Clinical textbook of dental hygiene and therapy

Author biographies ix    Preface xv     Acknowledgements xvi     Section 1 Core Basic Science 1     1 Oral embryology, histology and anatomy 3  Sheila Phillips     Introduction 3     Oral embryology 3     Early tooth development 4     Development of the dental tissues 5     Histology of oral tissues 8     Histology of dental tissues 11     Oral anatomy 15     Anatomy of the oral cavity 20     Tooth morphology 26     2 General pathology 32  Henk S. Brand and Arjan Vissink     Introduction 32     Inflammation and immunity 32     Wound healing 38     Hyperplasia, hypertrophy and atrophy 39     Neoplasia 41     Haemostasis 46     Atherosclerosis 48     Cardiac disease 49     Hypertension 51     3 Oral medicine and pathology 53  Paula Farthing     Introduction 53     Viral infections 53     Oral ulceration 54     White patches and premalignant lesions of the oral mucosa 56     Oral cancer 58     Soft tissue swellings of the oral mucosa 60     Cysts of the jaws 62     Conditions of the salivary glands 64     Oral manifestations of systemic disease 65     Common causes of facial pain 66     Disorders of the temporomandibular joint 67     Developmental tooth anomalies 67     Tooth wear 70     4 Dental caries and pulpitis 72  Avijit Banerjee and Naveen Karir     Introduction 72     Aetiology and microbiology of dental caries in relation to dental plaque 72     The epidemiology of caries 79     Features of enamel, dentine and root caries 80     Diagnostic methods for dental caries 83     Non-surgical management of dental caries 86     Surgical management of dental caries 86     The histopathology of pulpitis 88     Abscess formation 88     Section 2 Clinical 91     5 The periodontium, tooth deposits and periodontal diseases 93  Philip R. Greene and Maggie Jackson     Introduction 93     The normal periodontium 93     The classification of periodontal disease 96     Chronic gingivitis 96     Chronic periodontitis 98     Aggressive periodontitis 100     Histopathology of periodontal diseases 101     Gingival recession 102     Acute periodontal conditions 102     Microbiological aspects of periodontal disease 104     Principles of periodontal examination 105     Treatment of chronic periodontitis 111     Conclusion 123     6 Oral health education and promotion 125  Jane M. Pratt     Introduction 125     Meaning of health 126     Defining health education and health promotion 126     Promotion of oral health 127     Considerations while planning health education and health promotion 130     Planning a teaching session 133     Oral health promotion/education examples 136     Conclusion 138     7 Diet and nutrition 139  Suzanne L. Noble     Introduction 139     The relationship between diet and disease 139     The current national dietary     recommendations 140     Dietary requirements of groups with special needs 145     The effect of ethnicity and culture on nutrition 147     Dietary needs in specific states of disease 147     The principles behind the dietary control of dental caries 147     Classification of sugars in relation to dental caries 149     Alternative sweeteners 151     The relationship between diet and erosion 152     The relationship of diet to periodontal diseases 153     The role of the dental hygienist/therapist in dietary advice and counselling 155     8 Microbiology and infection prevention and control 158  Mary J. O   Donnell, Denise MacCarthy and David C. Coleman     Introduction 158     Requirement for a formal infection prevention and control policy 158     Microorganisms 159     Immunisation 161     Standard precautions 162     Hand hygiene 162     Aseptic techniques 164     Protective clothing 164     Processing and handling of dental instruments 166     Surgery design 170     General surface cleaning and disinfection 171     Waste management 171     The dental chair unit as a vehicle for cross-contamination and cross-infection 172     The dental laboratory 176     Diagnostic specimens 177     9 Materials in restorative dentistry 181     Paul Franklin and Paul Brunton  Introduction 181     Amalgam 181     Resin composite 183     Glass ionomer cements 187     Cermets 191     Compomers 191     Materials for the protection of fissures 192     Adhesion to tooth substance 192     Pulp protection regimes 195     Temporary dressing materials 196     Impression materials 197     Key points 198     10 Pharmacology and pain control 199  Margaret Kellett     Introduction 199     Prescribing regulations and the use of the BNF 199     The use of antibiotics and antimicrobials in dentistry 201     The use of analgesics in dentistry 204     The relevance of other drugs that may affect oral health and