Clinical veterinary microbiology

Front cover
Half-title page
Clinical Veterinary Microbiology
Copyright page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
1 General procedures in microbiology
	1 Collection and submission of  diagnostic specimens
		Choosing and Working with  a Laboratory
		General Principles for  Sample Collection
			Tissue
			Swabs and discharges
			Samples from skin lesions
			Blood
			Faeces
			Urine samples
			Abscesses
			Eye
			Bovine mastitic milk samples
			Specimens for anaerobic culture
		Sample Submission
		Interpretation of Diagnostic Results
	2 Bacterial pathogens:
		Microscopy
			Stained Smears from  Pathological Specimens
			Preparing Bacterial Smears
			Fixing the Smears
			Staining the Smears:  Staining Techniques
				Gram stain
				Dilute carbol fuchsin (DCF):
				Modified Ziehl–Neelsen (MZN)
				Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) or acid-fast stain
				Alternative method for the  Ziehl–Neelsen stain
				Giemsa stain
				Polychrome methylene blue stain (M’Fadyean’s Reaction)
				Wet preparations
		Bacteriological media
			Preparation of Culture Media
				Preparation of blood agar plates
				Collecting sterile blood
				Choice of culture media
			Inoculation of Culture Media
				Streaking the agar plates
			Incubation of the Inoculated  Culture Plates
				Incubation atmosphere
				Incubation temperature
				Incubation time
				Bacteria not yet grown on conventional agar media
			Disposal of Culture Plates and Pathological Materials
		Identification of  bacterial pathogens
			Pure Culture Technique
			Primary Identification of Bacteria
				Gram reaction
				Other tests to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
					LANA test
					KOH test
					Susceptibility to vancomycin
				Cellular morphology (shape)
				Growth or no-growth on McConkey agar
				Catalase test
				Oxidase test
				Motility tests
				Oxidation-fermentation (O-F) test
			Secondary Biochemical Tests for  the Identification of Bacteria
				Commercial media incorporating several biochemical tests
					Inoculation of TSI agar and lysine  decarboxylase broth
				Conventional biochemical tests
				Miniaturized methods for the identification of bacteria
		Bacterial cell  counting techniques
			Viable Counting Methods
				Spread plate method
				Pour-plate method
				Miles–Misra technique
				Filtration method
				Most probable number (MPN) techniques
			Total Counts of Bacterial Cells
				Breed’s direct smear method
				Counting chamber method
				Turbidity standards
				Coulter counter
			Surface Contact Plates
			Molecular Methods of  Bacterial Quantification
			Use of Marker Bacteria
		Reference
	3 Serological diagnosis
		Precipitation
		Agglutination
		Complement Fixation
		Viral Haemagglutination and its Inhibition by Antibody
		Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
		Immunofluorescence
		Radioimmunoassay
		Neutralization Tests
		Immunoblotting
	4 Molecular techniques in diagnostic microbiology
		Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
			PCR instrumentation
			Reverse transcription PCR
			Real-time PCR
			Optimization of PCR
		Strain Typing and Characterization
		Microarrays
		Conclusion
		Further reading
	5 The isolation of viruses and the detection of virus and viral antigens
		Virus isolation
		Direct demonstration of virus and viral antigens
			Electron Microscopy
			Immunofluorescence
			Histopathology and Immunochemical Staining
			Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
			Agglutination
			Immunochromatography
			Agar Gel Immunodiffusion
	6 Antimicrobial agents
		Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
			Disc Diffusion Method
				Factors affecting the size of the zone  of inhibition
				Routine test procedure for the disc  diffusion method
					Standard method
					Alternative method
					McFarland 0.5 turbidity standard
				Some observations on the interpretation  of zones of inhibition
				Meticillin-resistant staphylococci
				Selection of antimicrobial discs
				Interpretive criteria and reporting of results
				Quality control procedures
					Control strains of bacteria
					Antimicrobial discs
					The test medium
					Zone size limits
					Checklist of common sources of error
			Quantitative Methods of Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing
				Broth dilution method
				Agar dilution tests
				E test
			Molecular Methods for  the Detection of  Antimicrobial Resistance
		Antibacterial and  antifungal chemotherapy
			Drug Distribution
			Selection of Antimicrobial Drugs
			Antimicrobial Drug Interactions
			Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents
			Adverse Reactions to  Antimicrobial Drugs
		References
		Further reading
2 Bacteriology
	7 Staphylococcus species
		Genus Characteristics
		Staphylococci Compared with Other Gram-Positive Cocci
		Natural Habitat
		Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
		Species Characteristics
			Staphylococcus aureus subsp. anaerobius
			Staphylococcus chromogenes
			Staphylococcus delphini
			Staphylococcus felis
			Staphylococcus hyicus
			Staphylococcus aureus
			Staphylococcus pseudintermedius
