tissue)
		Skeletal Muscles
			Form, Features, and Naming of Muscles
			Contraction of Muscles
			Functions of Muscles
			Nerves and Arteries to Muscles
			Clinical Box: Skeletal Muscles
				Muscle Testing
				Muscle Dysfunction and Paralysis
				Absence of Muscle Tone
				Muscle Soreness and “pulled” Muscles
				Growth and Regeneration of Skeletal Muscle
		Cardiac Striated Muscle
		Smooth Muscle
		Clinical Box: Cardiac and Smooth Muscle
			Hypertrophy of the Myocardium and Myocardial Infarction
			Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia of Smooth Muscle
	Cardiovascular System
		Vascular Circuits
		Blood Vessels
			Arteries
			Veins
			Blood Capillaries
		Clinical Box: Cardiovascular System
			Arteriosclerosis: Ischemia and Infarction
			Varicose Veins
	Lymphoid System
	Nervous System
		Central Nervous System
		Peripheral Nervous System
			Types of Nerves
			Somatic and Visceral Fibers
		Clinical Box: Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
			Damage to the CNS
			Rhizotomy
			Nerve Degeneration and Ischemia of Nerves
		Somatic Nervous System
		Autonomic Nervous System
			Sympathetic (thoracolumbar) Division of Autonomic Nervous System
			Parasympathetic (craniosacral) Division of Autonomic Nervous System
			Enteric Nervous System
			Functions of Divisions of Autonomic Nervous System
			Visceral Sensation
	Medical Imaging Techniques
		Conventional Radiography
		Computed Tomography
		Ultrasonography
		Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		Nuclear Medicine Imaging
Chapter 2: Back
	Overview of Back and Vertebral Column
	Vertebrae
		Structure and Function of Vertebrae
		Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae
		Ossifcation of Vertebrae
		Variations in Vertebrae
		Clinical Box: Vertebrae
			Vertebral Body Osteoporosis
			Laminectomy
			Dislocation of Cervical Vertebrae
			Fracture and Dislocation of Atlas
			Fracture and Dislocation of Axis
			Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
			Cervical Ribs
			Caudal Epidural Anesthesia
			Injury of Coccyx
			Abnormal Fusion of Vertebrae
			Effect of Aging on Vertebrae
			Anomalies of Vertebrae
	Vertebral Column
		Joints of Vertebral Column
		Movements of Vertebral Column
		Curvatures of Vertebral Column
		Vasculature of Vertebral Column
		Nerves of Vertebral Column
		Clinical Box: Vertebral Column
			Aging of Intervertebral Discs
			Back Pain
			Herniation of Nucleus Pulposus (herniation of IV Disc)
			Spinal Fusion and Intervertebral Disc Replacement
			Injury and Disease of Zygapophysial Joints
			Fractures and Dislocations of Vertebrae
			Fracture of Dens of Axis
			Rupture of Transverse Ligament of Atlas
			Rupture of Alar Ligaments
			Abnormal Curvatures of Vertebral Column
	Muscles of Back
		Extrinsic Back Muscles
		Intrinsic Back Muscles
		Surface Anatomy of Back Muscles
		Suboccipital and Deep Neck Muscles
		Clinical Box: Muscles of Back
			Back Strains, Sprains, and Spasms
			Reduced Blood Supply to the Brainstem
	Contents of Vertebral Canal
		Spinal Cord
		Spinal Nerves and Nerve Roots
		Spinal Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
			Spinal Dura Mater
			Spinal Arachnoid Mater
			Spinal Pia Mater
			Subarachnoid Space
		Vasculature of Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerve Roots
			Arteries of Spinal Cord and Nerve Roots
			Veins of Spinal Cord
		Clinical Box: Contents of Vertebral Canal
			Compression of Lumbar Spinal Nerve Roots
			Myelography
			Development of Meninges and Subarachnoid Space
			Lumbar Spinal Puncture
			Spinal Anesthesia
			Epidural Anesthesia (Blocks)
			Ischemia of Spinal Cord
			Spinal Cord Injuries
Chapter 3: Upper Limb
	Overview of Upper Limb
	Comparison of Upper and Lower Limbs
	Bones of Upper Limb
		Clavicle
		Scapula
		Humerus
		Bones of Forearm
			Ulna
			Radius
		Bones of Hand
			Ossification of Bones of Hand
		Surface Anatomy of Upper Limb Bones
		Clinical Box: Bones of Upper Limb
			Fracture of Clavicle
			Ossifcation of Clavicle
			Fracture of Scapula
			Fractures of Humerus
			Fractures of Radius and Ulna
			Fracture of Scaphoid
			Fracture of Hamate
			Fracture of Metacarpals
			Fracture of Phalanges
	Fascia, Efferent Vessels, Cutaneous Innervation, and Myotomes of Upper Limb
		Fascia of Upper Limb
		Venous Drainage of Upper Limb
			Superficial Veins of Upper Limb
			Deep Veins of Upper Limb
		Lymphatic Drainage of Upper Limb
		Cutaneous Innervation of Upper Limb
		Motor Innervation (myotomes) of Upper Limb
	Pectoral and Scapular Regions
		Anterior Axio-appendicular Muscles
		Posterior Axio-Appendicular and Scapulohumeral Muscles
			Superficial Posterior Axio-Appendicular (Extrinsic Shoulder) Muscles
			Deep Posterior Axio-Appendicular (Extrinsic Shoulder) Muscles
			Scapulohumeral (Intrinsic Shoulder) Muscles
			Rotator Cuff Muscles
		Surface Anatomy of Pectoral, Scapular, and Deltoid Regions
		Clinical Box: Pectoral, Scapular, and Deltoid Regions
		Congenital Absence of a Body Part, Organ, or Tissue (Agenesis)
		Injury of Long Thoracic Nerve and Paralysis of Serratus Anterior
		Triangle of Auscultation
		Injury of Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI)
		Injury of Thoracodorsal Nerve
		Injury to Dorsal Scapular Nerve
		Injury to Axillary Nerve
		Fracture–Dislocation of Proximal Humeral Epiphysis
		Rotator Cuff Injuries
	Axilla
		Axillary Artery
		Axillary Vein
		Axillary Lymph Nodes
		Brachial Plexus
		Clinical Box: Axilla
		Arterial Anastomoses Around Scapula
		Compression of Axillary Artery
		Aneurysm of Axillary Artery
		Injuries to Axillary Vein
		The Axillary Vein in Subclavian Vein Puncture
		Infection of Axillary Lymph Nodes
		Dissection of Axillary Lymph Nodes
		Variations of Brachial Plexus
		Brachial Plexus Injuries
		Brachial Plexus Block
	Arm
		Muscles of Arm
			Biceps Brachii
			Brachialis
			Coracobrachialis
			Triceps Brachii
			Anconeus
		Brachial Artery
			Profunda Brachii Artery
			Humeral Nutrient Artery
			Superior Ulnar Collateral Artery
			Inferior Ulnar Collateral Artery
		Veins of Arm
			Superficial Veins
			Deep Veins
		Nerves of Arm
			Musculocutaneous Nerve
			Radial Nerve
			Median Nerve
			Ulnar Nerve
		Cubital Fossa
		Surface Anatomy of Arm and Cubital Fossa
		Clinical Box: Arm and Cubital Fossa
