Clinical Synopsis of COVID-19: Evolving and Challenging

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Editors
1: Introduction: History of Coronavirus Disease Pandemic
	References
2: Basic Virology and Pathophysiology of COVID-19
	2.1	 Introduction
	2.2	 Classification
	2.3	 Jump from Animals to Humans
	2.4	 Morphology of SARS-CoV-2
	2.5	 Genome of the Novel Coronavirus
	2.6	 Life Cycle of SARS-CoV-2
	2.7	 Host Immune Response
	2.8	 Immune Evasion by Coronaviruses
	2.9	 Pathogenesis
	2.10	 Conclusion
	References
3: Clinical Manifestations of Corona Virus Disease
	3.1	 Introduction
	3.2	 Clinical Manifestations of COVID-19
		3.2.1	 General Systemic Manifestations
		3.2.2	 Respiratory Manifestations
		3.2.3	 Neurological Manifestations
		3.2.4	 Cardiovascular Manifestations
		3.2.5	 Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Manifestations
		3.2.6	 Hematological and Biochemical Manifestations
		3.2.7	 Ophthalmic Manifestations
		3.2.8	 Dermatological Manifestations
	3.3	 Summary
	References
4: Diagnostic Approach to a Patient with Coronavirus Disease
	4.1	 Introduction
	4.2	 Diagnostic approach to Covid-19
	4.3	 Molecular Assays for Viral Nucleic Acid Detection
		4.3.1	 Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)
		4.3.2	 Isothermal Nucleic Acid Amplification
		4.3.3	 Microarray-Based Hybridization Techniques
		4.3.4	 Amplicon-Based Metagenomic Sequencing
	4.4	 Serological or Immunological Assays
		4.4.1	 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
		4.4.2	 Lateral Flow Immunoassay (LFIA)
		4.4.3	 Luminescent Immunoassay
		4.4.4	 Neutralization Assay
		4.4.5	 Biosensor Test
	4.5	 Conclusion
	References
5: Therapeutic Approach to Coronavirus Disease
	5.1	 Introduction to COVID-19 Therapeutics
	5.2	 Antiviral Agents
		5.2.1	 Favipiravir
		5.2.2	 Remdesivir
		5.2.3	 Lopinavir/Ritonavir
		5.2.4	 Hydroxychloroquine or Chloroquine with or Without Azithromycin
	5.3	 Immunomodulatory Agents
		5.3.1	 Interleukin 6 Inhibitors
		5.3.2	 Corticosteroids
		5.3.3	 Anakinra
		5.3.4	 Colchicine
		5.3.5	 Convalescent Plasma
		5.3.6	 Vitamins and Minerals
	5.4	 Controversial Agents
		5.4.1	 Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Inhibitors
		5.4.2	 Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
	5.5	 Summary and Future Research
	References
6: Anesthetic Consideration for Patients with Corona Virus Disease
	6.1	 Preoperative Evaluation
	6.2	 Operating Room Organization and Self-Protection
	6.3	 Airway Management
	6.4	 General Anesthesia
	6.5	 Regional Anesthesia
	6.6	 Fluid Management and Associated Therapy
	6.7	 Postoperative Management
	References
7: Intensive Care Management of Corona Virus Disease
	7.1	 Structural and Functional Features of COVID-19 ICU
		7.1.1	 Structural Characteristics
		7.1.2	 Equipment (Ventilators/Monitors/Devices)
		7.1.3	 Human Resources
	7.2	 Criteria for COVID-19 ICU Admission
	7.3	 Respiratory Support
		7.3.1	 Noninvasive Respiratory Support
		7.3.2	 Invasive Mechanical Ventilation
		7.3.3	 Prone Position
		7.3.4	 Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO)
		7.3.5	 Tracheostomy
		7.3.6	 Lung Ultrasound
	7.4	 Management of Hemodynamic Failure
		7.4.1	 Shock
		7.4.2	 Fluid Therapy and Vasopressors
		7.4.3	 Basic and Advanced Life Support in COVID-19 Adult Patients
		7.4.4	 Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) and Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT)
	7.5	 Adjuvant Therapies
		7.5.1	 Coagulation
		7.5.2	 Co-Infections and Antibiotics Use in COVID-19 ICU Patients
		7.5.3	 Steroids
	7.6	 Communication Strategies in the ICU at the Time of COVID-19 Pandemic
		7.6.1	 Basic Principles: Honesty, Punctuality, Accountability, Trust
		7.6.2	 Content of the Communication
		7.6.3	 Checklist for Communication
		7.6.4	 Videocalls and Other Communication Strategies
		7.6.5	 Communication at the End of Life and Grief
	References
8: Complications of Corona Virus Disease
	8.1	 Introduction
	8.2	 COVID-19-Related Pulmonary Complications
	8.3	 COVID-19-Related Extrapulmonary Complications
		8.3.1	 Hematological
		8.3.2	 Cardiovascular
		8.3.3	 Neurological
		8.3.4	 Renal
		8.3.5	 Endocrine
		8.3.6	 Hepatic and Gastrointestinal
		8.3.7	 Others (Musculoskeletal, Ophthalmological, Dermatological)
	8.4	 Long-Term Complications
		8.4.1	 Treatment-Related Complications
			8.4.1.1	 Medications
			8.4.1.2	 ICU-Related Complications
			8.4.1.3	 Post-ICU Discharge Syndrome
