Clinical Respiratory Medicine

Cover......Page 1
Copyright......Page 2
Dedicatioin......Page 3
Contributors
......Page 4
Preface
......Page 11
Technical Considerations......Page 12
Portable Chest Radiography......Page 13
Digital Chest Radiography......Page 14
Technical Considerations......Page 15
Window Settings......Page 17
Technical Considerations......Page 18
Clinical Applications of High-Resolution Computed Tomography......Page 20
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)......Page 22
Lung Parenchymal Imaging......Page 23
Pulmonary Angiography......Page 24
Bronchial Artery Embolization......Page 25
Superior Vena Cava Stents......Page 26
The Mediastinum and Hilar Structures......Page 27
Pulmonary Fissures, Vessels, and’Bronchi......Page 28
Anatomy of the Lateral Chest Radiograph......Page 29
Consolidation......Page 31
Cicatrization Collapse......Page 33
Loss of Aeration......Page 34
Middle Lobe Collapse......Page 36
Left Lower Lobe Collapse......Page 37
Right Lower Lobe Collapse......Page 38
Left Upper Lobe Collapse......Page 39
Right Upper and Middle Lobe Collapse......Page 40
The Pulmonary Mass......Page 41
Density......Page 42
Enhancement Characteristics......Page 43
Diffuse Shadowing......Page 45
Nodular Opacities......Page 46
Tracheal Widening......Page 47
Bronchiectasis......Page 49
Abnormalities of the Thoracic Aorta......Page 51
Dilatation of Central Veins......Page 53
Pleural Fluid......Page 54
Complications of Pneumothorax......Page 56
Pleural Thickening......Page 60
Pleural Calcification......Page 62
Great Vessels......Page 63
Esophagus......Page 66
Teratomas and Germ-Cell Tumors......Page 67
Middle Mediastinal Masses......Page 68
Posterior Mediastinal Masses......Page 69
Appearance of Normal Lung Anatomy......Page 70
Reticular Pattern......Page 71
Nodular Pattern......Page 72
Cystic Airspaces......Page 74
Diseases of the Airways......Page 76
Suggested Readings......Page 79
Acquisition Protocols......Page 80
False-Negative Findings......Page 81
The Solitary Pulmonary Nodule......Page 82
Locoregional Lymph Nodes (N Factor)......Page 83
Extrathoracic Spread (M Factor)......Page 85
Impact on Overall Staging and Treatment......Page 86
PET in Prognosis and Assessment of Therapy......Page 87
Future Developments......Page 88
Suggested Readings......Page 89
Gene Structure......Page 90
Autosomal Recessive......Page 91
Cystic Fibrosis......Page 92
Alpha1-Antitrypsin Deficiency......Page 93
Pharmacogenetics......Page 94
Genetic Testing in Other Pulmonary Diseases......Page 95
Suggested Readings......Page 96
The Airways......Page 97
Lung Volumes......Page 98
Volumes of Elastic Structures......Page 99
Lung and Chest Wall: The Respiratory System......Page 100
Surface Tension......Page 101
Flow Resistance......Page 102
Work of Breathing......Page 104
Suggested Readings......Page 105
Ambient Gas Partial Pressures (Tensions)......Page 106
Concept of Partial Pressure......Page 107
Alveolar Ventilation and Dead Space......Page 108
Carbon Dioxide Elimination......Page 109
Estimating the Alveolar Partial Pressure of Oxygen......Page 110
Hemoglobin......Page 111
Carbon Dioxide Transport......Page 113
Alveolar-Arterial Oxygen Equilibration......Page 114
Alveolar-Arterial Oxygen Difference......Page 115
Shunt......Page 116
Ventilation-Perfusion Abnormalities......Page 117
Arterial Hypoxemia......Page 118
Suggested Readings......Page 119
Circulatory Physiology......Page 120
Regulation of Pulmonary Blood Flow......Page 122
Fluid Exchange in the Pulmonary Circulation......Page 123
Alveolar Edema......Page 124
Positive-Pressure Ventilation......Page 125
Complications of Central Venous Catheterization......Page 126
Pulmonary Artery Catheters......Page 127
Interpretation of Data......Page 128
Role of the Pulmonary Artery Catheter......Page 129
Arterial Pressure Monitoring......Page 130
Pulse Oximetry......Page 131
Suggested Readings......Page 132
Handling of Metabolic Acids......Page 133