			Bicipital Myotatic Reflex
			Biceps Tendinitis/tendinosis
			Dislocation of Tendon of Long Head of Biceps Brachii
			Rupture of Tendon of Long Head of Biceps Brachii
			Interruption of Blood Flow in Brachial Artery
			Nerve Injury in Fracture of Humeral Shaft
			Injury to Musculocutaneous Nerve
			Injury to Radial Nerve in Arm
			Venipuncture in Cubital Fossa
	Forearm
		Compartments of Forearm
		Muscles of Forearm
			Flexor–Pronator Muscles of Forearm
			Extensor Muscles of Forearm
		Arteries of Forearm
			Ulnar Artery
			Radial Artery
		Veins of Forearm
			Superficial Veins
			Deep Veins
		Nerves of Forearm
			Median Nerve in Forearm
			Ulnar Nerve in Forearm
			Radial Nerve in Forearm
			Lateral and Medial Cutaneous Nerves of Forearm
		Surface Anatomy of Forearm
		Clinical Box: Forearm
			Elbow Tendinitis/Tendinosis or Lateral Epicondylitis
			Mallet or Baseball Finger
			Fracture of Olecranon
			Synovial Cyst of Wrist
			High Division of Brachial Artery
			Superfcial Ulnar Artery
			Measuring Pulse Rate
			Variations in Origin of Radial Artery
			Median Nerve Injury
			Pronator Syndrome
			Communications Between Median and Ulnar Nerves
			Injury of Ulnar Nerve at Elbow and in Forearm
			Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
			Injury of Radial Nerve in Forearm (Superficial or Deep Branches)
	Hand
		Fascia and Compartments of Palm
		Muscles of Hand
			Thenar Muscles
			Adductor Pollicis
			Hypothenar Muscles
			Short Muscles of Hand
		Long Flexor Tendons and Tendon Sheaths in Hand
		Arteries of Hand
			Ulnar Artery in Hand
			Radial Artery in Hand
		Veins of Hand
		Nerves of Hand
			Median Nerve in Hand
			Ulnar Nerve in Hand
			Radial Nerve in Hand
		Surface Anatomy of Hand
		Clinical Box: Hand
		Dupuytren Contracture of Palmar Fascia
		Hand Infections
		Tenosynovitis
		Laceration of Palmar Arches
		Ischemia of Digits (Fingers)
		Lesions of Median Nerve
			Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
			Trauma to Median Nerve
		Ulnar Canal Syndrome
		Handlebar Neuropathy
		Radial Nerve Injury in Arm and Hand Disability
		Dermatoglyphics
		Palmar Wounds and Surgical Incisions
	Joints of Upper Limb
		Sternoclavicular Joint
			Articulation of Sternoclavicular Joint
			Joint Capsule of Sternoclavicular Joint
			Ligaments of Sternoclavicular Joint
			Movements of Sternoclavicular Joint
			Blood Supply of Sternoclavicular Joint
			Nerve Supply of Sternoclavicular Joint
		Acromioclavicular Joint
			Articulation of Acromioclavicular Joint
			Joint Capsule of Acromioclavicular Joint
			Ligaments of Acromioclavicular Joint
			Movements of Acromioclavicular Joint
			Blood Supply of Acromioclavicular Joint
			Nerve Supply of Acromioclavicular Joint
		Glenohumeral Joint
			Articulation of Glenohumeral Joint
			Joint Capsule of Glenohumeral Joint
			Ligaments of Glenohumeral Joint
			Movements of Glenohumeral Joint
			Muscles Moving Glenohumeral Joint
			Blood Supply of Glenohumeral Joint
			Innervation of Glenohumeral Joint
			Bursae Around Glenohumeral Joint
			Subtendinous Bursa of Subscapularis
			Subacromial Bursa
		Elbow Joint
			Articulation of Elbow Joint
			Joint Capsule of Elbow Joint
			Ligaments of Elbow Joint
			Movements of Elbow Joint
			Muscles Moving Elbow Joint
			Blood Supply of Elbow Joint
			Nerve Supply of Elbow Joint
			Bursae Around Elbow Joint
		Proximal Radio-Ulnar Joint
			Articulation of Proximal Radio-Ulnar Joint
			Joint Capsule of Proximal Radio-Ulnar Joint
			Ligaments of Proximal Radio-Ulnar Joint
			Movements of Proximal Radio-Ulnar Joint
			Muscles Moving Proximal Radio-Ulnar joint
			Blood Supply of Proximal Radio-Ulnar joint
			Innervation of Proximal Radio-Ulnar Joint
		Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint
			Articulation of Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint
			Joint Capsule of Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint
			Ligaments of Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint
			Ligaments of Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint
			Movements of Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint
			Muscles Moving Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint
			Blood Supply of Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint
			Innervation of Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint
		Wrist Joint
			Articulation of Wrist Joint
			Joint Capsule of Wrist Joint
			Ligaments of Wrist Joint
			Movements of Wrist Joint
			Muscles Moving Wrist Joint
			Blood Supply of Wrist Joint
			Innervation of Wrist Joint
		Intercarpal Joints
			Joint Capsule of Intercarpal Joints
			Ligaments of Intercarpal Joints
			Movements of Intercarpal Joints
			Blood Supply of Intercarpal Joints
			Innervation of Intercarpal Joints
		Carpometacarpal and Intermetacarpal Joints
			Articulations of Carpometacarpal and Intermetacarpal Joints
			Joint Capsule of Carpometacarpal and Intermetacarpal Joints
			Ligaments of Carpometacarpal and Intermetacarpal Joints
			Movements of Carpometacarpal and Intermetacarpal Joints
			Blood Supply of Carpometacarpal and Intermetacarpal Joints
			Innervation of Carpometacarpal and Intermetacarpal Joints
		Metacarpophalangeal and Interphalangeal Joints
			Articulations of Metacarpophalangealand Interphalangeal Joints
			Joint Capsules of Metacarpophalangealand Interphalangeal Joints
			Ligaments of Metacarpophalangeal and Interphalangeal Joints
			Movements of Metacarpophalangeal and Interphalangeal Joints
			Blood Supply of Metacarpal and Interphalangeal Joints
			Innervation of Metacarpal and Interphalangeal Joints
		Clinical Box: Joints of Upper Limb
			Dislocation of Sternoclavicular Joint
			Ankylosis of Sternoclavicular Joint
			Dislocation of Acromioclavicular Joint
			Calcific Tendinitis of Shoulder
			Rotator Cuff Injuries
			Dislocation of Glenohumeral Joint
			Glenoid Labrum Tears
			Adhesive Capsulitis of Glenohumeral Joint
			Bursitis of Elbow
			Avulsion of Medial Epicondyle
			Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction
			Dislocation of Elbow Joint
			Subluxation and Dislocation of Radial Head
			Wrist Fractures and Dislocations
			Bull Rider’s Thumb
			Skier’s Thumb
Chapter 4: Thorax
	Overview of Thorax
	Thoracic Wall
