Clinical Guide to Gastroenterology

Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Contributors
Acronyms and Abbreviations
Podcast and Box Icons
About the Companion Website
Chapter 1.1 Examination Technique
	1.1.1 Chapter at a Glance
	1.1.2 Common Conditions
	1.1.3 Clinical Examination – Peripheries
	1.1.4 Clinical Examination – Abdomen
		Palpation and Percussion
		Specific Organomegaly
		Shifting Dullness
		Auscultation
		To Complete the Examination
	1.1.5 How to Present Your Findings
		Safety First Approach
		Ward-Based Presenting
	1.1.6 Eponymous Signs and Symptoms
Chapter 2.1 Dysphagia
	2.1.1 Chapter at a Glance
	2.1.2 Definition
	2.1.3 Diagnostic Algorithm
	2.1.4 Differentials List
		Dangerous Diagnoses
		Common Diagnoses
		Diagnoses to Consider
	2.1.5 Key History Features
		General Points
		Dangerous Diagnosis 1
		Dangerous Diagnosis 2
		Common Diagnosis 1
		Common Diagnosis 2
		Common Diagnosis 3
		Common Diagnosis 4
		Diagnoses to Consider 1
		Diagnoses to Consider 2
		Diagnoses to Consider 3
	2.1.6 Key Examination Features
		Dangerous Diagnosis 1
		Dangerous Diagnosis 2
		Common Diagnosis 1
		Common Diagnosis 2
		Common Diagnosis 3
		Common Diagnosis 4
		Diagnoses to Consider 1
		Diagnoses to Consider 2
		Diagnoses to Consider 3
	2.1.7 Key Investigations
		Bedside Tests
		Blood Tests
		Imaging
		Special Tests
	2.1.8 When to Call a Senior
		Situations
		What Should be Arranged by the Time the Senior Arrives
		What Should be Completed by the Time the Senior Arrives
	2.1.9 Key Clinical Trials
		Key Trial 2.1.1
		Key Trial 2.1.2
		Key Trial 2.1.3
	2.1.10 Guidelines
	2.1.11 Additional References
Chapter 2.2 Dyspepsia
	2.2.1 Chapter at a Glance
	2.2.2 Definition
	2.2.3 Diagnostic Algorithm
	2.2.4 Differentials List
		Dangerous Diagnoses
		Common Diagnoses
		Diagnoses to Consider
	2.2.5 Key History Features
		Dangerous Diagnosis 1
		Dangerous Diagnosis 2
		Common Diagnosis 1
		Common Diagnosis 2
		Common Diagnosis 3
		Common Diagnosis 4
		Common Diagnosis 5
		Common Diagnosis 6
		Diagnoses to Consider 1
		Diagnoses to Consider 2
		Diagnoses to Consider 3
	2.2.6 Key Examination Features
		Dangerous Diagnosis 1
		Dangerous Diagnosis 2
		Common Diagnosis 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6
		Diagnoses to Consider 1
		Diagnoses to Consider 2
		Diagnoses to Consider 3
	2.2.7 Key Investigations (with justification where appropriate)
		Bedside
		Blood Tests
		Imaging
		Special Tests
	2.2.8 When to Call a Senior
		Situations
		What Should be Arranged by the Time the Senior Arrives
		What Should be Completed by the Time the Senior Arrives
	2.2.9 Key Clinical Trials
		Key Trial 2.2.1
		Key Trial 2.2.2
	2.2.10 Guidelines
	2.2.11 Additional References
Chapter 2.3 Nausea and Vomiting
	2.3.1 Chapter at a Glance
	2.3.2 Definition
	2.3.3 Diagnostic Algorithm
	2.3.4 Differentials List
		Dangerous Diagnoses
		Common Diagnoses
		Diagnoses to Consider
	2.3.5 Key History Features
		General Points
		Dangerous Diagnosis 1