Handling of Respiratory Acid......Page 134
Compensation for Acid-Base Disorders......Page 135
Acute Respiratory Acidosis......Page 136
Metabolic Acidosis......Page 137
Neural Control......Page 138
Measurement of Ventilatory Drive......Page 139
Ventilatory Loading......Page 140
Suggested Readings......Page 141
The Diaphragm......Page 142
Maximal Static Mouth Pressures......Page 143
Electrophysiologic Testing......Page 145
Physiology: The Ability to Breath: The Load/Capacity Balance......Page 147
Hyperinflation......Page 149
Peripheral Fatigue......Page 150
Inflammation and Injury......Page 151
Plasticity and Adaptation......Page 152
Suggested Readings......Page 153
Spirometry......Page 154
Nitrogen Washout......Page 156
Interpretation of Lung Volume Abnormalities......Page 157
Reference Standards......Page 158
Closing Volume......Page 159
Upper Airway Obstruction......Page 160
Exhaled Nitric Oxide in Laboratory Assessment of Asthma......Page 161
Suggested Readings......Page 162
Method of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing......Page 163
Exercise Gas Exchange......Page 164
Patterns of Gas Exchange During Exercise......Page 167
Clinical Application of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing......Page 168
Suggested Readings......Page 169
Cough/Sneeze......Page 170
Mucociliary Escalator......Page 172
Epithelial Cells......Page 173
Monocytes/Macrophages......Page 174
Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils (PMNs)......Page 175
Antimicrobial Components in the ASL......Page 176
Lysozyme......Page 177
Cathelicidins......Page 178
Toll-Like Receptors......Page 179
Other TLRs......Page 180
Suggested Readings......Page 181
Patient Preparation and Monitoring During Bronchoscopy......Page 182
Technique......Page 184
Chronic Cough......Page 185
Mycobacterial Infections......Page 186
Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome......Page 187
Diagnosis......Page 188
Autofluorescence......Page 189
Ultrathin Bronchoscopy......Page 190
Rigid Bronchoscopic Debulking or Balloon Dilatation......Page 191
Endobronchial Cryotherapy and Electrocautery......Page 192
Photodynamic Therapy......Page 193
Endoluminal Airway Obstruction......Page 194
Extrinsic Airway Compression......Page 195
Tracheobronchomalacia......Page 196
Control of Hemoptysis......Page 197
Bronchoscopic Treatments for Emphysema......Page 198
Anesthesia and Related Blood Gas Abnormalities......Page 199
Suggested Readings......Page 200
Use of the Abrams Needle......Page 202
Specimen Handling......Page 204
Suggested Readings......Page 205
Advanced Cancer......Page 206
Peripheral Lesions......Page 207
Indications and Results for EBUS-TBNA......Page 208
Endoesophageal Ultrasound......Page 209
Results of EUS-FNA......Page 210
Suggested Readings......Page 211
Needles......Page 212
Image Guidance......Page 213
Role of PET-CT in Guiding Biopsy......Page 214
Procedure......Page 215
Mediastinal Biopsies......Page 216
Limitations and Complications......Page 217
Extrathoracic Biopsy......Page 218
Suggested Readings......Page 220
Drain Insertion Site and Patient Positioning......Page 221
Drain Insertion......Page 222
Chest Tube Management......Page 223
Chest Tube Clamping......Page 224
Subcutaneous Emphysema......Page 225
Reexpansion Pulmonary Edema......Page 226
Suggested Readings......Page 227
Rigid Bronchoscopy......Page 228
Technique......Page 229
Technique......Page 230
Technique......Page 231
Technique......Page 232
Suggested Readings......Page 233
Modes of Invasive Mechanical Ventilation......Page 234
Pressure-Targeted (or Controlled) Ventilation (PCV)......Page 235
Modes that Deliver Assistance to Spontaneous Breathing......Page 237
Pressure Support Ventilation......Page 238
Difficulties with Conventional Modes of’Assistance to Spontaneous Breathing......Page 240
Neurally Adjusted Ventilatory Assist (NAVA)......Page 241
Airway Pressure Release Ventilation (APRV)......Page 243
Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (SIMV)......Page 245
Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP)......Page 246
Airway Resistance and Lung Elastance......Page 247
Dynamic Hyperinflation and Auto-PEEP......Page 249
Practical Approach to Ventilating Patients with Restrictive Pulmonary Disease......Page 250
Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury (VILI)......Page 252
Strategies to Prevent VILI in Daily Clinical Practice......Page 253
Alternative Approaches to Lung Recruitment......Page 256
Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation......Page 257
Pitfalls and Controversies......Page 258
Suggested Reading......Page 259
Helmet......Page 260
Critical Care Ventilators......Page 261
Negative-Pressure Ventilation......Page 262
Acute Pulmonary Edema......Page 263
Time Demands on Medical Personnel......Page 264
Restrictive Thoracic Disease......Page 265
Selection Guidelines......Page 266
Initiation......Page 267
Commonly Encountered Problems and Possible Remedies......Page 268
Suggested Readings......Page 269
Awake Intubation......Page 270
Surgical Airway Management......Page 271
Considerations in the Choice of Airway Control......Page 272
Management of Regurgitation during Mask Ventilation......Page 273
Type of Blade......Page 274
Acute Asthma, Cardiac Ischemia, or Hypertension in the Patient with a Full Stomach......Page 276
Suggested Readings......Page 277
Patient-Related Preoperative Risk Factors......Page 278
Cardiac Impairment......Page 280
Combined/Multifactorial Assessment......Page 282
Lung Resection Surgery......Page 283
Suggested Readings......Page 286
Differential Diagnosis......Page 287
Patient Evaluation......Page 288
Cough Variant Asthma/Eosinophilic Bronchitis......Page 289
Rhinitis/Upper Airway Cough Syndrome......Page 290
Cough Variant Asthma/Eosinophilic Bronchitis......Page 291
Suggested Readings......Page 292
Mechanism of Dyspnea......Page 294
The Neural Mechanisms of Dyspnea......Page 295
Acute Dyspnea......Page 296
The Patient with Acute Dyspnea......Page 297
The Patient with Chronic Dyspnea......Page 300
Scales to Measure Dyspnea......Page 303
Treatment......Page 307
Suggested Readings......Page 310
Miscellaneous Causes......Page 311
Patient Evaluation......Page 312
Computed Tomography......Page 313
Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy......Page 314
Diagnostic Algorithm......Page 315
Suggested Readings......Page 316
Musculoskeletal Pain......Page 317
Patient Evaluation......Page 319
Bursitis, Tendinitis, and Arthritis......Page 320
Physical Examination......Page 321
Treatment......Page 322
Suggested Readings......Page 324
Classification of Pulmonary Infections......Page 325
What is the Likely Pathogen?......Page 327
Sputum......Page 329
Serology......Page 330
Is it Necessary to Identify the Causative Pathogen?......Page 331
Suggested Readings......Page 332
Nutrition......Page 333
Diagnosis......Page 334
Lung Abscess......Page 335
Streptococcus Species......Page 336
Legionella Pneumophila......Page 338
Coxiella Burnetii......Page 339
Bacillus Anthracis......Page 340
Antigen Tests......Page 341
Severity and Admission to Hospital......Page 342
Empirical Antibiotic Therapy......Page 343
Antibiotic Selection......Page 344
Clinical Course and Prevention......Page 345
Prevention......Page 347
Diagnosis......Page 348
Antibiotic Treatment......Page 349
Suggested Readings......Page 350
Influenza Virus......Page 351
Parainfluenza Virus......Page 352
Rubeola (Measles)......Page 353
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)......Page 354
Histoplasmosis......Page 355
Coccidioidomycosis......Page 357
Parasitic Pneumonia......Page 358
Strongyloidiasis and Ancylostomiasis......Page 359
Paragonimiasis......Page 360
Hydatidosis......Page 361
Suggested Readings......Page 362
General Principles of the Clinical Approach......Page 365
Clinical Assessment and Diagnostic Protocols......Page 366
Investigation of Diffuse Ground Glass Infiltration......Page 368