		Skeleton of Thoracic Wall
			Ribs, Costal Cartilages, and Intercostal Spaces
			Thoracic Vertebrae
			The Sternum
		Thoracic Apertures
			Superior Thoracic Aperture
			Inferior Thoracic Aperture
		Joints of Thoracic Wall
			Costovertebral Joints
			Sternocostal Joints
		Movements of Thoracic Wall
		Clinical Box: Thoracic Wall
			Chest Pain
			Rib Fractures
			Flail Chest
			Thoracotomy, Intercostal Space Incisions, and Rib Excision
			Supernumerary Ribs
			Protective Function and Aging of Costal Cartilages
			Ossifed Xiphoid Process
			Sternal Fractures
			Median Sternotomy
			Sternal Biopsy
			Sternal Anomalies
			Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
			Dislocation of Ribs
			Separation of Ribs
			Paralysis of Diaphragm
		Muscles of Thoracic Wall
		Fascia of Thoracic Wall
		Nerves of Thoracic Wall
			Typical Intercostal Nerves
			Atypical Intercostal Nerves
		Vasculature of Thoracic Wall
			Arteries of Thoracic Wall
			Veins of Thoracic Wall
		Breasts
			Female Breasts
			Vasculature of Breast
			Nerves of Breast
			Clinical Box: Breasts
				Changes in Breasts
				Breast Quadrants
				Carcinoma of the Breast
				Visualizing Breast Structure and Pathology
				Surgical Incisions of Breast and Surgical Removal of Breast Pathology
				Polymastia, Polythelia, and Amastia
				Breast Cancer in Men
				Gynecomastia
		Clinical Box: Muscles and Neurovasculature of Thoracic Wall
			Dyspnea: Difficult Breathing
			Extrapleural Intrathoracic Surgical Access
			Herpes Zoster Infection of Spinal Ganglia
			Intercostal Nerve Block
		Surface Anatomy of Thoracic Wall
	Viscera of Thoracic Cavity
		Pleurae, Lungs, and Tracheobronchial Tree
			Pleurae
			Lungs
			Tracheobronchial Tree
			Vasculature of Lungs and Pleurae
			Nerves of Lungs and Pleurae
			Surface Anatomy of Pleurae and Lungs
			Clinical Box: Pleurae, Lungs, and Tracheobronchial Tree
				Injuries of Cervical Pleura and Apex of Lung
				Injury to Other Parts of Pleurae
				Pulmonary Collapse
				Pneumothorax, Hydrothorax, and Hemothorax
				Thoracentesis
				Insertion of a Chest Tube
				Pleurectomy and Pleurodesis
				Thoracoscopy
				Pleuritis (Pleurisy)
				Variations in Lobes of Lung
				Appearance of Lungs and Inhalation of Carbon Particles and Irritants
				Auscultation of Lungs and Percussion of Thorax
				Aspiration of Foreign Bodies
				Bronchoscopy
				Lung Resections
				Segmental Atelectasis
				Pulmonary Embolism
				Lymphatic Drainage and Pleural Adhesion
				Hemoptysis
				Bronchogenic Carcinoma
				Lung Cancer and Mediastinal Nerves
				Pleural Pain
				Chest X-ray
		Overview of Mediastinum
		Pericardium
		Clinical Box: Mediastinum Overview and Pericardium
			Levels of Viscera Relative to Mediastinal Divisions
			Mediastinoscopy and Mediastinal Biopsies
			Widening of Mediastinum
			Surgical Signifcance of Transverse Pericardial Sinus
			Exposure of Venae Cavae
			Pericarditis, Pericardial Rub, and Pericardial Effusion
			Cardiac Tamponade
			Pericardiocentesis
			Positional Abnormalities of Heart
		Heart
			Right Atrium
			Right Ventricle
			Left Atrium
			Left Ventricle
			Semilunar Valves
			Vasculature of Heart
			Stimulating, Conducting, and Regulating Systems of Heart
			Clinical Box: Heart
				Cardiac Catheterization
				Embryology of Right Atrium
				Septal Defects
					Atrial Septal Defects
					Ventricular Septal Defects
				Percussion of Heart
				Stroke or Cerebrovascular Accident
				Basis for Naming Cusps and Sinuses of Aortic and Pulmonary Valves
				Valvular Heart Disease
					Mitral Valve Insufficiency (Mitral Valve Prolapse)
					Pulmonary Valve Stenosis
					Pulmonary Valve Incompetence
					Aortic Valve Stenosis
					Aortic Valve Insufficiency
				Echocardiography
				Coronary Angiography
				Coronary Artery Disease or Coronary Heart Disease
					Myocardial Infarction
					Coronary Atherosclerosis
					Slowly Progressive Coronary Artery Disease
				Angina Pectoris
				Coronary Bypass Graft
				Coronary Angioplasty
				Collateral Circulation Via the Smallest Cardiac Veins
				Electrocardiography
				Coronary Occlusion and Conducting System of Heart
				Artifcial Cardiac Pacemaker
				Restarting Heart
				Fibrillation of Heart
				Defbrillation of Heart
				Cardiac Referred Pain
		Superior Mediastinum and Great Vessels
			Thymus
			Great Vessels
			Nerves in the Superior Mediastinum
			Trachea
			Esophagus
		Posterior Mediastinum
			Thoracic Aorta
			Esophagus
			Thoracic Duct and Lymphatic Trunks
			Vessels and Lymph Nodes of Posterior Mediastinum
			Nerves of Posterior Mediastinum
		Anterior Mediastinum
		Surface Anatomy of Heart and Mediastinal Viscera
		Auscultatory Areas
		Clinical Box: Superior, Posterior, and Anterior Mediastinum
			Variations of Great Arteries
				Branches of Arch of Aorta
				Anomalies of Arch of Aorta
			Aneurysm of Ascending Aorta
			Coarctation of Aorta
			Injury to Recurrent Laryngeal Nerves
			Blockage of Esophagus
			Laceration of Thoracic Duct
			Variations of Thoracic Duct
			Alternate Venous Routes to Heart
			Age Changes in Thymus
			Aortic Angiography
			Radiography of Mediastinum
			CT and MRI of Mediastinum
Chapter 5: Abdomen
	Overview: Walls, Cavities, Regions, and Planes
	Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
		Fascia of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
		Muscles of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
			External Oblique Muscle
			Internal Oblique Muscle
			Transversus Abdominis Muscle
			Rectus Abdominis Muscle
			Pyramidalis
			Rectus Sheath, Linea Alba, and Umbilical Ring
			Functions and Actions of Anterolateral Abdominal Muscles
		Neurovasculature of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
			Dermatomes of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
			Nerves of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
			Vessels of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
		Clinical Box: Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
			Fascia and Muscles of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
				Clinical Signifcance of Fascia and Fascial Spaces of Abdominal Wall
				Protuberance of Abdomen
				Abdominal Hernias
			Neurovasculature of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