dental treatment 205     Local analgesic agents 208     Techniques for local analgesia 209     Difficulties, complications and emergencies that can be associated with local analgesia 214     Equipment used in dental local analgesia 216     Conclusions 218     11 Preventive dentistry 219  Sarah Murray and Baldeesh Chana     Introduction 219     Definitions of prevention 219     Prevention of periodontal disease 221     Prevention of caries 224     Fluoride 225     Fissure sealants 229     Life-long prevention 231     Prevention for persons     with special needs 232     Prevention and implantology 233     Oral cancer screening 235     Alcohol abuse 236     Smoking cessation 237     Smoking habits 237     Illegal drug abuse 240     The primary health care team 241     12 Paediatric dentistry 244  Sharon M.G. Lee and George T.R. Lee     Introduction 244     Dental development 244     Tooth notation 244     Tooth eruption 245     Morphological differences between primary and permanent teeth 245     Disruption in the number of teeth 245     Disruption of tooth form 246     Abnormalities of tooth structure 247     Dental caries 248     Tooth wear in children 253     Treatment of dental caries in the primary dentition 254     Soft tissue problems in children 260     Anxiety and pain control 262     Trauma in children 267     13 Adult restorative dentistry 269  Ann C. Shearer     Introduction: the importance of the treatment plan 269     Charting the adult dentition 270     Classification of cavities 270     Preparation of cavities 272     Pulp protection 276     Moisture control 277     Direct restoratives: clinical properties, handling and placement 279     Polishing and finishing restorations 288     Replacing and repairing restorations 288     Temporary restorative materials and their placement 289     Temporary crowns 289     The clinical aspects of taking impressions 290     The management of discoloured teeth 290     The management of tooth wear 291     Management of trauma 293     The principles of advanced restorative care 293     Care of instruments and handpieces 296     The ergonomic environment 297     Management of anxiety 297     14 Exodontia 299  Hazel J. Fraser     Introduction 299     Indications for tooth extraction 299     Contraindications for tooth extraction 300     Relevant anatomical structures 300     Preparation of the patient 300     Obtaining local analgesia 301     Clinical assessment 301     Extraction instruments 302     Extraction technique 304     Postoperative care 307     Complications of exodontia 307     15 Gerodontology 311  Fiona Sandom     Introduction 311     Physiological age changes 311     Pathological change 314     Nutritional disturbance 318     The dentate elderly 318     Domiciliary care 318     Treatment of the terminally ill 321     16 Medical emergencies and their management 325  Lesley Longman and Colette Balmer     Introduction 325     Management considerations 325     The role of the hygienist/therapist 327     Avoidance of a medical emergency 327     Assessment of the sick patient using the    ABCDE    approach 329     Medical emergencies 330     Patient discharge 345     Conclusion 346     17 Health and safety at work 347  Hilary R. Samways     Introduction 347     Working environment 347     Materials 348     Equipment 348     First aid 350     Waste disposal 350     Accident book 351     Fire prevention 352     Radiation protection 353     Personal protection 354     Clinical governance 359     Risk assessment 359     18 Complementary and alternative medicine 361  Philip Wander     Introduction 361     Acupuncture 362     Herbalism 363     Aromatherapy 363     Chiropractic 364     Osteopathy 364     Hypnosis 364     Homeopathy 365     Biological medicine for the twenty-first century 369     Section 3 Non-clinical 371     19 Primary care services 373  Sara Holmes and Leanna Wynne     Introduction 373     The framework of UK primary dental care service provision 374     The provision of NHS dental services 374     The primary dental care team 376     The public health agenda and an introduction to epidemiology 379     Summary 382     20 Law, ethics and professionalism 383  Hew Matthewson     Introduction 383     Regulation of dental practice 383     Professional duties and obligations towards patients 385     Patient consent to treatment 388     Relationships with professional colleagues 390     Relationships with the public 391     Clinical governance 392     Employment law 394     Sources of advice 394     Index 396     Companion Website     This book is accompanied by a website: www.wiley.com/go/noble/dentalhygiene     The website includes:         Multiple Choice Questions         Figures from the book