			Staphylococcus schleiferi subsp. coagulans
			Other Staphylococcus species isolated from animals with uncertain clinical significance
		Laboratory Diagnosis
			Specimens
			Direct microscopy
			Isolation
			Identification
				Colonial characteristics
				Microscopic appearance
				Coagulase production
				Biochemical tests
				Phage typing
		Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing and Antimicrobial Resistance
			Molecular diagnosis
			Strain typing
		References
		Further reading
	8 The streptococci and related cocci
		Genus Characteristics
		Natural Habitat
		General Differentiation  of the Streptococci
		Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
		Laboratory Diagnosis
			Specimens
			Direct microscopy
			Isolation
			Identification
				Colonial appearance
				Biochemical tests
				Identification of the streptococci causing  bovine mastitis
			Antigen preparation for Lancefield grouping by the ring precipitation test
				Hot HCl extraction
				Autoclave extraction
				Ring precipitation test for Lancefield grouping
		Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Antimicrobial Resistance
		Strain Typing
		Molecular Diagnosis
		References
	9 Corynebacterium species and Rhodococcus equi
		Genus Characteristics
		Natural Habitat
		Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
		Laboratory Diagnosis
			Specimens
			Direct microscopy
			Isolation
			Identification
				Colonial morphology
				Microscopic appearance
				CAMP tests
				Biochemical characteristics
			Serology
		Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
			Antimicrobial resistance
		Strain Typing
		Molecular Diagnosis
		References
		Further Reading
	10 The Actinobacteria
		Changes in Nomenclature
		Natural Habitat
		Pathogenicity
			Actinomyces, Trueperella and  Actinobaculum species
			Nocardia species
			Dermatophilus congolensis
		Laboratory Diagnosis of Actinomyces, Trueperella and Actinobaculum Species
			Specimens
			Direct microscopy
			Isolation
			Identification
				Colonial morphology and  microscopic appearance
				Biochemical tests
				Summary of the features allowing a presumptive identification of Actinomyces, Trueperella and Actinobaculum species
		Laboratory Diagnosis of  Nocardia Species
			Specimens
			Direct microscopy
			Isolation
			Identification
				Colonial appearance
				Microscopic appearance
				Biochemical reactions
				Differentiation of A. viscosus and  Nocardia species
		Laboratory Diagnosis of Dermatophilus congolensis
			Specimens
			Direct microscopy
			Isolation
			Identification
				Colonial appearance
				Microscopic appearance
				Biochemical reactions
		Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Antimicrobial Resistance
		Strain Typing
		Molecular Diagnosis
		References
	11 Mycobacterium species
		Runyon’s Groups
		Natural Habitat
		Pathogenesis
			Mycobacterium bovis
			Mycobacterium avium
			Mycobacterium tuberculosis
			Mycobacterium lepraemurium
			Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis
			Atypical mycobacteria
		Laboratory Diagnosis of Mycobacteria Causing Tuberculosis and Atypical Mycobacteria
			Specimens
			Direct microscopy
			Isolation
			Media for the mycobacteria
			Identification
				Colonial morphology
				Pigment production and response to light
				Microscopic appearance
				Biochemical tests
				Animal inoculation
				Field and laboratory immunological tests  for tuberculosis
		Laboratory Diagnosis of Mycobacterium lepraemurium
		Laboratory Diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis
			Specimens
			Direct microscopy
			Isolation
			Identification
				Colonial morphology
				Microscopic appearance
				Mycobactin dependency
				Field and laboratory immunological tests  for paratuberculosis
					In vitro lymphocyte stimulation test
					Serological tests for antibody detection
					Gamma interferon test
		Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Antimicrobial Resistance
		Strain Typing
			Molecular diagnosis
		References
	12 Listeria species
		Genus Characteristics
		Natural Habitat
		Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
		Laboratory Diagnosis
			Specimens
			Direct microscopy
			Isolation
			Identification
				Colonial characteristics
				Microscopic appearance
				Biochemical characteristics
				CAMP procedure
				Antibody-based tests
		Pathogenicity Testing
		Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
			Antimicrobial resistance
		Strain Typing
		Molecular Diagnosis
		References
	13 Erysipelothrix species
		Genus Characteristics
		Natural Habitat
		Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
		Laboratory Diagnosis
			Specimens
			Direct microscopy examination
			Isolation
			Identification
				Colonial characteristics
				Microscopic appearance
				Biochemical characteristics
			Pathogenicity testing
		Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
			Antimicrobial resistance
		Strain Typing
		Molecular Diagnosis
		References
		Further Reading
	14 Bacillus species
		Genus Characteristics
		Natural Habitat
		Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
			Anthrax
				Sporulation process
			Other bacilli
		Laboratory Diagnosis
			Specimens
				Bacillus anthracis