				Palpation of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
				Superficial Abdominal Reflexes
				Injury to Nerves of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
				Abdominal Surgical Incisions
					Longitudinal Incisions
					Oblique and Transverse Incisions
					High-Risk Incisions
					Incisional Hernia
					Minimally Invasive (Endoscopic) Surgery
				Reversal of Venous Flow and Collateral Pathways of Superficial Abdominal Veins
		Internal Surface of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
		Inguinal Region
			Inguinal Ligament and Iliopubic Tract
			Inguinal Canal
		Spermatic Cord, Scrotum, and Testes
			Spermatic Cord
			Scrotum
			Testes
		Surface Anatomy of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
		Clinical Box: Internal Surface of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall and Inguinal Region. Spermatic Cord, Scrotum, and Testes
			Internal Surface of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall and Inguinal Region
				Undescended (Cryptorchid) Testis
				Postnatal Patency of Umbilical Vein
				Metastasis of Uterine Cancer to Labium Majus
			Spermatic Cord, Scrotum, and Testes
				Inguinal Hernias
				Cremasteric Reflex
				Cysts and Hernias of the Processus Vaginalis
				Hydrocele of Spermatic Cord and/or Testis
				Hematocele of Testis
				Torsion of Spermatic Cord
				Anesthetizing Scrotum
				Spermatocele and Epididymal Cyst
				Vestigial Remnants of Embryonic Genital Ducts
				Varicocele
				Cancer of Testis and Scrotum
	Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity
		Embryology of Peritoneal Cavity
		Peritoneal Formations
		Subdivisions of Peritoneal Cavity
		Clinical Box: Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity
			Patency and Blockage of Uterine Tubes
			The Peritoneum and Surgical Procedures
			Peritonitis and Ascites
			Peritoneal Adhesions and Adhesiotomy
			Abdominal Paracentesis
			Peritoneal Dialysis
			Functions of Greater Omentum
			Abscess Formation
			Spread of Pathological Fluids
			Flow of Ascitic Fluid and Pus
			Fluid in Omental Bursa
			Internal Hernia Through Omental Foramen
			Temporary Control of Hemorrhage From Cystic Artery
	Abdominaldominal Visceraisc
		Overview of Abdominal Viscera and Digestive Tract
		Esophagus
		Stomach
			Position, Parts, and Surface Anatomy of Stomach
			Interior of Stomach
			Relations of Stomach
			Vessels and Nerves of Stomach
		Small Intestine
			Duodenum
			Jejunum and Ileum
		Large Intestine
			Cecum and Appendix
			Colon
			Rectum and Anal Canal
		Clinical Box
			Esophagus and Stomach
				Esophageal Varices
				Pyrosis
				Bariatric Surgery
				Displacement of Stomach
				Hiatal Hernia
				Pylorospasm
				Congenital Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
				Carcinoma of Stomach
				Gastrectomy and Lymph Node Resection
				Gastric Ulcers, Peptic Ulcers, Helicobacter Pylori, and Vagotomy
				Visceral Referred Pain
			Small and Large Intestine
				Duodenal Ulcers
				Developmental Changes in Mesoduodenum
				Paraduodenal Hernias
				Brief Review of Embryological Rotation of Midgut
				Navigating Small Intestine
				Ischemia of Intestine
				Ileal Diverticulum
				Position of Appendix
				Appendicitis
				Appendectomy
				Mobile Ascending Colon
				Colitis, Colectomy, Ileostomy, and Colostomy
				Colonoscopy, Sigmoidoscopy, and Colorectal Cancer
				Diverticulosis
				Volvulus of Sigmoid Colon
		Spleen
		Pancreas
		Liver
			Surface Anatomy, Surfaces, Peritoneal Reflections, and Relationships of Liver
			Anatomical Lobes of Liver
			Functional Subdivision of Liver
			Blood Vessels of Liver
			Lymphatic Drainage and Innervation of Liver
		Biliary Ducts and Gallbladder
			Bile Duct
			Gallbladder
			Hepatic Portal Vein and Portal–Systemic Anastomoses
		Clinical Box: Spleen and Pancreas. Liver, Biliary Ducts, and Gallbladder
			Spleen and Pancreas
				Rupture of Spleen
				Splenectomy and Splenomegaly
				Accessory Spleen(s) and Splenosis
				Splenic Needle Biopsy and Splenoportography
				Blockage of Hepatopancreatic Ampulla and Pancreatitis
				Cholangiopancreatography
				Accessory Pancreatic Tissue
				Rupture of Pancreas
				Subtotal Pancreatectomy
				Pancreatic Cancer
			Liver, Biliary Ducts, and Gallbladder
				Palpation of Liver
				Subphrenic Abscesses
				Hepatic Lobectomies and Segmentectomy
				Rupture of Liver
				Aberrant Hepatic Arteries
				Variations in Relationships of Hepatic Arteries
				Hepatomegaly
				Cirrhosis of Liver
				Liver Biopsy
				Mobile Gallbladder
				Variations in Cystic and Hepatic Ducts
				Accessory Hepatic Ducts
				Gallstones
				Gallstones in Duodenum
				Cholecystectomy
				Portal Hypertension
				Portosystemic Shunts
		Kidneys, Ureters, and Suprarenal Glands
			Kidneys
			Ureters
			Suprarenal Glands
			Vessels and Nerves of Kidneys, Ureters, and Suprarenal Glands
		Clinical Box: Kidneys, Ureters, and Suprarenal Glands
			Palpation of Kidneys
			Perinephric Abscess
			Nephroptosis
			Renal Transplantation
			Renal Cysts
			Pain in Pararenal Region
			Accessory Renal Vessels
			Renal Vein Entrapment Syndrome
			Congenital Anomalies of Kidneys and Ureters
			Renal and Ureteric Calculi
		Summary of Innervation of Abdominal Viscera
			Sympathetic Innervation
			Parasympathetic Innervation
			Extrinsic Autonomic Plexuses
			Intrinsic Plexuses: the Enteric Nervous System
			Visceral Sensory Innervation
	Diaphragm
		Vessels and Nerves of Diaphragm
		Diaphragmatic Apertures
			Caval Opening
			Esophageal Hiatus
			Aortic Hiatus
			Small Openings in Diaphragm
		Actions of Diaphragm
	Posterior Abdominal Wall
		Fascia of Posterior Abdominal Wall
		Muscles of Posterior Abdominal Wall
			Psoas Major
			Iliacus
			Quadratus Lumborum
		Nerves of Posterior Abdominal Wall
		Vessels of Posterior Abdominal Wall
			Abdominal Aorta
			Veins of Posterior Abdominal Wall
			Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Nodes of Posterior Abdominal Wall
		Clinical Box: Diaphragm. Posterior Abdominal Wall
			Diaphragm
				Hiccups
				Section of a Phrenic Nerve
				Referred Pain From Diaphragm
				Rupture of Diaphragm and Herniation of Viscera
				Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
			Posterior Abdominal Wall
				Psoas Abscess