		Dangerous Diagnosis 2
		Dangerous Diagnosis 3
		Dangerous Diagnosis 4
		Dangerous Diagnosis 5
		Common Diagnosis 1
		Common Diagnosis 2
		Common Diagnosis 3
		Common Diagnosis 4
		Diagnoses to Consider 1
		Diagnoses to Consider 3
		Diagnosis to Consider 4
		Diagnosis to Consider 5
	2.3.6 Key Examination Features
		General Points
		Dangerous Diagnosis 1
		Dangerous Diagnosis 2
		Dangerous Diagnosis 3
		Dangerous Diagnosis 4
		Dangerous Diagnosis 5
		Common Diagnosis 1
		Common Diagnosis 2
		Common Diagnosis 3
		Diagnoses to Consider 1
		Diagnoses to Consider 2
		Diagnoses to Consider 3
		Diagnoses to Consider 4
	2.3.7 Key Investigations
		General Points
		Bedside Tests
		Blood Tests
		Imaging
		Special Tests
	2.3.8 When to Call a Senior
		Situations
		What Should be Arranged by the Time the Senior Arrives
		What Should be Completed by the Time the Senior Arrives
	2.3.9 Key Clinical Trials
		Key Trial 2.3.1
	2.3.10 Guidelines
	2.3.11 Additional References
Chapter 2.4 Abdominal Pain
	2.4.1 Chapter at a Glance
	2.4.2 Definition
	2.4.3 Diagnostic Algorithm
	2.4.4 Differentials List
		Dangerous Diagnoses
		Common Diagnoses
		Diagnoses to Consider
	2.4.5 Key History Features
		General Points
		Dangerous Diagnosis 1
		Dangerous Diagnosis 2
		Dangerous Diagnosis 3
		Common Diagnosis 1
		Common Diagnosis 2
		Common Diagnosis 3
		Diagnoses to Consider 1
		Diagnoses to Consider 2
		Diagnoses to Consider 3
	2.4.6 Key Examination Features
		General Points
		Dangerous Diagnosis 1
		Dangerous Diagnosis 2
		Dangerous Diagnosis 3
		Common Diagnosis 1
		Common Diagnosis 2
		Common Diagnosis 3
		Diagnoses to Consider 1
		Diagnoses to Consider 2
		Diagnoses to Consider 3
	2.4.7 Key Investigations
		Bedside
		Blood Tests
		Imaging
		Special
	2.4.8 When to Call a Senior
		Situations
		What should be Arranged by the Time the Senior Arrives
		What should be Completed by the Time the Senior Arrives
	2.4.9 Key Clinical Trials
		Key Trial 2.4.1
		Key Trial 2.4.2
		Key Trial 2.4.3
	2.4.10 Guidelines
	2.4.11 Additional References
Chapter 2.6 GI Bleeding
	2.6.1 Chapter at a Glance
	2.6.2 Definition
	2.6.3 Diagnostic Algorithm
	2.6.4 Differentials List
		Dangerous Diagnoses
		Common Diagnoses
		Diagnoses to Consider
	2.6.5 Key History Features
		General Points
		Dangerous Diagnosis 1
		Dangerous Diagnosis 2
		Dangerous Diagnosis 3
		Common Diagnosis 1
		Common Diagnosis 2
		Diagnoses to Consider 1
		Diagnoses to Consider 2
		Diagnoses to Consider 3
		Diagnoses to Consider 4
	2.6.6 Key Examination Features
		General Points
		Dangerous Diagnosis 1
		Dangerous Diagnosis 2
		Dangerous Diagnosis 3
		Common Diagnosis 1
		Common Diagnosis 2
		Diagnoses to Consider 1
		Diagnoses to Consider 2
		Diagnoses to Consider 3
		Diagnoses to Consider 4
	2.6.7 Key Investigations
		Bedside
		Blood Tests
		Imaging
		Special
	2.6.8 When to Call a Senior
		Situations
		What should be Arranged by the Time the Senior Arrives
		What should be Completed by the Time the Senior Arrives?