	8.5	 Other Possible Long-Term Complications
	References
9: Psychosocial Issues Related to Corona Virus Disease
	9.1	 Introduction
		9.1.1	 Psychosocial Issues Related to Corona Virus Disease
			9.1.1.1	 Corona Virus Disease and Effect on General Population
		9.1.2	 Corona Virus Disease and Healthcare Workers
		9.1.3	 Corona Virus Disease and Children
	9.2	 Signs and Symptoms
	9.3	 Interventions
	References
10: Trauma Care and Coronavirus Disease
	10.1	 Introduction
	10.2	 Epidemiology of Trauma Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic
	10.3	 Trauma Care During a Pandemic
		10.3.1	 Prehospital Measures
		10.3.2	 Hospital Trauma Bay
		10.3.3	 COVID-19 Triage/Rule out
		10.3.4	 Transport of the Patient
	10.4	 Surgical Interventions (Fig. 10.1)
		10.4.1	 Blood Products
		10.4.2	 ICU
		10.4.3	 Rehabilitation and Out-Patient Services
	10.5	 COVID-19 in the Injured Patient
	10.6	 Conclusion
	10.7	 Summary Points
	References
11: Pregnant Patients and COVID-19
	11.1	 Introduction
	11.2	 Background
		11.2.1	 Epidemiology in the Obstetric Population
		11.2.2	 Patient Characteristics
	11.3	 COVID-19 Disease Manifestations in Pregnancy
	11.4	 Management of COVID-19 Disease in Pregnancy
		11.4.1	 Maternal Hemodynamic Goals
		11.4.2	 Vasopressor Choice in Pregnancy
		11.4.3	 ARDS Management in Pregnancy
		11.4.4	 Extracorporeal Life Support (ECLS)/Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenator (ECMO)
		11.4.5	 Thromboembolic Disease
	11.5	 Antenatal Considerations
		11.5.1	 Fetal Monitoring and Interventions
		11.5.2	 Corticosteroids, Pregnancy Category B
		11.5.3	 Intrapartum Fever
		11.5.4	 Preterm Labor
		11.5.5	 Nutrition and Glucose Control
	11.6	 Timing and Mode of Delivery
	11.7	 Safety of Common Therapies for COVID-19 Disease in Pregnancy (Table 11.2)
		11.7.1	 Convalescent Plasma
	11.8	 Uterotonics and Postpartum Hemorrhage (PPH)
	11.9	 Anesthetic Management
		11.9.1	 Neuraxial Anesthesia
		11.9.2	 General Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery
	11.10	 Conclusions
	References
12: Pediatric Patients and COVID-19
	12.1	 Introduction
	12.2	 Background
		12.2.1	 Epidemiology
		12.2.2	 Presentation of Symptoms
		12.2.3	 Special Considerations: Pediatric
		12.2.4	 Special Considerations: Neonatal
	12.3	 Anesthetic Consideration
	12.4	 Critical Care Management
	12.5	 Conclusion
	References
13: Geriatric Patients and COVID-19
	13.1	 Introduction
		13.1.1	 Background
	13.2	 Clinical Considerations
		13.2.1	 Diagnosis and Clinical Presentation
		13.2.2	 Frailty and COVID-19 Outcomes
		13.2.3	 Anesthetic Considerations
			13.2.3.1	 Perioperative Anesthesiologic Evaluation
			13.2.3.2	 General Anesthesia
			13.2.3.3	 Regional Anesthesia
		13.2.4	 Treatment
		13.2.5	 Recent Advances in the Treatment of Coronavirus
		13.2.6	 Outcomes
	References
14: Control of Spread of Coronavirus Disease
	14.1	 Transmission of Coronavirus
	14.2	 Infection Prevention and Control Practices in COVID-19
		14.2.1 Screening and Triage
		14.2.2 Source Control
		14.2.3 Universal Testing
		14.2.4 Engineering Controls
		14.2.5 Administrative Measures
		14.2.6 Patient Placement
		14.2.7 Personal Protective Equipment
		14.2.8 Specific Precautions for Aerosol-Generating Procedures
		14.2.9 Environmental Infection Control
		14.2.10 Quarantine
		14.2.11 Discontinuing Infection Precautions
		14.2.12 Conclusion
	References
15: Ethical Issues Related to Coronavirus Disease
	15.1	 Rights and Duties of Personnel
	15.2	 Allocation of Scarce Resources
	15.3	 Shortage of Personal Protective Equipment
	15.4	 End of Life and Palliative Care
	15.5	 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
	15.6	 Research and Data Sharing
	15.7	 Telemedicine
	15.8	 Ethical Use of Alternative Medicine
	15.9	 Conclusion
	Bibliography
16: Webliography
	16.1	 Society Guidelines
		16.1.1	 Anesthesiology
		16.1.2 Cardiovascular Medicine
		16.1.3 Emergency Medicine
		16.1.4 Endocrinology and Diabetes
		16.1.5 Gastroenterology and Hepatology
		16.1.6 Infectious Diseases
		16.1.7 Nephrology and Hypertension
		16.1.8 Neurosciences
		16.1.9 Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women’s Health
		16.1.10 Pediatrics
		16.1.11 Psychiatry
		16.1.12 Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
		16.1.13 Solid Organ Transplantation
		16.1.14 Surgery
	16.2	 International Public Health and Government Guidelines
	16.3	 Journals
	16.4	 Others