				Posterior Abdominal Pain
				Partial Lumbar Sympathectomy
				Pulsations of Aorta and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
				Collateral Routes for Abdominopelvic Venous Blood
	Sectional Medical Imaging of Abdomen
Chapter 6: Pelvis and Perineum
	Introduction to Pelvis and Perineum
	Pelvic Girdle
		Bones and Features of Pelvic Girdle
		Orientation of Pelvic Girdle
		Pelvic Girdle Sexual Differences
		Joints and Ligaments of Pelvic Girdle
			Sacro-Iliac Joints
			Pubic Symphysis
			Lumbosacral Joints
		Clinical Box: Pelvic Girdle
			Variations in Male and Female Pelves
			Pelvic Diameters (Conjugates)
			Pelvic Fractures
			Relaxation of Pelvic Ligaments and Increased Joint Mobility in Late Pregnancy
			Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis
	Pelvic Cavity
		Walls and Floor of Pelvic Cavity
			Antero-Inferior Pelvic Wall
			Lateral Pelvic Walls
			Posterior Wall (Posterolateral Wall and Roof)
			Pelvic Floor
		Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity of Pelvis
		Pelvic Fascia
			Membranous Pelvic Fascia: Parietal and Visceral
			Endopelvic Fascia: Loose and Condensed
		Clinical Box: Pelvic Cavity
			Injury to Pelvic Floor
	Neurovascular Structures of Pelvis
		Pelvic Arteries
			Internal Iliac Artery
			Ovarian Artery
			Median Sacral Artery
			Superior Rectal Artery
		Pelvic Veins
		Lymph Nodes of Pelvis
		Pelvic Nerves
			Obturator Nerve
			Lumbosacral Trunk
			Sacral Plexus
			Coccygeal Plexus
			Pelvic Autonomic Nerves
			Visceral Afferent Innervation in Pelvis
		Clinical Box: Neurovascular Structures of Pelvis
			Iatrogenic Injury of Ureters
				Injury During Ligation of Uterine Artery
				Injury During Ligation of Ovarian Artery
			Ligation of Internal Iliac Artery and Collateral Circulation in Pelvis
			Injury to Pelvic Nerves
	Pelvic Viscera
		Urinary Organs
			Ureters
			Proximal (Pelvic) Male Urethra
			Female Urethra
		Rectum
			Arterial Supply and Venous Drainage of Rectum
			Innervation of Rectum
		Clinical Box: Urinary Organs and Rectum
			Iatrogenic Compromise of Ureteric Blood Supply
			Ureteric Calculi
			Cystocele, Urethrocele, and Urinary Incontinence
			Suprapubic Cystotomy
			Rupture of Bladder
			Cystoscopy
			Clinically Signifcant Differences Between Male and Female Urethrae
			Rectal Examination
			Resection of Rectum
		Male Internal Genital Organs
			Ductus Deferens
			Seminal Glands
			Ejaculatory Ducts
			Prostate
			Bulbo-Urethral Glands
			Innervation of Internal Genital Organs of Male Pelvis
			Clinical Box: Male Internal Genital Organs
				Male Sterilization
				Abscesses in Seminal Glands
				Hypertrophy of Prostate
		Female Internal Genital Organs
			Ovaries
			Uterine Tubes
			Uterus
			Vagina
			Arterial Supply and Venous Drainage of Vagina
			Innervation of Vagina and Uterus
			Clinical Box: Female Internal Genital Organs
				Infections of Female Genital Tract
				Patency of Uterine Tubes
					Hysterosalpingography
					Endoscopy
				Female Sterilization
					Tubal Sterilization
					Hysteroscopic Sterilization
				Ectopic Tubal Pregnancy
				Remnants of Embryonic Ducts
				Bicornate Uterus
				Disposition of Uterus
				Manual Examination of Uterus
				Lifetime Changes in Anatomy of Uterus
				Cervical Cancer Screening
				Hysterectomy
				Distension of Vagina
				Digital Pelvic Examination
				Vaginal Fistulae
				Culdocentesis
				Laparoscopic Examination of Pelvic Viscera
				Anesthesia for Childbirth
		Lymphatic Drainage of Pelvic Viscera
	Perineum
		Fasciae and Pouches of Urogenital Triangle
			Perineal Fasciae
			Superficial Perineal Pouch
			Deep Perineal Pouch
		Features of Anal Triangle
			Ischio-Anal Fossae
				Pudendal Canal and Its Neurovascular Bundle
				Anal Canal
		Clinical Box: Perineum
			Pelvic Organ Prolapse
			Episiotomy
			Rupture of Urethra in Males and Extravasation of Urine
			Starvation and Rectal Prolapse
			Pectinate Line: A Clinically Important Landmark
			Anal Fissures; Ischio-Anal and Peri-Anal Abscesses
			Hemorrhoids
			Anorectal Incontinence
		Male Urogenital Triangle
			Distal Male Urethra
			Scrotum
			Penis
			Lymphatic Drainage of Male Perineum
			Perineal Muscles of Male
			Erection, Emission, Ejaculation, and Remission
		Clinical Box: Male Urogenital Triangle
			Urethral Catheterization
			Distension of Scrotum
			Palpation of Testes
			Hypospadias
			Phimosis, Paraphimosis, and Circumcision
			Impotence and Erectile Dysfunction
		Female Urogenital Triangle
			Female External Genitalia
			Lymphatic Drainage of Female Perineum
			Perineal Muscles of Female
		Clinical Box: Female Urogenital Triangle
			Female Genital Cutting
			Vulvar Trauma
			Infection of Greater Vestibular Glands
			Pudendal and Ilio-Inguinal Nerve Blocks
			Exercises for Strengthening of Female Perineal Muscles
			Vaginismus
	Sectional Imaging of Pelvis and Perineum
		Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Chapter 7: Lower Limb
	Overview of Lower Limb
	Development of Lower Limb
	Bones of Lower Limb
		Arrangement of Lower Limb Bones
		Hip Bone
		Ilium
			Ischium
			Pubis
			Obturator Foramen
			Acetabulum
			Anatomical Position of Hip Bone
		Femur
			Surface Anatomy of Pelvic Girdle and Femur
		Patella
		Tibia and Fibula
			Tibia
			Fibula
			Surface Anatomy of Tibia and Fibula
		Bones of Foot
			Tarsus
			Metatarsus
			Phalanges
		Surface Anatomy of Bones of Foot
		Clinical Box: Bones of Lower Limb
			Lower Limb Injuries
			Injuries of Hip Bone
			Coxa Vara and Coxa Valga
			Dislocated Epiphysis of Femoral Head
			Femoral Fractures
			Tibial Fractures
			Fractures Involving Epiphysial Plates
			Fibular Fractures
			Bone Grafts
			Intraosseous Infusion
			Calcaneal Fractures
			Fractures of Talar Neck
			Fractures of Metatarsals
			Os Trigonum
			Fracture of Sesamoid Bones
	Fascia, Veins, Lymphatics, Efferent Vessels, and Cutaneous Nerves of Lower Limb
		Subcutaneous Tissue and Fascia
			Fascia Lata
			Deep Fascia of Leg
		Venous Drainage of Lower Limb
			Superficial Veins of Lower Limb
			Deep Veins of Lower Limb
		Lymphatic Drainage of Lower Limb
		Cutaneous Innervation of Lower Limb
		Motor Innervation of Lower Limb
		Clinical Box: Fascia, Veins, Lymphatics, and Cutaneous Nerves of Lower Limb
		Compartment Syndromes and Fasciotomy