	2.6.9 Key Clinical Trials
		Key Trial 2.6.1
		Key Trial 2.6.2
		Key Trial 2.6.3
	2.6.10 Guidelines
	2.6.11 Additional References
Chapter 2.7 Change in Bowel Habit
	2.7.1 Chapter at a Glance
	2.7.2 Definition
	2.7.3 Diagnostic Algorithm
	2.7.4 Differentials List
		Dangerous Diagnoses
		Common Diagnoses
		Diagnoses to Consider
	2.7.5 Key History Features
		Dangerous Diagnosis 1
		Dangerous Diagnosis 2
		Dangerous Diagnosis 3
		Common Diagnosis 1
		Common Diagnosis 2
		Common Diagnosis 3
		Common Diagnosis 4
		Diagnoses to Consider 1
		Diagnoses to Consider 2
		Diagnoses to Consider 3
	2.7.6 Key Examination Features
		General Points
		Dangerous Diagnosis 1
		Dangerous Diagnosis 2
		Dangerous Diagnosis 3
		Common Diagnosis 1
		Common Diagnosis 2
		Common Diagnosis 3
		Common Diagnosis 4
		Diagnoses to Consider 1
		Diagnoses to Consider 2
		Diagnoses to Consider 3
	2.7.7 Key Investigations
		Bedside
		Blood Tests
		Imaging
		Special
	2.7.8 When to Call a Senior
		Situations
		What should be Arranged by the Time the Senior Arrives
		What should be Completed by the Time the Senior Arrives
	2.7.9 Key Clinical Trials
		Key Trial 2.7.1
	2.7.10 Guidelines
	2.7.11 Additional References
Chapter 2.8 Anaemia
	2.8.1 Chapter at a Glance
	2.8.2 Definition
	2.8.3 Diagnostic Algorithm
	2.8.4 Differentials List
		Dangerous Diagnoses
		Common Diagnoses
		Diagnoses to Consider
	2.8.5 Key History Features
		General Points
		Dangerous Diagnosis 1
		Dangerous Diagnosis 2
		Dangerous Diagnosis 3
		Dangerous Diagnosis 4
		Dangerous Diagnosis 5
		Common Diagnosis 1
		Common Diagnosis 2
		Common Diagnosis 3
		Common Diagnosis 4
		Diagnoses to Consider 1
		Diagnoses to Consider 2
		Diagnoses to Consider 3
	2.8.6 Key Examination Features
		General Points
		Dangerous Diagnosis 1
		Dangerous Diagnosis 2
		Dangerous Diagnosis 3
		Dangerous Diagnosis 4
		Dangerous Diagnosis 5
		Common Diagnosis 1
		Common Diagnosis 2
		Common Diagnosis 3
		Common Diagnosis 4
		Diagnoses to Consider 1
		Diagnoses to Consider 2
		Diagnoses to Consider 3
	2.8.7 Key Investigations
		Bedside
		Blood Tests
		Imaging
		Special tests
	2.8.8 When to Call a Senior
		Situations
	2.8.9 Key Clinical Trials
		Key Trial 2.8.1
	2.8.10 Guidelines
	2.8.11 Additional References
Chapter 2.9 Jaundice
	2.9.1 Chapter at a Glance
	2.9.2 Definition
	2.9.3 Diagnostic Algorithm
	2.9.4 Differentials List
		Dangerous Diagnoses
		Common Diagnoses
		Diagnoses to Consider
	2.9.5 Key History Features
		General Points
		Dangerous Diagnosis 1
		Dangerous Diagnosis 2
		Dangerous Diagnosis 3
		Dangerous Diagnosis 4
		Common Diagnosis 1
		Common Diagnosis 2
		Common Diagnosis 3
		Diagnosis to Consider 1
		Diagnoses to Consider 2
		Diagnoses to Consider 3
		Diagnosis to Consider 4
	2.9.6 Key Examination Features
		General Points
		Dangerous Diagnosis 1
		Dangerous Diagnosis 2
		Dangerous Diagnosis 3
		Dangerous Diagnosis 4
		Common Diagnosis 1
		Common Diagnosis 2
		Common Diagnosis 3
		Diagnoses to Consider 1
		Diagnoses to Consider 2
		Diagnoses to Consider 3
		Diagnoses to Consider 4
	2.9.7 Key Investigations
		Bedside Tests
		Blood Tests
		Imaging
		Special Tests
	2.9.8 When to Call a Senior
		Situations
		What should be Arranged by the Time the Senior Arrives
		What should be Completed by the Time the Senior Arrives
		For Upper GI Bleed
	2.9.9 Guidelines
	2.9.10 Additional References
Chapter 3.2 Oesophagus
	3.2.1 Chapter at a Glance
	3.2.2 Definition
	3.2.3 Underlying Concepts
		Gross Anatomy
		Sphincters
		Vascular Supply and Drainage of Oesophagus
		Histology
