Clinical Data Analysis on a Pocket Calculator: Understanding the Scientific Methods of Statistical Reasoning and Hypothesis Testing

Front Matter....Pages i-xxiii
Front Matter....Pages 1-1
Data Spread, Standard Deviations....Pages 3-6
Data Summaries, Histograms, Wide and Narrow Gaussian Curves....Pages 7-11
Null-Hypothesis Testing with Graphs....Pages 13-18
Null-Hypothesis Testing with the T-Table....Pages 19-23
One-Sample Continuous Data (One-Sample T-Test, One-Sample Wilcoxon Test)....Pages 25-29
Paired Continuous Data (Paired T-Test, Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test)....Pages 31-36
Unpaired Continuous Data (Unpaired T-Test, Mann-Whitney)....Pages 37-43
Linear Regression (Regression Coefficient, Correlation Coefficient and Their Standard Errors)....Pages 45-50
Kendall-Tau Regression for Ordinal Data....Pages 51-56
Paired Continuous Data, Analysis with Help of Correlation Coefficients....Pages 57-63
Power Equations....Pages 65-70
Sample Size Calculations....Pages 71-74
Confidence Intervals....Pages 75-78
Equivalence Testing Instead of Null-Hypothesis Testing....Pages 79-82
Noninferiority Testing Instead of Null-Hypothesis Testing....Pages 83-86
Superiority Testing Instead of Null-Hypothesis Testing....Pages 87-91
Missing Data Imputation....Pages 93-97
Bonferroni Adjustments....Pages 99-102
Unpaired Analysis of Variance....Pages 103-106
Paired Analysis of Variance....Pages 107-111
Front Matter....Pages 1-1
Variability Analysis for One or Two Samples....Pages 113-119
Variability Analysis for Three or More Samples....Pages 121-124
Confounding....Pages 125-129
Propensity Scores and Propensity Score Matching for Assessing Multiple Confounders....Pages 131-137
Interaction....Pages 139-143
Accuracy and Reliability Assessments....Pages 145-149
Robust Tests for Imperfect Data....Pages 151-157
Non-linear Modeling on a Pocket Calculator....Pages 159-162
Fuzzy Modeling for Imprecise and Incomplete Data....Pages 163-170
Bhattacharya Modeling for Unmasking Hidden Gaussian Curves....Pages 171-174
Item Response Modeling Instead of Classical Linear Analysis of Questionnaires....Pages 175-179
Meta-analysis of Continuous Data....Pages 181-184
Goodness of Fit Tests for Identifying Nonnormal Data....Pages 185-191
Non-parametric Tests for Three or More Samples (Friedman and Kruskal-Wallis)....Pages 193-197
Front Matter....Pages 199-199
Data Spread: Standard Deviations, One Sample Z-Test, One Sample Binomial Test....Pages 201-205
Z-Test for Cross-Tabs....Pages 207-210
Phi Tests for Nominal Data....Pages 211-214
Chi-square Tests....Pages 215-219
Fisher Exact Tests Convenient for Small Samples....Pages 221-223
Confounding....Pages 225-230
Front Matter....Pages 199-199
Interaction....Pages 231-235
Chi-Square Tests for Large Cross-Tabs....Pages 237-241
Logarithmic Transformations, a Great Help to Statistical Analyses....Pages 243-247
Odds Ratios, a Short-Cut for Analyzing Cross-Tabs....Pages 249-252
Logodds, the Basis of Logistic Regression....Pages 253-256
Log Likelihood Ratio Tests for the Best Precision....Pages 257-262
Hierarchical Loglinear Models for Higher Order Cross-Tabs....Pages 263-268
McNemar’s Tests for Paired Cross-Tabs....Pages 269-273
McNemar’s Odds Ratios....Pages 275-278
Power Equations....Pages 279-282
Sample Size Calculations....Pages 283-285
Accuracy Assessments....Pages 287-290
Reliability Assessments....Pages 291-293
Unmasking Fudged Data....Pages 295-298
Markov modeling for Predicting Outside the Range of Observations....Pages 299-302
Binary Partitioning for CART (Classification and Regression Tree) Methods....Pages 303-306
Meta-analysis of Binary Data....Pages 307-311
Physicians’ Daily Life and the Scientific Method....Pages 313-318
Incident Analysis and the Scientific Method....Pages 319-325
Cochran Q-Test for Large Paired Cross-Tabs....Pages 327-330
Back Matter....Pages 331-334