Investigation of Pulmonary Nodules......Page 369
Treatment......Page 370
Clinical Features and Diagnosis......Page 372
Treatment......Page 373
Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Pathogenesis......Page 374
Microbiologic Diagnosis......Page 375
Pneumocystis jirovecii......Page 377
Suggested Readings......Page 378
Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Pathogenesis......Page 379
Diagnosis......Page 380
Diagnosis......Page 381
Treatment......Page 382
Evolution......Page 383
Suggested Readings......Page 384
Epidemiology......Page 385
Pathogenesis......Page 386
Clinical Features......Page 387
Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis......Page 388
Genitourinary Tuberculosis......Page 389
Diagnosis of Tuberculosis......Page 390
Sputum Microscopy......Page 391
Drug Susceptibility Testing......Page 392
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding......Page 393
Tuberculin Skin Test......Page 397
Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection......Page 399
Contacts to Drug-Resistant Cases......Page 400
Pathogenesis......Page 401
Pulmonary Disease......Page 402
Lymphadenitis......Page 403
Diagnosis......Page 404
Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria......Page 405
Lymphadenitis......Page 406
Pitfalls and Controversies......Page 407
Suggested Readings......Page 408
Allergic Rhinosinusitis......Page 409
Infectious Rhinosinusitis......Page 411
Food-Induced Rhinitis......Page 412
Structural Causes......Page 413
Mucus Clearance Defects......Page 414
Acute Coryza (The Common Cold)......Page 415
Imaging Techniques......Page 416
Topical Corticosteroids......Page 417
Other Agents......Page 418
Surgical Intervention......Page 419
Allergic Rhinosinusitis......Page 420
Acute Bacterial Sinusitis......Page 421
Pitfalls and Controversies......Page 422
Suggested Readings......Page 423
Pathogenesis......Page 424
Diagnosis......Page 425
Antibiotic Therapy of Acute Exacerbations......Page 426
Prevention of Acute Exacerbations and Reduction of Bacterial Burden......Page 427
Surgical Removal of Affected Lung......Page 428
Pitfalls and Controversies......Page 429
Suggested Readings......Page 430
Virology and Immunology of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus......Page 431
Acute Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection......Page 433
Pulmonary Immune Response During Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection......Page 434
Pneumonia......Page 435
Tuberculosis......Page 436
Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia......Page 438
Cryptococcal Infection......Page 440
Penicillium marneffei Infection......Page 441
Toxoplasmosis......Page 442
Arterial Oxygen Assessments......Page 443
Lactate Dehydrogenase Enzyme......Page 444
Nucleic Acid Detection......Page 445
Other Therapy......Page 446
Trimetrexate......Page 447
Treatment of Tuberculosis......Page 448
Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome......Page 449
Treatment of Disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Complex Infection......Page 450
Visceral Leishmaniasis......Page 451
Clinical Course and Prevention......Page 452
Dapsone......Page 453
Bacterial Infection Prophylaxis......Page 454
Pneumocystis jirovecii......Page 455
The Effect of Antiretroviral Therapy on Opportunistic Infections......Page 456
Smoking-Related Diseases......Page 457
Suggested Readings......Page 458
Clinical Features......Page 459
Treatment......Page 460
Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Pathogenesis......Page 461
Treatment......Page 462
Clinical Features......Page 463
Diagnosis......Page 464
Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Pathogenesis......Page 465
Diagnosis......Page 466
Suggested Readings......Page 467
Antiinflammatory Effects?......Page 468
Choice of SABA......Page 469
Long-Acting Inhaled beta2-Agonists......Page 470
Safety......Page 471
Mode of Action......Page 472
Anticholinergics......Page 473