		Gastro-Oesophageal Junction
		Physiology
	3.2.4 Achalasia
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Key Investigations
		Management Options
	3.2.5 Barrett’s Oesophagus
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Key Investigations
		Management Options
	3.2.6 Oesophageal Malignancy
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Key Investigations
		Management Options
	3.2.7 Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Disease
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Key Investigations
		Management Options
	3.2.8 Eosinophilic Oesophagitis
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Key Investigations
		Management Options
	3.2.9 Oesophageal Candidiasis
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Key Investigations
		Management Options
	3.2.10 Mallory–Weiss Syndrome
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Key Investigations
		Management Options
	3.2.11 Other Conditions
	3.2.12 Key Clinical Trials
		Key Trial 3.2.1
		Key Trial 3.2.2
	3.2.13 Guidelines
	3.2.14 Additional References
Chapter 3.3 Stomach
	3.3.1 Chapter at a Glance
	3.3.2 Definition
	3.3.3 Underlying Concepts
		Anatomy
		Nerve Supply
		Microanatomy
		Functions
	3.3.4 H. pylori Infection
		Pathophysiology
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Investigations
		Management
	3.3.5 Peptic Ulcer Disease
		Pathophysiology
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Investigations
		Management
	3.3.6 Gastritis
		Pathophysiology
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Investigations
		Management
	3.3.7 Gastric Polyps
		Pathophysiology
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Investigations
		Management
	3.3.8 Lymphoma
		Pathophysiology
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Investigations
		Management
	3.3.9 Gastric Adenocarcinoma
		Pathophysiology
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Investigations
		Management
	3.3.10 Zollinger–Ellison Syndrome
	3.3.11 Gastric Dysmotility
		Pathophysiology
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Investigations
		Management
	3.3.12 Key Clinical Trials
		Key Trial 3.3.1
	3.3.13 Guidelines
	3.3.14 Additional References
Chapter 3.4 Small Intestine
	3.4.1 Chapter at a Glance
	3.4.2 Definition
	3.4.3 Underlying Concepts
		Anatomy
		Histology
		Vascular Supply and Lymphatics
		Physiology
		Pathophysiology
	3.4.4 Coeliac Disease
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Key Investigations
		Management Options
	3.4.5 Small Bowel Obstruction
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Key Investigations
		Management Options
	3.4.6 Small Bowel Ischaemia
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Key Investigations
		Management Options
	3.4.7 Malignancies of the Small Intestine
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Key Investigations
		Management Options
	3.4.8 Other Conditions
		Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth
		Angiodysplasia
		Short Bowel Syndrome
		Whipple’s Disease
		Tropical Sprue
	3.4.9 Key Clinical Trials
		Key Trial 3.4.1
		Key Trial 3.4.2
		Key Trial 3.4.3
	3.4.10 Guidelines
	3.4.11 Additional References
Chapter 3.5 Large Intestine
	3.5.1 Chapter at a Glance
	3.5.2 Definition
	3.5.3 Underlying Concepts
		Anatomy
		Vascular and Nerve Supply
		Physiology
	3.5.4 C. difficile-Associated Diarrhoea (CDAD)
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Key Investigations
		Management Options
	3.5.5 Infectious Diarrhoea
		Key Data
		Presenting features
		Differentials