			Direct microscopy examination
			Isolation
			Identification
				Colonial morphology
				Microscopic appearance
				Biochemical and other tests
			Determination of pathogenicity
			Ascoli test
			Serology
			Other Bacillus species
		Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
			Antimicrobial resistance
		Strain Typing
		Molecular Diagnosis
		References
	15 Non-spore-forming anaerobes
		Pathogenicity
		Laboratory Diagnosis: General
			Choice of specimens
			Collection of specimens
			Direct examination
			Isolation
				Methods for anaerobic culture
				Media for anaerobic bacteria
			Identification
				Colonial morphology and microscopic appearance
				Commercial anaerobic identification systems
				Conventional biochemical tests in tubed media
					Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis
		Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Antimicrobial Resistance
		Molecular Methods for Detection and Identification
		References
		Bibliography
	16 Clostridium species
		Genus Characteristics
		Natural Habitat
		Pathogenicity
		Laboratory Diagnosis (General)
			Specimens
			Direct microscopy
			General isolation procedures
			Biochemical reactions
			Animal inoculation
		Neurotoxic clostridia
			Clostridium tetani
				Natural habitat
				Pathogenesis
				Laboratory diagnosis
					Direct microscopy
					Isolation
					Identification
						Colonial morphology
						Biochemical reactions
						Toxin identification
			Clostridium botulinum
				Natural habitat
				Pathogenesis
				Laboratory diagnosis
					Toxin demonstration
					Toxin identification
				Isolation of C. botulinum from foodstuffs
		Histotoxic clostridia
			Gas-Gangrene Clostridia
				Pathogenesis
				Laboratory diagnosis
					Fluorescent antibody technique
					Gram-stained impression smears
					Isolation and colonial appearance
					Biochemical reactions
					Nagler reaction of C. perfringens
					CAMP reaction of C. perfringens
			Histotoxic Clostridia Affecting  the Liver
				Pathogenesis
				Laboratory diagnosis
					Direct Gram-stained smears
					Isolation
					Biochemical reactions
					Animal inoculation
		Enteropathogenic and enterotoxigenic clostridia
			Clostridium perfringens
				Natural habitat
				Pathogenesis
				Laboratory diagnosis
		Other enteropathogenic clostridia
			Clostridium spiroforme
			Clostridium difficile
			Clostridium colinum
			Atypical Clostridia
				Clostridium piliforme
			Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Antimicrobial Resistance
			Molecular Diagnosis and  Strain Typing
				Clostridium perfringens
				Clostridium difficile
				Clostridium botulinum
				Histotoxic clostridia
				Other clostridia
		References
		Further reading
	17 Enterobacteriaceae
		Nomenclature
		Habitat
		Differentiation of the Enterobacteriaceae
			Conventional microbiology
				MacConkey agar
				Brilliant green agar
				XLD medium
				Triple sugar iron (TSI) agar
		Pathogenicity
		Escherichia coli
			Natural Habitat
			Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
				Predisposing causes
				Types of pathogenic E. coli
					Enterotoxigenic E. coli
					Enteropathogenic E.coli
					Shigatoxigenic E. coli
					Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli
					Septicaemic E. coli
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Diagnosis of the opportunistic infections caused by E. coli
					Diagnosis of the septicaemic strains
					Demonstration of the enterotoxigenic strains
					Diagnosis of the enteropathogenic strains  of E. coli
					Diagnosis of oedema disease
			Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
			Surface Antigens of E. coli
			Molecular Diagnosis and Typing
		Salmonella
			Nomenclature
			Natural Habitat
			Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
				Colonization of the intestinal tract and enteric disease
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Isolation
					Water, environmental and feed samples
				Identification
					Colonial morphology on selective/indicator media
					Salmonella serotyping
					Phage typing Salmonella isolates
			Molecular Diagnosis and Typing Methods
			Antimicrobial Resistance
			Serology for the Detection of Salmonella Antibodies
		Yersinia species
			Natural Habitat
			Pathogenesis
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Isolation
			Identification
				Colonial morphology
				Biochemical tests
				Molecular diagnosis and typing
			Antimicrobial Susceptibility
			Serological Tests to  Demonstrate Antibodies
		Enterobacteria that are opportunistic pathogens
			Natural Habitat and Pathogenicity
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Direct microscopy
				Isolation
				Identification
				Microscopy and tests for  primary identification
					Biochemical tests
			Serotyping for Antigen Detection
			Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests
		References
	18 Pseudomonas, Burkholderia and  Stenotrophomonas species
		Genus Characteristics
		Natural Habitat
		Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
		Laboratory Diagnosis
			Specimens
			Direct microscopy
			Isolation
			Identification
				Colonial morphology
			Microscopic appearance