Clinical Use......Page 474
Side Effects......Page 475
Clinical Use......Page 476
Immunosuppressive or Corticosteroid-Sparing Therapy......Page 477
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease......Page 478
Suggested Readings......Page 479
Molecular Mechanisms......Page 480
Nongenomic Effects......Page 481
Inhaled......Page 482
Infection......Page 484
Gastrointestinal......Page 485
Suggested Readings......Page 486
Definitions......Page 487
COPD and Comorbidities......Page 488
Chronic Bronchitis......Page 489
Small Airways Disease/Bronchiolitis......Page 490
Etiology and Risk Factors......Page 491
Air Pollution......Page 492
Chronic Mucus Hypersecretion: Chronic Bronchopulmonary Infection......Page 493
Gender......Page 494
Prevalence......Page 495
Morbidity/Use of Health Resources......Page 496
Natural History and Prognosis......Page 497
Proteinase/Antiproteinases Imbalance......Page 498
Elastase Synthesis and Repair......Page 499
Airflow Limitation and Hyperinflation......Page 500
Ventilatory Control......Page 501
Respiratory Muscles......Page 502
Systemic Effects......Page 503
Symptoms......Page 504
Clinical Signs......Page 505
Spirometry......Page 506
Reversibility Testing......Page 507
Exercise Tests......Page 508
Health Status......Page 509
Plain Chest Radiography......Page 510
Suggested Readings......Page 511
Pathophysiology......Page 513
Diagnosis......Page 514
Noninvasive Ventilation......Page 515
Other Therapies......Page 516
Suggested Readings......Page 517
Reduce Risk with Smoking Cessation......Page 518
Anticholinergic Bronchodilators......Page 519
beta2-Agonist Bronchodilators......Page 520
Theophylline......Page 522
Pulmonary Rehabilitation......Page 523
Principles of Pulmonary Rehabilitation......Page 524
Patient Selection......Page 525
Oxygen Therapy......Page 526
Summary......Page 528
Suggested Readings......Page 529
Indications for Oxygen Administration......Page 530
Methods of Oxygen Delivery......Page 531
Effect of Long-Term Oxygen Therapy on Mortality......Page 533
Oxygen Therapy and Pulmonary Hemodynamics in COPD......Page 534
Controversies and Concerns......Page 535
Suggested Readings......Page 536
Outcomes After Pulmonary Rehabilitation......Page 537
Whole-Body Exercise......Page 538
Resistance Training......Page 540
Specific Respiratory Muscle Training......Page 541
Suggested Readings......Page 542
Incidence of Asthma......Page 544
Changes in Prevalence of Asthma Over Time and Asthma Epidemics......Page 545
Atopy......Page 547
Smoking......Page 548
Diet......Page 549
Role of Urbanization in Africa......Page 550
Suggested Readings......Page 551
Immune Mechanisms......Page 552
Eosinophils......Page 553
Neutrophils......Page 554
Subepithelial Membrane......Page 555
Mucus Hypersecretion and Goblet Cell Hyperplasia......Page 556
Mechanism of Goblet Cell Hyperplasia in Asthma......Page 557
Suggested Readings......Page 558
Clinical Features......Page 559
Allergic Triggers......Page 560
Premenstrual Asthma and Asthma in Pregnancy......Page 561
Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis......Page 562
Diagnosis, Differential Diagnosis, and Assessment of Severity......Page 563
Vocal Cord Dysfunction......Page 565
Other Lung Function Tests......Page 566
Skin Prick Testing......Page 568
Grading of Severity of Asthma......Page 569
Aerosols......Page 570
Large Volume Spacers......Page 571
beta2-Agonists......Page 572
Theophyllines......Page 573
Trends in the Use of Medications......Page 574
Management Strategies for the Use of Medicines in the Day-to-Day Management of Asthma......Page 575
Management of Acute Asthma......Page 577
Subsequent Management......Page 579
Prevention and Organization of Care......Page 580
Use of Inhaled Steroids......Page 582
Suggested Readings......Page 583
Pathophysiology......Page 584
Clinical Features......Page 586
Diagnostic Approach......Page 587
Clinical Course of Lung Disease and Principles of Therapy......Page 589