		Key Investigations
		Management Options
	3.5.6 Ischaemic Colitis
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Key Investigations
		Management Options
	3.5.7 Microscopic Colitis
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Key Investigations
		Management Options
	3.5.8 Diverticular Disease
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Key Investigations
		Management Options
	3.5.9 Large Bowel Obstruction
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Key Investigations
		Management Options
	3.5.10 Pseudo-Obstruction
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Management Options
	3.5.11 Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
	3.5.12 Colorectal Cancer
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Investigations
		Management Options
	3.5.13 Key Clinical Trials
		Key Trial 3.5.1
		Key Trial 3.5.2
		Key Trial 3.5.3
		Key Trial 3.5.4
	3.5.14 Guidelines
	3.5.15 Additional References
Chapter 3.6 Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Irritable Bowel Syndrome
	3.6.1 Chapter at a Glance
	3.6.2 Definition
	3.6.3 Underlying Concepts
		IBD
		IBS
	3.6.4 Crohn’s Disease
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Key Investigations
		Management Options
	3.6.5 Ulcerative Colitis
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Key Investigations
		Management Options for Acute Flare of Ulcerative Colitis
		Management Options for Chronic Active Ulcerative Colitis in Outpatient Clinical Setting
	3.6.6 Irritable Bowel Syndrome
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Key Investigations
		Management Options
	3.6.7 Key Clinical Trials
		Key Trial 3.6.1
		Key Trial 3.6.2
		Key Trial 3.6.3
	3.6.8 Guidelines
	3.6.9 Additional References
Chapter 3.7 Liver
	3.7.1 Chapter at a Glance
	3.7.2 Definition
	3.7.3 Underlying Concepts
		Anatomy
		Vasculature
		Biliary Drainage
		Functions
		Damage to Hepatocytes
	3.7.4 Viral Hepatitis
	3.7.5 Hepatitis B Virus
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Key Investigations
		Management Options
	3.7.6 Hepatitis C virus
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Key Investigations
		Management Options
	3.7.7 Hepatitis A and E Viruses
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Key Investigations
		Management Options
	3.7.8 Autoimmune Hepatitis
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Key Investigations
		Management Options
	3.7.9 Alcoholic Liver Disease and Alcoholic Hepatitis
		Key Data
		Clinical Types
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Key Investigations
		Management Options
	3.7.10 Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
		Key Data
		Clinical Types
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Key Investigations
		Management Options
	3.7.11 Cirrhosis
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Key Investigations
		Management Options
	3.7.12 Ascites
	3.7.13 Liver Failure and Hepatic Encephalopathy
		Key Data
		Differentials
		Key Investigations
		Management Options
	3.7.14 Hepatocellular Carcinoma
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Key Investigations
		Management Options
	3.7.15 Other conditions
		Wilson’s Disease
		Hereditary Haemochromatosis
		α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency
	3.7.16 Key Clinical Trials
		Key Trial 3.7.1
		Key Trial 3.7.2
	3.7.17 Guidelines
	3.7.18 Additional References
Chapter 3.8 Biliary Tract
	3.8.1 Chapter at a Glance
	3.8.2 Definition
	3.8.3 Underlying Concepts
		Anatomy
		Vascular and Nerve Supply
		Biliary Physiology