			Biochemical characteristics
			Determination of pathogenicity
			Serology and immunological tests
		Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
			Antimicrobial resistance
		Strain Typing
		Molecular Diagnosis
		References
		Further Reading
	19 Aeromonas, Plesiomonas and Vibrio species
		Genus Characteristics
		Natural Habitat
		Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
		Laboratory Diagnosis
			Specimens
			Direct microscopy
			Isolation
			Selective media
			Identification
				Colonial morphology
				Microscopic appearance
				Biochemical and other characteristics
			Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
		Antimicrobial Resistance
		Strain Typing
		Molecular Diagnosis
		References
	20 Actinobacillus species
		Genus Characteristics
		Natural Habitat
		Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
		Laboratory Diagnosis
			Specimens
			Direct microscopy
			Isolation
			Identification
				Colonial appearance
				Microscopic appearance
				Biochemical reactions
				Other tests
		Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
			Antimicrobial resistance
				Other actinobacilli
		Strain Typing
		Serology
		Molecular Diagnosis
		References
	21 Pasteurella, Mannheimia, Bibersteinia and Avibacterium species
		Genus Characteristics
		Natural Habitat
		Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
		Laboratory Diagnosis
			Specimens
			Direct microscopy
			Isolation
			Identification
				Colonial morphology
				Microscopic appearance
				Biochemical reactions
		Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
			Antimicrobial resistance
		Strain Typing
		Molecular Diagnosis
		References
	22 Francisella tularensis
		Genus Characteristics
		Natural Habitat
		Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
		Laboratory Diagnosis
			Specimens
			Direct microscopy
			Isolation
			Identification
				Colonial morphology
				Microscopic appearance
				Biochemical characteristics
				Other tests
		Serology
		Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
		Antimicrobial Resistance
		Strain Typing
		Molecular Diagnosis
		References
	23 Brucella species
		Genus Characteristics
		Natural Habitat
		Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
		Laboratory Diagnosis
			Specimens
			Direct examination
			Isolation
			Identification
				Colonial morphology
				Microscopic appearance
				Biochemical tests
				Animal inoculation
		Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Antimicrobial Resistance
		Strain Typing
			Brucella biotyping
			Differentiation of B. abortus biotype 1 and strain 19 (S19)
		Molecular Diagnosis and Typing
		Immunological Tests for Detecting Antibodies to Brucella abortus
		Immunological Tests for Detecting Antibodies to B. melitensis, B. ovis, B. suis and B. canis
		References
		Further Reading
	24 Campylobacter, Arcobacter and Helicobacter species
		Genus Characteristics
		Natural Habitat
		Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
		Laboratory Diagnosis
			Specimens
			Direct microscopy
			Isolation procedures
			Identification
				Colonial morphology
				Microscopic appearance
				Biochemical and other tests
		Serology
		Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Antimicrobial Resistance
		Strain Typing
		Molecular Diagnosis
		References
	25 Lawsonia intracellularis
		Genus Characteristics
		Natural Habitat
		Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
		Laboratory Diagnosis
		Antimicrobial Resistance
		References
	26 Haemophilus and Histophilus species
		Genus Characteristics
		Natural Habitat
		Pathogenesis
		Laboratory Diagnosis
			Specimens
			Direct microscopy
			Isolation
			Identification
				Colonial morphology
				Microscopic appearance
				Biochemical reactions
				Tests for X and V factor requirements
		Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Antimicrobial Resistance
		Molecular Diagnosis and  Strain Typing
		References
	27 Taylorella species
		Natural Habitat
		Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
		Laboratory Diagnosis
			Specimens
			Direct microscopy
			Isolation
			Identification
				Colonial morphology
				Microscopic appearance
				Biochemical reactions
		Serology
		Antimicrobial Susceptibility
		Strain Typing
		Molecular Diagnosis
		References
	28 Bordetella species
		Genus Characteristics
		Natural Habitat
		Pathogenicity and Pathogenesis
		Laboratory Diagnosis
			Specimens
			Direct microscopy examination
			Isolation
			Identification
				Colonial morphology
				Microscopic appearance
				Biochemical and other tests
				Haemagglutination test
				Determination of pathogenicity
		Serology
		Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
			Antimicrobial resistance
		Strain Typing
		Molecular Diagnosis
		References
	29 Moraxella species
		Natural Habitat
		Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
		Laboratory Diagnosis
			Specimens
			Direct microscopy
			Isolation
			Identification
				Colonial appearance
				Microscopic appearance
				Biochemical reactions
		Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Antimicrobial Resistance
		Molecular Diagnosis and  Strain Typing
		References