Airway Clearance......Page 590
Management of Airway Infection......Page 591
Infertility and Pregnancy......Page 592
CF Liver Disease......Page 593
Conclusions......Page 594
Suggested Readings......Page 595
Epidemiology......Page 596
Pathology......Page 598
Clinical Features......Page 599
Local Effects......Page 600
Adrenal......Page 601
Superior Sulcus Tumor......Page 602
Musculoskeletal......Page 603
Hematologic......Page 604
Hypercalcemia......Page 605
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion......Page 606
Neurologic......Page 607
Diagnosis......Page 608
Staging......Page 610
Staging: Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer......Page 611
Stages 0, IA/B, and IIA/B......Page 612
Stages IIIA and IIIB......Page 614
Stage IV......Page 615
Bronchoscopic Treatment......Page 616
Chemotherapy and Radiation......Page 617
Clinical Course and Prevention......Page 618
Pulmonary Lymphoma......Page 619
Lung Metastases......Page 620
Evaluation of the Solitary Nodule......Page 621
Suggested Readings......Page 622
Thymoma......Page 623
Thymic Carcinoma......Page 624
Mediastinal Lymphoma......Page 625
Hodgkin Disease......Page 626
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma......Page 627
Nonseminomatous, Malignant Germ-Cell Neoplasms......Page 628
Parathyroid Adenoma......Page 629
Benign Mediastinal Lymphadenopathy......Page 630
Enteric Cysts......Page 631
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Neoplasms......Page 632
Paraganglioma......Page 633
Differential Diagnosis......Page 634
Suggested Readings......Page 635
Clinical History......Page 636
Chest Radiography......Page 639
High-Resolution Computed Tomography......Page 640
Surgical Biopsy......Page 643
Integrated Diagnosis in Diffuse Lung Disease......Page 644
Suggested Readings......Page 645
Epidemiology......Page 646
Pathogenesis......Page 647
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis......Page 648
Other Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias......Page 650
Treatment......Page 651
Pitfalls and Controversies......Page 653
Suggested Readings......Page 654
Pathophysiology......Page 655
Pulmonary Hypertension......Page 657
Chest Radiology......Page 658
Extrapulmonary Sarcoid......Page 660
Skin......Page 661
Heart......Page 662
Diagnosis......Page 663
Corticosteroids......Page 664
TNF Alpha-Blockers......Page 666
Hemoptysis and Mycetomas......Page 667
Suggested Readings......Page 668
Eosinophilic Pneumonia in Parasitic Diseases......Page 669
Eosinophilic Pneumonias Secondary to Drugs, Toxic Agents, and Radiation Therapy......Page 670
Idiopathic Chronic Eosinophilic Pneumonia......Page 671
Idiopathic Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia......Page 672
Churg-Strauss Syndrome......Page 673
Pitfalls and Controversies......Page 674
Suggested Readings......Page 675
Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia......Page 676
Diagnosis of Organizing Pneumonia......Page 677
Severe Organizing Pneumonia......Page 678
Pitfalls and Controversies......Page 679
Suggested Readings......Page 680
Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Pathophysiology......Page 681
Clinical Features......Page 683
Treatment......Page 687
Clinical Course and Prevention......Page 688
Amyloid......Page 689
Erdheim-Chester Disease......Page 690
Suggested Readings......Page 691
Signs and Symptoms......Page 692
Mosaic Attenuation/Expiratory Air Trapping......Page 694
Treatment......Page 695
Suggested Readings......Page 696
Genetic Risk Factors for Pulmonary Complications......Page 697
Chronic Bronchitis/Bronchiolitis......Page 698
Other Parenchymal Disorders......Page 699
Interstitial Pneumonias......Page 700
Pulmonary Nodules......Page 701
Interstitial Pneumonias......Page 702
Pulmonary Complications of Muscular Weakness......Page 703
Antiphospholipid Syndrome......Page 704
Relapsing Polychondritis......Page 705
Behccedilet's Disease......Page 706
High-Resolution CT Scans......Page 707
Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL)......Page 708
Vascular Disease......Page 709
Activity Versus Severity......Page 710
Suggested Readings......Page 711
Epidemiology and Pathophysiology......Page 712
Treatment and Clinical Course......Page 713
Clinical Features and Diagnosis......Page 714
Treatment and Clinical Course......Page 715
Treatment and Clinical Course......Page 716
Treatment and Clinical Course......Page 717
Cystic Fibrosis......Page 718
Suggested Readings......Page 719
Conditioning Regimens in HSCT......Page 720
Late Postengraftment......Page 721
Bacterial......Page 722
Viral......Page 723
Idiopathic Pneumonia Syndrome......Page 724
Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage (DAH)......Page 725
Bronchiolitis Obliterans......Page 726
Patterns on Imaging......Page 727
Suggested Readings......Page 728
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis/Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis......Page 730
Alpha1-Antitrypsin Deficiency......Page 731
Hepatopulmonary Syndrome......Page 732
Portopulmonary Hypertension......Page 733
Suggested Readings......Page 734
Epidemiology......Page 735
Pneumomediastinum......Page 738
Diagnosis and Management of IBD-Related Thoracic Involvement......Page 739
Treatment......Page 740
Airway Inflammation......Page 741
Suggested Readings......Page 743
Antithrombin Deficiency......Page 744
Protein C Deficiency......Page 745
Hyperhomocysteinemia......Page 746
Cancer......Page 747
Clinical Features......Page 748
d-Dimer......Page 749
Air Embolism......Page 750
Clinical Assessment......Page 751
D-Dimer......Page 752
Venous Compression Ultrasonography......Page 753
Ventilation/Perfusion Lung Scan......Page 754
CT Angiogram......Page 755
Thrombolytics......Page 757
Novel Anticoagulants......Page 758
Chronic Thromboembolic Disease......Page 759
Isolated Subsegmental Pulmonary Emboli......Page 760
Outpatient Treatment of Pulmonary Emboli......Page 761
Suggested Readings......Page 762
Congenital Systemic to Pulmonary Shunts......Page 763
Portal Hypertension......Page 764
Other Conditions Associated with PAH......Page 765
Genetics......Page 766
Echocardiography......Page 767
High-Resolution Computed Tomography......Page 768
Right Heart Catheterization......Page 769
Education......Page 770
Oxygen......Page 771
Disease-Targeted Therapies......Page 772
Prostacyclin and Analogs......Page 773
Lung Transplantation......Page 774
Suggested Readings......Page 775
Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Pathophysiology......Page 777
Wegener's Granulomatosis......Page 779
Polyarteritis Nodosa......Page 780
Pitfalls and Controversies......Page 781
Pathophysiology......Page 782
Clinical Features......Page 783
Connective Tissue or Collagen Vascular Diseases......Page 784
Pitfalls and Controversies......Page 785
Suggested Readings......Page 787
Pathophysiology......Page 788
Pathology......Page 789
Clinical Features......Page 790
Chest Radiology......Page 791
Prognosis......Page 793
Suggested Readings......Page 794
Etiology and Risk Factors......Page 795
Pathology......Page 796
Genetics......Page 797
Radiologic Findings......Page 798
Diagnosis......Page 799
Asbestos-Related, Nonmalignant Pleural Disorders......Page 800
Suggested Readings......Page 801
Immunologic, Immunoglobulin E (IgE)Mediated......Page 803
Immunologic, Non-IgE Mediated......Page 804
Clinical Features......Page 805
Diagnosis......Page 807
Clinical Course......Page 809
Pitfalls and Controversies......Page 810
Suggested Readings......Page 811
Pathogenesis......Page 812
Clinical Features and Diagnosis......Page 813
Hydrogen Chloride......Page 814
Oxides of Nitrogen......Page 815
Carbon Monoxide......Page 816
Pitfalls and Controversies......Page 817
Suggested Readings......Page 818
Concepts......Page 819
Particulate Matter......Page 821
Sulfur Dioxide......Page 824
Products of Biomass Burning......Page 825
Traffic-Related Air Pollution......Page 826