		Enterohepatic Circulation
	3.8.4 Gallstones
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Key Investigations
		Management Options
	3.8.5 Ascending Cholangitis
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Key Investigations
		Management Options
	3.8.6 Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Key Investigations
		Management Options
	3.8.7 Primary Biliary Cholangitis
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Key Investigations
		Management Options
	3.8.8 Cholangiocarcinoma
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Key Investigations
		Management Options
	3.8.9 Gallbladder Carcinoma
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Key Investigations
		Special (anything unusual please give practical details)
		Management Options
	3.8.10 Key Clinical Trials
		Key Trial 3.8.1
		Key Trial 3.8.2
		Key Trial 3.8.3
	3.8.11 Guidelines
	3.8.12 Additional References
Chapter 3.9 Pancreas
	3.9.1 Chapter at a Glance
	3.9.2 Definition
	3.9.3 Underlying Concepts
		Anatomy
		Ducts
	3.9.4 Acute Pancreatitis
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Key Investigations
	Management Options
		Conservative
		Medical
		Invasive
	3.9.5 Chronic Pancreatitis
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Key Investigations
		Management Options
	3.9.6 Pancreatic Cancer
		Key Data
		Presenting Features
		Differentials
		Key Investigations
		Management Options
	3.9.7 Key Clinical Trials
		Key Trial 3.9.1
		Key Trial 3.9.2
	3.9.8 Guidelines
	3.9.9 Additional References
Chapter 4.1 Liver Biochemistry and Faecal Tests
	4.1.1 Chapter at a Glance
	4.1.2 Definition
	4.1.3 Outline of Procedure
	4.1.4 Indications
		LFTs
		Faecal Tests
	4.1.5 Requesting the Investigation
	4.1.6 Peri-Investigation Management
	4.1.7 Interpretation of Results
	4.1.8 Complications
		Blood Tests
		Faecal Testing
	4.1.9 Guidelines
	4.1.10 Additional References
Chapter 4.2 Abdominal Ultrasound (US)
	4.2.1 Chapter at a Glance
	4.2.2 Definition
	4.2.3 Outline of Procedure
	4.2.4 Indications
	4.2.5 Requesting the Investigation
	4.2.6 Peri-Investigation Management
		Pre-procedure
		Post-procedure
	4.2.7 Interpretation of Results
		Gallbladder
		Common bile duct stones (choledocholithiasis)
		Liver
		Pancreas
		Ascites
		Bladder and Urinary Tract
		Kidney
		Gynaecological Structures
	4.2.8 Complications
	4.2.9 Key Clinical Trials
		Key Trial 4.2.1
	4.2.10 Guidelines
	4.2.11 Additional References
Chapter 4.3 Abdominal X-ray
	4.3.1 Chapter at a Glance
	4.3.2 Definition
	4.3.3 Outline of Procedure
	4.3.4 Indications
	4.3.5 Contraindications
	4.3.6 Requesting the Investigation
	4.3.7 Peri-Investigation Management
		Pre-procedure
		Post-procedure
	4.3.8 Interpretation of Results
		Small Bowel Obstruction
		Large Bowel Obstruction
		Volvulus
		Bowel Perforation
		Inflammation of Bowel or Organs as Liver/Biliary Tract
		Constipation
	4.3.9 Complications
	4.3.10 Guidelines
	4.3.11 Additional References
Chapter 4.4 CT Imaging
	4.4.1 Chapter at a Glance
	4.4.2 Definition
	4.4.3 Outline of Procedure
	4.4.4 Indications
	4.4.5 Requesting the Investigation
	4.4.6 Peri-Investigation Management
		Pre-procedure
		Post-procedure
	4.4.7 Interpretation of Results
	4.4.8 Complications
	4.4.9 Guidelines
	4.4.10 Additional References
Chapter 4.5 Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD)
	4.5.1 Chapter at a Glance
	4.5.2 Definition
	4.5.3 Outline of Procedure
	4.5.4 Indications
		Diagnostic
		Therapeutic
		Other Indications may Include
	4.5.5 Contraindications
	4.5.6 Requesting the Investigation