		Varicose Veins, Thrombosis, and Thrombophlebitis
		Saphenous Vein Grafts
		Saphenous Cutdown and Saphenous Nerve Injury
		Enlarged Inguinal Lymph Nodes
		Regional Nerve Blocks of Lower Limbs
		Abnormalities of Sensory Function
	Posture and Gait
		Standing at Ease
		Walking: The Gait Cycle
	Anterior and Medial Regions of Thigh
		Organization of Proximal Lower Limb
		Anterior Thigh Muscles
			Pectineus
			Iliopsoas
			Sartorius
			Quadriceps Femoris
		Medial Thigh Muscles
			Adductor Longus
			Adductor Brevis
			Adductor Magnus
			Gracilis
			Obturator Externus
			Actions of Adductor Muscle Group
			Adductor Hiatus
		Neurovascular Structures and Relationships in Anteromedial Thigh
			Femoral Triangle
			Femoral Nerve
			Femoral Sheath
			Femoral Artery
			Femoral Vein
			Adductor Canal
		Surface Anatomy of Anterior and Medial Regions of Thigh
		Clinical Box: Anterior and Medial Regions of Thigh
			Hip and Thigh Contusions
			Psoas Abscess
			Paralysis of Quadriceps
			Chondromalacia Patellae
			Patellar Fractures
			Abnormal Ossifcation of Patella
			Patellar Tendon Reflex
			Transplantation of Gracilis
			Groin Pull
			Injury to Adductor Longus
			Palpation, Compression, and Cannulation of Femoral Artery
			Laceration of Femoral Artery
			Potentially Lethal Misnomer
			Saphenous Varix
			Location of Femoral Vein
			Cannulation of Femoral Vein
			Femoral Hernias
			Replaced or Accessory Obturator Artery
	Gluteal and Posterior Thigh Regions
		Gluteal Region: Buttocks and Hip Region
			Gluteal Ligaments
		Muscles of Gluteal Region
			Gluteus Maximus
			Gluteus Medius and Gluteus Minimus
			Tensor Fasciae Latae
			Piriformis
			Obturator Internus and Gemelli
			Quadratus Femoris
			Obturator Externus
		Posterior Thigh Region
			Semitendinosus
			Semimembranosus
			Biceps Femoris
		Neurovascular Structures of Gluteal and Posterior Thigh Regions
			Clunial Nerves
			Deep Gluteal Nerves
			Arteries of Gluteal and Posterior Thigh Regions
			Veins of Gluteal and Posterior Thigh Regions
			Lymphatic Drainage of Gluteal and Thigh Regions
		Surface Anatomy of Gluteal and Posterior Thigh Regions
		Clinical Box: Gluteal and Posterior Thigh Regions
			Trochanteric Bursitis
			Ischial Bursitis
			Hamstring Injuries
			Injury to Superior Gluteal Nerve
			Anesthetic Block of Sciatic Nerve
			Injury to Sciatic Nerve
			Intragluteal Injections
	Popliteal Fossa and Leg
		Popliteal Region
			Fascia of Popliteal Fossa
			Neurovascular Structures and Relationships in Popliteal Fossa
		Anterior Compartment of Leg
			Organization of Leg
			Muscles of Anterior Compartment of Leg
			Nerve of Anterior Compartment of Leg
			Artery in Anterior Compartment of Leg
		Lateral Compartment of Leg
			Muscles in Lateral Compartment of Leg
			Nerves in Lateral Compartment of Leg
			Blood Vessels in Lateral Compartment of Leg
		Posterior Compartment of Leg
			Superficial Muscle Group in Posterior Compartment
			Deep Muscle Group in Posterior Compartment
			Nerves in Posterior Compartment
			Arteries in Posterior Compartment
		Surface Anatomy of Leg
		Clinical Box: Popliteal Fossa and Leg
			Popliteal Abscess and Tumor
			Popliteal Pulse
			Popliteal Aneurysm and Hemorrhage
			Injury to Tibial Nerve
			Containment and Spread of Compartmental Infections in Leg
			Tibialis Anterior Strain (Shin Splints)
			Fibularis Muscles and Evolution of Human Foot
			Injury to Common Fibular Nerve and Footdrop
			Deep Fibular Nerve Entrapment
			Superfcial Fibular Nerve Entrapment
			Fabella in Gastrocnemius
			Calcaneal Tendinitis
			Ruptured Calcaneal Tendon
			Calcaneal Tendon Reflex
			Absence of Plantarflexion
			Gastrocnemius Strain
			Calcaneal Bursitis
			Venous Return From Leg
			Accessory Soleus
			Posterior Tibial Pulse
	Foot
		Skin and Fascia of Foot
			Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue
			Deep Fascia of Foot
		Muscles of Foot
		Neurovascular Structures and Relationships in Foot
			Nerves of Foot
			Arteries of Foot
			Arteries of Sole of Foot
			Venous Drainage of Foot
			Lymphatic Drainage of Foot
		Surface Anatomy of Ankle and Foot Regions
		Clinical Box: Foot
			Plantar Fasciitis
			Infections of Foot
			Contusion of Extensor Digitorum Brevis
			Sural Nerve Grafts
			Anesthetic Block of Superfcial Fibular Nerve
			Plantar Reflex
			Medial Plantar Nerve Entrapment
			Palpation of Dorsalis Pedis Pulse
			Hemorrhaging Wounds of Sole of Foot
			Lymphadenopathy
	Joints of Lower Limb
		Hip Joint
			Articular Surfaces of Hip Joint
			Joint Capsule of Hip Joint
			Movements of Hip Joint
			Blood Supply of Hip Joint
			Nerve Supply of Hip Joint
		Knee Joint
			Articulations, Articular Surfaces, and Stability of Knee Joint
			Joint Capsule of Knee Joint
			Extracapsular Ligaments of Knee Joint
			Intra-articular Ligaments of Knee Joint
			Movements of Knee Joint
			Blood Supply of Knee Joint
			Innervation of Knee Joint
			Bursae Around Knee Joint
		Tibiofbular Joints
			Tibiofibular Joint
			Tibiofibular Syndesmosis
		Ankle Joint
			Articular Surfaces of Ankle Joint
			Joint Capsule of Ankle Joint
			Ligaments of Ankle Joint
			Movements of Ankle Joint
			Blood Supply of Ankle Joint
			Nerve Supply of Ankle Joint
		Foot Joints
			Major Ligaments of Foot
			Arches of Foot
		Surface Anatomy of Joints of Knee, Ankle, and Foot
		Clinical Box: Joints of Lower Limb
			Bipedalism and Congruity of Articular Surfaces of Hip Joint
			Fractures of Femoral Neck
			Surgical Hip Replacement
			Necrosis of Femoral Head in Children
			Dislocation of Hip Joint
			Genu Valgum and Genu Varum
			Patellar Dislocation
			Patellofemoral Syndrome
			Knee Joint Injuries
			Arthroscopy of Knee Joint
			Aspiration of Knee Joint
			Bursitis in Knee Region
			Popliteal Cysts
			Knee Replacement
			Ankle Injuries
			Tibial Nerve Entrapment
			Hallux Valgus
			Hammer Toe
			Claw Toes
			Pes Planus (Flat Feet)
			Clubfoot (Talipes Equinovarus)
Chapter 8: Head
	Overview of Head
	Cranium
		Facial Aspect of Cranium
		Lateral Aspect of Cranium
		Occipital Aspect of Cranium
		Superior Aspect of Cranium
		External Surface of Cranial Base
		Internal Surface of Cranial Base
			Anterior Cranial Fossa
			Middle Cranial Fossa
			Posterior Cranial Fossa
		Walls of Cranial Cavity