	30 Glucose non-fermenting, Gram-negative bacteria
		Laboratory Diagnosis
			Isolation
			Identification
		References
	31 The spirochaetes
		Leptospira species
			Natural Habitat
			Pathogenesis
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Direct microscopy
				Culture
				Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
				Animal inoculation
				Identification
				Serology
				Molecular diagnosis and typing
		Brachyspira and  treponema species
			Normal Habitat
			Pathogenesis
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Direct microscopy
				Isolation
				Identification
					Colonial characteristics
					Microscopic appearance
					Biochemical characteristics
				Tests for B. hyodysenteriae antigens
				Molecular diagnosis and typing
				Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and antimicrobial resistance
				Tests for B. hyodysenteriae antibodies
		Borrelia species
			Natural Habitat
			Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Borrelia anserina
				Borrelia theileri
				Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato
			Molecular Diagnosis and Typing
			Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Resistance
		References
	32 Miscellaneous Gram-negative bacteria
		Bartonella species
			Natural Habitat
			Pathogenicity
			Laboratory Diagnosis
		Streptobacillus moniliformis
			Natural Habitat and Pathogenicity
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Direct microscopy
				Isolation
				Identification
					Colonial morphology
					Microscopic appearance
					Biochemical reactions
		Chromobacterium violaceum
			Natural Habitat
			Pathogenicity
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Isolation
				Identification
					Colonial morphology
					Microscopic appearance
					Biochemical reactions
		Capnocytophaga species
			Natural Habitat and Pathogenicity
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Isolation
				Identification
					Colonial morphology
					Microscopic appearance
					Biochemical characteristics
		Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale
			Natural Habitat and Pathogenicity
			Laboratory Diagnosis
		Riemerella anatipestifer
			Natural Habitat and Pathogenicity
			Laboratory Diagnosis
		References
	33 Chlamydiales
		Natural Habitat
		Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
		Clinical Infections
		Laboratory Diagnosis
			Specimens
			Direct microscopy
			Antigen detection
			Isolation and cultivation
		Serology
		Molecular Diagnosis
		References
		Further reading
	34 Rickettsiales and Coxiella burnetii
		Natural Habitat
		Pathogenesis
		Laboratory Diagnosis
			Specimens
			Direct microscopy
			Isolation and cultivation
			Identification
		Antibiotic Susceptibility
		Coxiella burnetii
			Natural Habitat
			Pathogenesis
			Laboratory Diagnosis
		References
		Further reading
	35 The Mycoplasmas (class: mollicutes)
		Natural Habitat
		Pathogenesis
		Laboratory Diagnosis
			Specimens
			Direct microscopy
			Isolation
				Culture media
				Inoculation of culture media
				Obtaining a pure culture
			Identification
				Differentiation from bacterial L-forms
				Identification of the genus
				Identification of species
		Serology
		Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing
		Antimicrobial Resistance
		Specific-Pathogen-Free  (SPF) Programmes
		Strain Typing
		Molecular Diagnosis
		References
	36 Mastitis
		Epidemiology
		Clinical Syndromes of Mastitis
		Mastitis in domestic animals other than cattle
			Small Ruminants
			Pigs
			Horses
			Dogs and Cats
			Rabbits
		Bovine mastitis
			Aetiology
			Pathogenesis
			Contagious Pathogens
				Staphylococcal mastitis
				Streptococcus agalactiae
				Mycoplasmal mastitis
			Environmental Mastitis
				Coliform mastitis
				Streptococcus uberis
				Streptococcus dysgalactiae
				‘Summer mastitis’
				Pseudomonas aeruginosa mastitis
				Mastitis caused by Nocardia species
				Infections by atypical mycobacteria  and fungi
				Infectious conditions of the skin  of mammary glands
			Diagnosis of Bovine Mastitis
				Cell counts on milk
				Other tests to detect mastitis
				Microbial investigation of mastitis
					Milk sample collection
					Direct microscopy
					Culture
				Identification
					Staphylococcus aureus
					Mastitis-producing streptococci
					Coliforms
					Trueperella pyogenes
					Pseudomonas aeruginosa
					Nocardia species
					Pasteurella species
					Bacillus cereus
					Mycoplasma species
					Mycobacteria
					Leptospiral agalactia
					Fungal pathogens
					Prototheca species
				Molecular diagnosis
			Investigation of Mastitis  Problem Herds
			Treatment
		References
3 Mycology
	37 Introduction to the pathogenic fungi
		General characteristics  of the fungi
		Classification of the fungi
		General features of  fungal infections
		General methods for the diagnosis of the mycoses
			Direct Microscopic Examination  of Clinical Specimens
				Modifications to the KOH wet  mount method
			Isolation and Subculture of Fungi
				Media for fungi
				Inoculation of media
				Subculturing fungal colonies
			Identification of Pathogenic Fungi
				Methods for the examination of the microscopic aspects of fungal colonies