Suggested Readings......Page 827
Diagnostic Approach......Page 828
Bedside Examination of the Fluid......Page 829
pH and Glucose......Page 830
Management of the Underlying Cause......Page 831
Pleurodesis......Page 832
Hepatic Hydrothorax......Page 833
Drainage......Page 834
Malignant Pleural Effusions (MPEs)......Page 835
Chylothorax......Page 836
Introduction......Page 837
Management......Page 838
Strategies for Avoiding Recurrence......Page 839
Iatrogenic Pneumothorax......Page 840
Pulmonary Langerhans' Cell Histiocytosis (LCH)......Page 841
Suggested Readings......Page 842
Etiology and Risk Factors......Page 843
Electron Microscopy......Page 844
Radiologic Findings......Page 845
Computed Tomography......Page 846
Treatment......Page 847
Radiotherapy......Page 849
Prognosis and Survival......Page 850
Suggested Readings......Page 851
Risk Factors......Page 852
Genetics......Page 854
Diagnosis......Page 855
Treatment......Page 857
Lung-Protective Ventilation......Page 858
Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP)......Page 859
Prone Ventilation......Page 860
Inhaled Nitric Oxide (NO)......Page 861
Corticosteroids......Page 862
Mortality......Page 863
Long-Term Outcomes......Page 864
Lung Protective Ventilation......Page 866
Suggested Readings......Page 867
Effects of Chest Wall Deformity on Respiratory and Cardiac Function......Page 868
Lung Volumes......Page 869
Clinical Features......Page 870
Surgery for Scoliosis......Page 871
Ventilatory Failure......Page 872
Suggested Readings......Page 873
Extrapyramidal Diseases......Page 874
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis......Page 876
Phrenic Nerve Injury......Page 877
Acute Corticosteroid Myopathy......Page 878
Inflammatory Myopathies......Page 879
Lung and Chest Wall Mechanics......Page 880
Physical Examination......Page 881
Arterial Blood Gas Tensions......Page 882
Sniff Nasal Inspiratory Pressure......Page 883
Indications for Mechanical Ventilation......Page 884
Assisted Cough......Page 885
Suggested Readings......Page 886
Pathophysiology......Page 887
Diagnosis......Page 888
Acute Lung Injury......Page 889
Suggested Readings......Page 890
Clinical Features......Page 891
Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease......Page 892
Differential Diagnosis......Page 893
How to Treat......Page 894
CPAP......Page 895
Who to Treat......Page 896
OSAHS Coexisting with Other Respiratory Diseases......Page 898
Suggested Readings......Page 899
Clinical Features......Page 900
Pitfalls and Controversies......Page 901
Epidemiology and Risk Factors......Page 903
Diagnosis......Page 904
Nocturnal Ventilation......Page 905
Secondary Causes of Central Hypoventilation......Page 906
Suggested Readings......Page 907
Classic Interstitial Pneumonitis-"Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis"......Page 909
Eosinophilic Pneumonia......Page 910
Diffuse Alveolar Damage......Page 911
Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage......Page 912
Acute Bronchospasm......Page 913
Pleural Patterns......Page 914
Amiodarone......Page 915
d-Penicillamine......Page 917
Bleomycin......Page 918
Cyclophosphamide......Page 919
Methotrexate......Page 920
Taxanes......Page 921
Pitfalls and Controversies......Page 922
Suggested Readings......Page 923
Current Trends in Lung Transplantation......Page 924
Survival......Page 925
General Selection Criteria......Page 926
COPD......Page 929
Donor Selection and Management......Page 931
Lung Allograft Implantation......Page 932
Hyperacute Rejection (HAR)......Page 935
Primary Graft Dysfunction (PGD)......Page 936
Bronchial Anastomotic Complications......Page 937
Community-Acquired Pneumonia......Page 938
Aspergillus Species......Page 939
Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome (BOS)......Page 940
Calcineurin Inhibitors (CIs)......Page 942
Neuromuscular......Page 943
Other Medical Complications Posttransplantation......Page 944
Suggested Readings......Page 945
Index
......Page 946