		Regions of Head
		Clinical Box: Cranium
			Head Injuries
			Headaches and Facial Pain
			Injury to Superciliary Arches
			Malar Flush
			Fractures of Maxillae and Associated Bones
			Fractures of Mandible
			Resorption of Alveolar Bone
			Fractures of Calvaria
			Surgical Access to Cranial Cavity: Bone Flaps
			Development of Cranium
			Age Changes in Face
			Obliteration of Cranial Sutures
			Age Changes in Cranium
			Craniosynostosis and Cranial
			Malformations
	Face and Scalp
		Face
		Scalp
		Muscles of Face and Scalp
			Muscles of Scalp, Forehead, and Eyebrows
			Muscles of Mouth, Lips, and Cheeks
			Muscles of Orbital Opening
			Muscles of Nose and Ears
		Nerves of Face and Scalp
			Cutaneous Nerves of Face and Scalp
			Ophthalmic Nerve
			Maxillary Nerve
			Mandibular Nerve
			Nerves of Scalp
			Motor Nerves of Face
			Facial Nerve
		Superfcial Vasculature of Face and Scalp
			Superficial Arteries of Face
			Arteries of Scalp
			External Veins of Face
			Veins of Scalp
			Lymphatic Drainage of Face and Scalp
		Surface Anatomy of Face
		Clinical Box: Face and Scalp
			Facial Lacerations and Incisions
			Scalp Injuries
			Scalp Wounds
			Scalp Infections
			Sebaceous Cysts
			Cephalohematoma
			Flaring of Nostrils
			Paralysis of Facial Muscles
			Infra-orbital Nerve Block
			Mental and Incisive Nerve Blocks
			Buccal Nerve Block
			Trigeminal Neuralgia
			Lesions of Trigeminal Nerve
			Herpes Zoster Infection of Trigeminal Ganglion
			Testing Sensory Function of CN V
			Injuries to Facial Nerve
			Compression of Facial Artery
			Pulses of Arteries of Face and Scalp
			Stenosis of Internal Carotid Artery
			Scalp Lacerations
			Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Lip
	Cranial Meninges
		Dura Mater
			Dural Infoldings or Reflections
			Dural Venous Sinuses
			Vasculature of Dura Mater
			Nerve Supply of Dura Mater
		Arachnoid Mater and Pia Mater
		Meningeal Spaces
		Clinical Box: Cranial Cavity and Meninges
			Fracture of Pterion
			Thrombophlebitis of Facial Vein
			Blunt Trauma to Head
			Tentorial Herniation
			Bulging of Diaphragma Sellae
			Occlusion of Cerebral Veins and Dural Venous Sinuses
			Metastasis of Tumor Cells to Dural Venous Sinuses
			Fractures of Cranial Base
			Dural Origin of Headaches
			Leptomeningitis
			Head Injuries and Intracranial Hemorrhage
	Brain
		Parts of Brain
		Ventricular System of Brain
			Ventricles of Brain
			Subarachnoid Cisterns
			Secretion of Cerebrospinal Fluid
			Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid
			Absorption of Cerebrospinal Fluid
			Functions of Cerebrospinal Fluid
		Arterial Blood Supply to Brain
			Internal Carotid Arteries
			Vertebral Arteries
			Cerebral Arteries
			Cerebral Arterial Circle
		Venous Drainage of Brain
		Clinical Box: Brain
			Cerebral Injuries
			Cisternal Puncture
			Hydrocephalus
			Leakage of Cerebrospinal Fluid
			Anastomoses of Cerebral Arteries and Cerebral Embolism
			Variations of Cerebral Arterial Circle
			Strokes
			Brain Infarction
			Transient Ischemic Attacks
	Eye, Orbit, Orbital Region, and Eyeball
		Orbits
		Eyelids and Lacrimal Apparatus
			Eyelids
			Lacrimal Apparatus
		Eyeball
			Fibrous Layer of Eyeball
			Vascular Layer of Eyeball
			Inner Layer of Eyeball
			Refractive Media and Compartments of Eyeball
		Extra-Ocular Muscles of Orbit
			Levator Palpebrae Superioris
			Movements of Eyeball
			Recti and Oblique Muscles
			Supporting Apparatus of Eyeball
		Nerves of Orbit
		Vasculature of Orbit
			Arteries of Orbit
			Veins of Orbit
		Surface Anatomy of Eye and Lacrimal Apparatus
		Orbital Region, Orbit, and Eyeball
			Fractures of Orbit
			Orbital Tumors
			Injury to Nerves Supplying Eyelids
			Inflammation of Palpebral Glands
			Hyperemia of Conjunctiva
			Subconjunctival Hemorrhages
			Development of Retina
			Retinal Detachment
			Pupillary Light Reflex
			Uveitis
			Ophthalmoscopy
			Papilledema
			Presbyopia and Cataracts
			Coloboma of Iris
			Glaucoma
			Hemorrhage Into Anterior Chamber
			Artifcial Eye
			Corneal Reflex
			Corneal Abrasions and Lacerations
			Corneal Ulcers and Transplants
			Horner Syndrome
			Paralysis of Extra-Ocular Muscles/palsies of Orbital Nerves
				Oculomotor Nerve Palsy
				Abducent Nerve Palsy
			Blockage of Central Retinal Artery
			Blockage of Central Retinal Vein
	Parotid and Temporal Regions, Infratemporal Fossa, and Temporomandibular Joint
		Parotid Region
			Parotid Gland
			Innervation of Parotid Gland and Related Structures
		Temporal Region
		Infratemporal Fossa
			Temporomandibular Joint
			Muscles of Mastication
			Neurovasculature of Infratemporal Fossa
		Clinical Box: Parotid and Temporal Regions, Infratemporal Fossa, and Temporomandibular Joint
			Parotidectomy
			Infection of Parotid Gland
			Abscess in Parotid Gland
			Sialography of Parotid Duct
			Blockage of Parotid Duct
			Accessory Parotid Gland
			Mandibular Nerve Block
			Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block
			Dislocation of Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
			Arthritis of TMJ
	Oral Region
		Oral Cavity
		Lips, Cheeks, and Gingivae
			Lips and Cheeks
			Gingivae
		Teeth
			Parts and Structure of Teeth
			Vasculature of Teeth
			Innervation of Teeth
		Palate
			Hard Palate
			Soft Palate
			Superficial Features of Palate
			Muscles of Soft Palate
			Vasculature and Innervation of Palate
		Tongue
			Parts and Surfaces of Tongue
			Muscles of Tongue
			Innervation of Tongue
			Vasculature of Tongue
		Salivary Glands
			Submandibular Glands
		Clinical Box: Oral Region
			Cleft Lip
			Cyanosis of Lips
			Large Labial Frenulum
			Gingivitis
			Dental Caries, Pulpitis, and Tooth Abscesses
			Supernumerary Teeth (Hyperdontia)
			Extraction of Teeth
			Dental Implants
			Nasopalatine Block
			Greater Palatine Block
			Cleft Palate
			Gag Reflex
			Paralysis of Genioglossus
			Injury to Hypoglossal Nerve
			Sublingual Absorption of Drugs
			Lingual Carcinoma
			Lingual Frenectomy
			Excision of Submandibular Gland and Removal of a Calculus
			Sialography of Submandibular Ducts
	Pterygopalatine Fossa
		Pterygopalatine Part of Maxillary Artery
		Maxillary Nerve
		Clinical Box: Pterygopalatine Fossa
			Transantral Approach to Pterygopalatine Fossa
	Nose
		External Nose