	4.5.7 Peri-Investigation Management
		Pre-procedure
		Post-procedure
	4.5.8 Interpretation of Results
		Oesophagus
		Stomach
		Duodenum
	4.5.9 Complications
	4.5.10 Guidelines
Chapter 4.6 Barium Swallow
	4.6.1 Chapter at a Glance
	4.6.2 Definition
	4.6.3 Outline of Procedure
	4.6.4 Indications
	4.6.5 Requesting the Investigation
	4.6.6 Peri-Investigation Management
		Pre-procedure
		Post-procedure
	4.6.7 Interpretation of Results
	4.6.8 Complications
	4.6.9 Key Trial
		Key Trial 4.6.1
	4.6.10 Guidelines
	4.6.11 Additional References
Chapter 4.8 Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography
	4.8.1 Chapter at a Glance
	4.8.2 Definition
	4.8.3 Outline of Procedure
	4.8.4 Indications
	4.8.5 Contraindications
	4.8.6 Requesting the Investigation
	4.8.7 Peri-investigation Management
		Pre-procedure
		Post-procedure
	4.8.8 Interpretation of Results
	4.8.9 Complications
	4.8.10 Guidelines
	4.8.11 Additional References
Chapter 4.9 Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
	4.9.1 Chapter at a Glance
	4.9.2 Definition
	4.9.3 Outline of Procedure
	4.9.4 Indications
	4.9.5 Contraindications
	4.9.6 Requesting the Investigation
	4.9.7 Interpretation of Results
	4.9.8 Peri-Investigation Management
		Pre-procedure
		Post-procedure
	4.9.9 Complications
	4.9.10 Guidelines
	4.9.11 Additional References
Chapter 4.10 Enteral and Parenteral Feeding
	4.10.1 Chapter at a Glance
	4.10.2 NG Tube Insertion
		Definition
		Outline of procedure
		Indications
		Contraindications
		Requesting the Procedure
		Peri-procedure Management
		Interpretation of Results
		Complications
		Typical Feeding Regimens
	4.10.3 PEG
		Definition
		Outline of procedure
		Indications
		Contraindications
		Requesting the procedure
		Peri-procedure Management
		Interpretation of Results
		Complications
		Typical Feeding Regimen
	4.10.4 Total Parenteral Nutrition
		Definition
		Outline of Procedure
		Indications
		Contraindications
		Requesting the Procedure
		Peri-procedure Management
		Interpretation of Results
		Complications
		Typical feeding regimen
	4.10.5 Guidelines
	4.10.6 Additional Reference
Chapter 4.12 Flexible Sigmoidoscopy
	4.12.1 Chapter at a Glance
	4.12.2 Definition
	4.12.3 Outline of Procedure
	4.12.4 Indications
	4.12.5 Contraindications
		Absolute
		Relative
	4.12.6 Peri-Investigation Management
		Pre-procedure
		Post-procedure
	4.12.7 Interpretation of Results
	4.12.8 Complications
	4.12.9 Guidelines
	4.12.10 Additional References
Chapter 4.13 Colonoscopy
	4.13.1 Chapter at a Glance
	4.13.2 Definition
	4.13.3 Outline of Procedure
	4.13.4 Indications
	4.13.5 Contraindications
		Absolute
		Relative
	4.13.6 Peri-Investigation Management
		Pre-procedure
		Post-procedure
	4.13.7 Interpretation of Results
	4.13.8 Complications
	4.13.9 Guidelines
	4.13.10 Additional Reference
Chapter 4.14 Abdominal Paracentesis
	4.14.1 Chapter at a Glance
	4.14.2 Definition
	4.14.3 Outline of Procedure
		If Continuing to Drain Insertion
	4.14.4 Indications
		Abdominal Aspiration
		Abdominal Paracentesis
	4.14.5 Contraindications
	4.14.6 Requesting the Procedure
	4.14.7 Peri-Procedure Management
		Pre-procedure
		Post-procedure
	4.14.8 Interpretation of Results
	4.14.9 Complications
	4.14.10 Guidelines
	4.14.11 Additional Reference
Chapter 5.1 Pharmacology – Dyspepsia
	5.1.1 Chapter at a Glance
	5.1.2 Proton Pump Inhibitors
		Drug Examples
		Pharmacology
		Indications
		Contra-Indications
		Cautions
		Interactions
		Side Effects
		Excretion/Metabolism
		Routes
		Starting Dose
	5.1.3 Histamine Receptor-2 Antagonists
