Clinical Tuberculosis

Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Foreword......Page 10
Preface......Page 14
Editors......Page 16
Contributors......Page 18
Part I: Background......Page 22
  Introduction......Page 24
  Evidence for the presence of TB in the past......Page 25
  The antiquity of TB from a global perspective......Page 26
  Humans, urbanization, and industrialization......Page 27
  Historical and pictorial data......Page 30
  Biomolecular evidence for TB from ancient skeletal remains......Page 31
  TB in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries......Page 32
  References......Page 33
  The length and breadth of tuberculosis epidemiology......Page 38
  What is the burden of TB worldwide, and which countries are most affected?......Page 39
  Why does M. tuberculosis cause epidemics of a low-incidence disease that run over centuries?......Page 40
  Why did TB decline in Europe and North America for most of the twentieth century?......Page 41
  Why do some people get TB and not others?......Page 42
  What factors can explain resurgences of TB, like those seen in Africa and the former Soviet countries since 1990?......Page 43
  Does variation between M. tuberculosis strains modify the natural history, epidemiology, and control of TB epidemics?......Page 44
  Does TB influence the epidemiology of other diseases (or vice versa)?......Page 45
  How can current strategies be enhanced to improve control of TB epidemics?......Page 46
  Will TB become resistant to all antibiotics?......Page 49
  How can novel tools and pharmacological interventions contribute to ending TB epidemics?......Page 50
  Conclusions......Page 51
  References......Page 52
Part II: Pathology and immunology......Page 60
  Introduction: The global problem and TB in infectious disease history......Page 62
  The genome of M. tuberculosis......Page 63
  Knowledge of M. tuberculosis phenotypes, genotypes, and clinical implications......Page 65
  Concluding remarks......Page 68
  References......Page 69
  Natural history and immunopathology......Page 72
  Virulence factors......Page 73
  Control of MTB infection: Innate mechanisms......Page 74
  Immunogenetics of TB......Page 77
  Acquired resistance to MTB......Page 78
  Immune responses in human TB......Page 83
  HIV and pathogenesis of TB......Page 85
  References......Page 87
Part III: Transmission......Page 98
  Genotyping methods......Page 100
  Recent transmission......Page 103
  Clinical and public health applications......Page 107
  References......Page 111
  Introduction......Page 118
  Interventions......Page 124
  FAST: Find cases Actively, Separate, and Treat Effectively based on rapid molecular diagnostic testing......Page 125
  Environmental control interventions......Page 126
  Respiratory protection, respirators and surgical masks......Page 129
  References......Page 130
Part IV: Diagnosis of Active Disease and Latent Infection......Page 134
  Diagnosis of pulmonary TB in a public health context......Page 136
  Guiding principles of TB diagnostic evaluation......Page 137
  History and physical examination......Page 138
  Chest radiography......Page 139
  Specimen collection methods......Page 140
  Current sputum tests......Page 141
  References......Page 145
  Primary tuberculosis......Page 150
  Reactivation tuberculosis......Page 155
  Healing......Page 160
  Tuberculosis or cancer?......Page 163
  Tuberculosis and non-HIV-related immunosuppression......Page 164
  HIV-related tuberculosis......Page 165
  Atypical mycobacteriosis: HIV- and non-HIV-related......Page 168
  Look-alikes......Page 171
  Acknowledgments......Page 173
  Currently available immunodiagnostics......Page 174
  Latent tuberculosis......Page 175
  The predictive power of IGRAs for progression to active TB......Page 178
  The unmet clinical need in LTBI diagnostics......Page 182
  References......Page 187
Part V: Drugs and Vaccines for Tuberculosis......Page 194
  Introduction......Page 196
  Isoniazid......Page 197
  Rifampicin......Page 198
  Pyrazinamide......Page 199
  Ethambutol......Page 200
  Rifabutin......Page 201
  Moxifloxacin......Page 202
  Levofloxacin......Page 203
  Aminoglycosides......Page 204
  Capreomycin......Page 205
  Para-Aminosalicylic acid......Page 206
  Thioamides......Page 207
  Linezolid......Page 208
  Clofazimine......Page 209
  Bedaquiline......Page 210
  Delamanid......Page 211
  Clarithromycin......Page 212
  Carbapenems......Page 213
  References......Page 214
  Key sources not specifically cited......Page 222
  Finding New drugs......Page 224
  Improving existing drugs......Page 226
  Reusing old drugs......Page 229
  Host-direct therapy......Page 231
  Conclusions......Page 232
  References......Page 233
  Bacille Calmette–Guérin......Page 238
  BCG efficacy......Page 239
  Protective immunity against .Mycobacterium tuberculosis......Page 241
  New vaccine approaches......Page 242
  Challenges in vaccine development......Page 245
  Conclusions......Page 247
  References......Page 248
Part VI: Clinical Aspects and Treatment......Page 256
  Progressive primary tuberculosis......Page 258
  Post-primary TB......Page 260
  Complications......Page 261
  Treatment regimens......Page 263
  References......Page 267
  Epidemiology......Page 270
  Clinical manifestations and diagnosis: General comments......Page 272
  Extrapulmonary TB: Specific sites of disease (alphabetical order)......Page 273
  References......Page 281
  Epidemiology of the convergent TB and HIV epidemics......Page 288
  The importance of social determinants in origin and spread of current HIV/TB epidemics......Page 293
  Clinical features of pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB in PLWH......Page 295
  Laboratory diagnosis of TB and HIV coinfection......Page 296
  Integrated management of TB and HIV infection and disease......Page 297
  Studies supporting TB/HIV treatment integration strategy......Page 299
  Integrated treatment of TB in PLWH......Page 300
  Preventing TB in PLWH......Page 306
  Needed earlier identification of PLWH with and at-risk for TB......Page 312
  Achieving implementation of TB and HIV integration......Page 313
  Conclusion......Page 316
  References......Page 317
  Introduction......Page 322
  Clinical and molecular epidemiology......Page 323
  Diagnosis of MDR-TB and resistance beyond MDR-TB......Page 325
  Management of MDR- and resistance beyond MDR-TB......Page 328
  Person-centered care for DR-TB: Human rights, treatment support, and palliative care......Page 337
  References......Page 338
  Diagnosis......Page 348
  Management......Page 351
  References......Page 362
  Tuberculosis in children......Page 364
  Tuberculosis in pregnant women and the newborn......Page 382
  References......Page 387
  Treatment of latent TB......Page 394
  Medication......Page 395
  Risk factors......Page 397
  Medical risk factors......Page 400
  Completion of treatment......Page 403
  Contacts of drug-resistant TB cases......Page 404
  References......Page 405
Part VII: Official Statements: Comparison  of national and international  Recommendations......Page 412
  Drug-sensitive tuberculosis......Page 414
  References......Page 419
Part VIII: Control......Page 420
  Introduction......Page 422
  Part I: The cases......Page 423
  Part II: The approach......Page 425
  References......Page 429
Part IX: Related Aspects......Page 434
  History......Page 436
  Pathogenesis and transmission of tuberculosis......Page 438
  Epidemiology......Page 439
  Transmission of infection by ingestion......Page 441
  Diagnostic tests......Page 444
  Treatment......Page 447
  Control......Page 448
  Risk to humans......Page 451
  References......Page 452
Index......Page 458