			Serological Tests for Fungal Diseases
			Commonly Encountered Fungi  on Laboratory Media
			Safety Aspects in Mycology
		References
		Further reading
	38 The dermatophytes
		Natural Habitat
		Pathogenesis
		Laboratory Diagnosis
			Preliminary examination: Wood’s lamp
			Specimens
			Direct microscopy
			Isolation
			Identification
				Colonial appearance
				Microscopic appearance of the colony
				Hair perforation test
				Histological sections
				Molecular techniques
		References
		Further reading
	39 Aspergillus species and Pneumocystis carinii
		Aspergillus species
			Natural Habitat
			Pathogenesis
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Direct microscopy
				Isolation
				Identification
				Colonial morphology
				Microscopic appearance
				Serology
				Molecular techniques
		Pneumocystis carinii
		References
	40 The pathogenic yeasts
		Candida albicans
			Natural Habitat
			Pathogenesis
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Direct microscopy
				Isolation
				Identification
					Colonial appearance
					Microscopic appearance
					Demonstration of germ tubes
					Chlamydospore production
					Biochemical tests
					BiGGY agar
					Molecular techniques
		Cryptococcus neoformans
			Natural Habitat
			Pathogenesis
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Direct microscopy
				Isolation
				Identification
					Colonial morphology
					Microscopic appearance
					Ability to grow at 37°C
					Biochemical tests
					Mouse inoculation
					Immunology
					Molecular techniques
				Summary of the characteristics for  the presumptive identification of  C. neoformans
		Malassezia pachydermatis (pityrosporum canis)
			Pathogenesis
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Direct examination
				Isolation
				Molecular techniques
		Other yeasts that may occasionally be pathogenic
			Macrorhabdus ornithogaster
			Trichosporon beigelii (cutaneum)
			Geotrichum candidum
		References
	41 The dimorphic fungi
		Laboratory Diagnosis
			Safety aspects
			Direct microscopy
			Yeast conversion of the dimorphic fungi
			Colonial morphology
				Sporothrix schenckii
				Blastomyces dermatitidis
				Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum
				Coccidioides immitis
			Microscopic appearance
				Sporothrix schenckii
				Blastomyces dermatitidis
				Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum
				Coccidioides immitis
			Molecular techniques
			Exoantigen test
			Immunological tests
			Mouse inoculation tests
		Histoplasma capsulatum  var. farciminosum
			Direct Microscopy
			Culture
			Identification
				Colonial and microscopic appearance
				Immunology
				Mouse inoculation
		Adiaspiromycosis
			Culture
		References
		Further reading
	42 The pathogenic Zygomycetes
		The mucoraceous zygomycetes (orders mucorales and mortierellales)
			Natural Habitat
			Pathogenesis
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Direct microscopy
				Culture
				Identification
		The entomophthoraceous zygomycetes (order entomophthorales)
			Natural Habitat
			Pathogenesis
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Direct microscopy
				Culture
				Colonial appearance
				Microscopic appearance
		References
		Further reading
	43 Fungi causing subcutaneous mycoses
		Laboratory Diagnosis
			Specimens
			Direct microscopy
			Culture
			Identification
			Molecular techniques
			Serology
		References
		Further reading
	44 Mycotoxins and mycotoxicoses
		Characteristics of Mycotoxins
		Mycotoxicoses
		Aflatoxicosis
			Aflatoxins
			Biological effects of aflatoxins
			Diagnosis of aflatoxicosis: clinical aspects
			Laboratory investigation of outbreaks
			Control and prevention of aflatoxicosis
		Diplodiosis
		Ergotism
			Ergot alkaloids
			Clinical findings
			Diagnosis
			Prevention of ergotism
		Facial eczema
		Fescue Toxicity
		Fusarium Toxicoses
			Oestrogenism
			Equine leukoencephalomalacia
			Trichothecene toxicoses
			Food refusal and emetic syndromes
			Haemorrhagic syndrome
			Other biological effects of  trichothecene toxins
		Mycotoxic Lupinosis
		Myrotheciotoxicosis
		Ochratoxicosis and Citrinin Toxicosis
		Slaframine Toxicosis
		Stachybotryotoxicosis
		Tremorgens
			Ryegrass staggers
			Penitrem staggers
			Paspalum staggers
			Aspergillus clavatus tremors
		References
		Further reading
4 Virology (including prions)
	45 Parvoviridae
		Feline panleukopenia
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Canine parvovirus infection
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Porcine parvovirus
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		References
	46 Circoviridae
		Chicken anaemia  virus infection
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Porcine circovirus infection
		References
		Further reading
	47 Papillomaviridae
		Pathogenesis
		Diagnosis
		Bovine Papillomatosis
		Equine Papillomatosis
		Equine Sarcoids
		Canine Oral Papillomatosis
		References
		Further reading
	48 Adenoviridae
		Avian adenoviruses
			Inclusion Body Hepatitis
			Egg Drop Syndrome
		Canine adenovirus infection
		Infectious canine hepatitis
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		References
	49 Herpesviridae
		Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Malignant catarrhal fever
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Bovine herpes mammillitis and pseudo-lumpy skin disease
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Equine rhinopneumonitis and equine herpesvirus abortion
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Equine coital exanthema
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Aujeszky’s disease
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Canine herpesvirus infection
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Feline viral rhinotracheitis
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Infectious laryngotracheitis
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Marek’s disease
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		References
	50 Asfarviridae
		African swine fever
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		References
	51 Poxviridae
		Cowpox virus
		Pseudocowpox virus
		Bovine papular stomatitis virus
		Orf virus
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Lumpy skin disease virus
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Sheeppox and goatpox viruses
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Fowl pox
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Swinepox
		Myxomatosis
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		References
		Further reading
	52 Picornaviridae
		Foot-and-mouth disease
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Swine vesicular disease
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Teschen/talfan disease
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Porcine enteroviral reproductive disorders
		Avian encephalomyelitis
		Equine rhinitis viruses
		Encephalomyocarditis virus
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		References
		Further reading
	53 Caliciviridae
		Vesicular exanthema of swine
		Feline calicivirus infection
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Rabbit haemorrhagic disease
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		References
		Further reading
	54 Astroviridae
		Clinical infections
			Diagnosis
		References
		Further reading
	55 Reoviridae
		Avian orthoreoviruses
		Rotaviruses
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		African horse sickness
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Bluetongue
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		References
		Further reading
	56 Birnaviridae
		Clinical infections
		Infectious bursal disease
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		References
		Further reading
	57 Flaviviridae
		Bovine viral diarrhoea
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Border disease
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Classical swine fever  (hog cholera)
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Louping ill
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Japanese encephalitis
		Wesselsbron disease
		West nile virus
			Diagnosis
		References
		Further reading
	58 Arteriviridae
		Equine viral arteritis (EVA)
		Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		References
		Further reading
	59 Togaviridae
		Equine encephalitis viruses
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		References
	60 Orthomyxoviridae
		Avian influenza
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Swine influenza
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Equine influenza
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		References
		Further reading
	61 Paramyxoviridae
		Rinderpest
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Peste des petits ruminants
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Bovine parainfluenza  virus 3 disease
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Bovine respiratory  syncytial virus
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Canine distemper
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Canine parainfluenza virus
		Avian paramyxoviruses
		Newcastle disease
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Blue eye disease
		References
		Further reading
	62 Coronaviridae
		Feline infectious peritonitis
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Canine coronavirus infection
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Bovine coronavirus infection
			Diagnosis
		Transmissible gastroenteritis
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Porcine epidemic diarrhoea
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Porcine haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus infection
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Infectious bronchitis
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		References
		Further reading
	63 Rhabdoviridae
		Rabies
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Vesicular stomatitis
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Bovine ephemeral fever
		Pathogenesis
		Diagnosis
		References
		Further reading
	64 Bunyaviridae
		Clinical infections
		Rift valley fever
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Nairobi sheep disease
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Akabane disease
		Cache valley virus