		Drug Examples
		Pharmacology
		Indications
		Contraindications
		Cautions
		Interactions
		Side Effects
		Excretion/Metabolism
		Routes
		Starting Dose
	5.1.4 Antacids and Alginates
		Drug Examples
		Pharmacology
		Indications
		Contraindications
		Cautions
		Interactions
		Side effects
		Excretion/Metabolism
		Routes
		Starting Dose
	5.1.5 Key Trials
		Key Trial 5.1.1
		Key Trial 5.1.2
	5.1.6 Guidelines
	5.1.7 Additional References
Chapter 5.2 Pharmacology – IBD
	5.2.1 Chapter at a Glance
	5.2.2 Aminosalicylates
		Drug Examples
		Pharmacology
		Indications
		Contraindications
		Caution
		Interactions
		Side Effects
		Excretion/Metabolism
		Routes
		Starting Dose
	5.2.3 Corticosteroids
		Drug Examples
		Pharmacology
		Gastroenterology Indications
		Contraindications
		Cautions
		Interactions
		Side Effects
		Excretion/Metabolism
		Routes
		Starting Dose
	5.2.4 First-line Immunomodulatory Drugs
		Drug Examples
		Pharmacology
		Gastroenterology Indications
		Contraindications
		Cautions
		Interactions
		Side Effects
		Excretion/Metabolism
		Routes
		Starting Doses
	5.2.5 Calcineurin Inhibitors
		Drug Examples
		Pharmacology
		Indications
		Contraindications
		Malignancy
		Cautions
		Interactions
		Side Effects
		Excretion/Metabolism
		Routes
		Starting Doses
	5.2.6 TNF- Inhibitors
		Drug Examples
		Pharmacology
		Indications
		Contraindications
		Cautions
		Interactions
		Side Effects
		Excretion/Metabolism
		Routes
		Starting Doses
	5.2.7 Key Trials
		Key Trial 5.2.1
		Key Trial 5.2.2
		Key Trial 5.2.3
	5.2.8 Guidelines
	5.2.9 Additional References
Chapter 5.3 Pharmacology – Liver Disease
	5.3.1 Chapter at a Glance
	5.3.2 Benzodiazepines
		Drug Examples
		Pharmacology
		Indications (Chlordiazepoxide)
		Contraindications
		Cautions
		Interactions
		Side Effects
		Excretion/Metabolism
		Starting Dose
	5.3.3 Vitamin Supplementation
		Drug Examples
		Pharmacology
		Indications
		Contraindications
		Cautions
		Interactions
		Side Effects
		Excretion/Metabolism
		Routes
		Starting Dose
	5.3.4 Antiviral Agents
		Drug Examples
		Pharmacology
		Contraindications
		Cautions
		Interactions
		Side Effects
		Excretion/Metabolism
		Routes
		Starting Dose
	5.3.5 Chelators
		Drug Examples
		Pharmacology
		Indications
		Contraindications
		Cautions
		Interactions
		Side Effects
		Excretion/Metabolism
		Routes
		Starting Doses
	5.3.6 Key Trial
		Key Trial 5.3.1
	5.3.7 Guidelines
	5.3.8 Additional References
Chapter 5.4 Pharmacology: : Biliary and Pancreatic Disease
	5.4.1 Chapter at a Glance
	5.4.2 Secondary Bile Acids
		Drug Examples
		Pharmacology
		Indications
		Contraindications
		Cautions
		Interactions
		Side Effects
		Excretion/Metabolism
		Routes
		Starting Dose
	5.4.3 Bile Acid Sequestrants
		Drug Examples
		Pharmacology
		Indications
		Contraindications
		Cautions
		Interactions
		Side Effects
		Excretion/Metabolism
		Routes
		Starting Dose
	5.4.4 Pancreatic Enzyme Products
		Drug Examples
		Pharmacology
		Indications
		Contraindications
		Cautions
		Interactions
		Side Effects
		Excretion/Metabolism
	5.4.5 Key Trial
		Key Trial 5.4.1
	5.4.6 Guidelines
	5.4.7 Additional References
Chapter 5.5 Pharmacology – Paracetamol Overdose
	5.5.1 Chapter at a Glance
	5.5.2 Paracetamol Overdose
		Context
		When to Offer Treatment
		When Pharmacotherapy Fails
	5.5.3 Paracetamol Overdose Antidotes
		Drug Examples
		Pharmacology
		Contraindications
		Cautions
		Side Effects
		Excretion/Metabolism
		Routes
		Starting Dose
	5.5.4 Key Trial
		Key Trial 5.5.1
	5.5.5 Guidelines
	5.5.6 Additional References
Index
EULA