			Skeleton of External Nose
			Nasal Septum
		Nasal Cavities
			Boundaries of Nasal Cavities
			Features of Nasal Cavities
		Vasculature and Innervation of Nose
		Paranasal Sinuses
			Frontal Sinuses
			Ethmoidal Cells
			Sphenoidal Sinuses
			Maxillary Sinuses
		Clinical Box: The Nose
			Nasal Fractures
			Deviation of Nasal Septum
			Rhinitis
			Epistaxis
			Sinusitis
			Infection of Ethmoidal Cells
			Infection of Maxillary Sinuses
			Relationship of Teeth to Maxillary Sinus
			Transillumination of Sinuses
	Ear
		External Ear
			Auricle
			External Acoustic Meatus and Tympanic Membrane
		Middle Ear
			Walls of Tympanic Cavity
			Pharyngotympanic Tube
			Auditory Ossicles
		Internal Ear
			Bony Labyrinth
			Membranous Labyrinth
			Internal Acoustic Meatus
		Clinical Box: Ear
			External Ear Injury
			Otoscopic Examination
			Acute Otitis Externa
			Otitis Media
			Perforation of Tympanic Membrane
			Mastoiditis
			Blockage of Pharyngotympanic Tube
			Paralysis of Stapedius
			Motion Sickness
			Dizziness and Hearing Loss
			Ménière Syndrome
			High-Tone Deafness
			Otic Barotrauma
Chapter 9: Neck
	Overview
	Bones of Neck
		Cervical Vertebrae
		Hyoid Bone
		Bones of Neck
			Cervical Pain
			Injuries of Cervical Vertebral Column
			Fracture of Hyoid Bone
	Fascia of Neck
		Cervical Subcutaneous Tissue and Platysma
			Platysma
		Deep Cervical Fascia
			Investing Layer of Deep Cervical Fascia
			Pretracheal Layer of Deep Cervical Fascia
			Prevertebral Layer of Deep Cervical Fascia
		Clinical Box: Cervical Fascia
			Paralysis of Platysma
			Spread of Infections in Neck
	Superficial Structures of Neck: Cervical Regions
		Sternocleidomastoid Region
		Posterior Cervical Region
		Lateral Cervical Region
			Muscles in Lateral Cervical Region
			Arteries in Lateral Cervical Region
			Veins in Lateral Cervical Region
			Nerves of Lateral Cervical Region
			Lymph Nodes in Lateral Cervical Region
		Anterior Cervical Region
			Muscles in Anterior Cervical Region
			Arteries in Anterior Cervical Region
			Nerves in Anterior Cervical Region
		Surface Anatomy of Cervical Regions and Triangles of Neck
		Superficial Structures of Neck: Cervical Regions
			Congenital Torticollis
			Spasmodic Torticollis
			Subclavian Vein Puncture
			Right Cardiac Catheterization
			Prominence of External Jugular Vein
			Severance of External Jugular Vein
			Lesions of Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI)
			Severance of Phrenic Nerve, Phrenic Nerve Block, and Phrenic Nerve Crush
			Nerve Blocks in Lateral Cervical Region
			Injury to Suprascapular Nerve
			Ligation of External Carotid Artery
			Surgical Dissection of Carotid Triangle
			Carotid Occlusion and Endarterectomy
			Carotid Pulse
			Carotid Sinus Hypersensitivity
			Role of Carotid Bodies
			Internal Jugular Pulse
			Internal Jugular Vein Puncture
	Deep Structures of Neck
		Prevertebral Muscles
		Root of Neck
			Arteries in Root of Neck
			Veins in Root of Neck
			Nerves in Root of Neck
		Clinical Box: Deep Structures of Neck
			Cervicothoracic Ganglion Block
			Lesion of Cervical Sympathetic Trunk
	Viscera of Neck
		Endocrine Layer of Cervical Viscera
			Thyroid Gland
			Parathyroid Glands
		Respiratory Layer of Cervical Viscera
			Larynx
			Trachea
		Alimentary Layer of Cervical Viscera
			Pharynx
			Esophagus
		Surface Anatomy of Endocrine and Respiratory Layers of Cervical Viscera
	Lymphatics of Neck
		Clinical Box: Viscera and Lymphatics of Neck
			Thyroid Ima Artery
			Thyroglossal Duct Cysts
			Aberrant Thyroid Gland
			Accessory Thyroid Glandular Tissue
			Pyramidal Lobe of Thyroid Gland
			Enlargement of Thyroid Gland
			Thyroidectomy
			Injury to Recurrent Laryngeal Nerves
			Inadvertent Removal of Parathyroid Glands
			Fractures of Laryngeal Skeleton
			Laryngoscopy
			Valsalva Maneuver
			Aspiration of Foreign Bodies and Heimlich Maneuver
			Cricothyrotomy
			Tracheostomy
			Injury to Laryngeal Nerves
			Superior Laryngeal Nerve Block
			Cancer of Larynx
			Age Changes in Larynx
			Foreign Bodies in Laryngopharynx
			Tonsillectomy
			Adenoiditis
			Branchial Fistula
			Branchial Sinuses and Cysts
			Esophageal Injuries
			Tracheo-Esophageal Fistula
			Esophageal Cancer
			Zones of Penetrating Neck Trauma
			Radical Neck Dissections
Chapter 10: Summary of Cranial Nerves
	Overview
	Olfactory Nerve (CN I)
	Optic Nerve (CN II)
	Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)
	Trochlear Nerve (CN IV)
	Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
		Ophthalmic Nerve (CN V1)
		Maxillary Nerve (CN V2)
		Mandibular Nerve (CN V3)
	Abducent Nerve (CN VI)
	Facial Nerve (CN VII)
		Somatic (Branchial) Motor
		Visceral (Parasympathetic) Motor
		Somatic (General) Sensory
		Special Sensory (Taste)
	Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)
	Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)
		Somatic (Branchial) Motor
		Visceral (Parasympathetic) Motor
		Somatic (General) Sensory
		Special Sensory (Taste)
		Visceral Sensory
	Vagus Nerve (CN X)
	Spinal Accessory Nerve (XN XI)
	Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)
	Clinical Box: Cranial Nerves
		Cranial Nerve Injuries
		Olfactory Nerve (CN I)
			Anosmia: Loss of Smell
			Olfactory Hallucinations
		Optic Nerve (CN II)
			Demyelinating Diseases and Optic Nerves
			Optic Neuritis
			Visual Field Defects
		Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)
			Injury to Oculomotor Nerve
			Compression of Oculomotor Nerve
			Aneurysm of Posterior Cerebral or Superior Cerebellar Artery
		Trochlear Nerve (CN IV)
		Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
			Injury to Trigeminal Nerve
			Dental Anesthesia
		Abducent Nerve (CN VI)
		Facial Nerve (CN VII)
		Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)
			Injuries to Vestibulocochlear Nerve
			Deafness
			Acoustic Neuroma
			Trauma and Vertigo
		Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)
			Lesions of Glossopharyngeal Nerve
			Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia
		Vagus Nerve (CN X)
		Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI)
		Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)
Appendix A: References and Suggested Reading
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Y
	Z