		References
		Further reading
	65 Retroviridae
		Avian leukosis
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Enzootic bovine leukosis
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Jaagsiekte
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Small ruminant  lentivirus group
			Maedi-Visna
				Pathogenesis
				Diagnosis
			Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis
				Pathogenesis
				Diagnosis
		Equine infectious anaemia
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Feline leukaemia and associated clinical conditions
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Feline immunodeficiency  virus infection
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		References
		Further reading
	66 Bornaviridae
		Borna disease
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		References
		Further reading
	67 Prions (proteinaceous infectious agents)
		Clinical infections
		Scrapie
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
		References
		Further reading
5 Zoonoses
	68 Zoonoses
		Taenia saginata Infection  (Beef Tapeworm)
		Toxocariasis (Toxocara canis)
		Cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium species)
		Orf (Parapoxvirus, Poxviridae)
		Leptospirosis (Leptospira interrogans serovars)
		Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
		Rabies (Lyssavirus, Rhabdoviridae)
		Control
		Reference
		Further reading
6 A systems approach to infectious diseases on a species basis
	69 Infectious diseases
Appendix 1 Reagents and stains
	Biochemical test reagents
		Decarboxylase Broth Base (Falkow’s)
		Lead Acetate Paper Strips for Hydrogen Sulphide Detection
		Kovac’s Reagent for the Detection of Indole
		Methyl Red Reagent
		Nitrate Reduction Test
			Reagents A and B (test for nitrite)
		Oxalic Acid Test Papers for Indole Production (SIM Medium)
		Potassium Nitrate Paper Strips for Nitrate Reduction Test
		Test Reagent for Sodium  Hippurate Hydrolysis (Acid  Ferric Choride Solution)
	Antigen preparation for lancefield grouping by the ring precipitation test
		Hot HCl Extraction
		Autoclave Extraction
		Ring Precipitation Test for  Lancefield Grouping
	Microbiological staining solutions and procedures
		Preparation of Staining Solutions
		Blue-Black Ink (for Staining  Fungal Elements)
		Calcofluor White (for  Fungal Elements)
			Preparation of solutions
			Uses for calcofluor white
		Castaneda’s Technique (for Chlamydial Elementary Bodies)
		Dienes’ Stain (for  Mycoplasmal Microcolonies)
		Giemsa Stain
			Giemsa-stain reagents
			Buffer for Giemsa stain (pH 7.0)
		Gram Stain Reagents
			Crystal violet
			Gram’s iodine (mordant)
			Decolourizer
			Dilute carbol fuchsin (counter-stain)
		India Ink (for  demonstrating capsules)
		Lactophenol Cotton Blue Stain  (for staining fungal elements in  wet preparations)
		Macchiavello’s Method (for staining chlamydial elementary bodies)
			Basic fuchsin solution
			Staining method
		The methylene blue staining procedure for chlamydiae
		Modified Ziehl–Neelsen  Stain Reagents
			Dilute carbol fuchsin
			Acetic acid (decolourizer)
			Methylene blue (counter-stain)
		Nigrosin Staining Solution (for Demonstrating Capsules)
		Silver Stain for Flagella  (West et al. 1977)
			Solution A
			Solution B
			Staining procedure
		Victoria Blue Stain (for  Brachyspira Hyodysenteriae)
			Staining method
		Ziehl-Neelsen Stain Reagents
			Concentrated carbol fuchsin
			Acid-alcohol (decolourizer)
			Methylene blue (counter-stain)
			Brilliant green (alkaline)
	Reference
Appendix 2 Culture and transport media
	Culture media
		Selective Medium for  Brucella abortus
			Antibiotic supplement
		Selective Medium for Brucella ovis
			Mixture A
			Mixture B
		Chocolate Agar
		Clostridium chauvoei Blood Agar (Batty and Walker)
		Clostridium novyi (types B and C) and C. haemolyticum  Medium (Moore)
			Basal medium
			Preparation of the reducing solution
			Complete medium
		Milk Agar for Casein Digestion
		Niger Seed (Birdseed) Agar  (Staib Agar)
		PLET Agar (for Bacillus anthracis)
		Smith–Baskerville Medium  for Bordetella bronchiseptica  (Smith & Baskerville 1979)
			Antimicrobial supplement (given as the final concentration in the medium)
			Carbohydrate supplement (filter-sterilized)
			Indicator solution (filter-sterilized)
		Taylorella equigenitalis Medium (Timoney et al. 1982)
		Tween 80 Medium for the Hydrolysis of Tween 80
		Skirrow Medium
		Stonebrinks Medium for Mycobacterium bovis
			Ingredients
				Salt mixture
				Dye mixture
				Hens’ eggs
			Preparation of medium
		Ureaplasmas: Hayflick’s  Medium (Modified)
			Broth medium
			Agar medium
		Vitamin K-Haemin Supplement for Nonsporing Anaerobes
			Stock haemin solution
			Stock vitamin K solution
			For addition to media
	Transport media
		Transport Medium and Transportation Procedures  for Anaerobes
			Modified Cary–Blair medium
			Oxygen-free swabs
		Transport Medium for Campylobacter fetus  (Clark & Dufty 1978)
		Transport Medium for Chlamydiae (Spencer & Johnson 1983)
		Mycoplasmal Transport or  Culture Medium
			Transport medium
			Culture medium
		Transport Medium for  Viral Specimens
	References
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Y
	Z