Clinical Anatomy and Embryology: A Guide for the Classroom, Boards, and Clinic

Preface
Contents
Part I: Gross Anatomy
	1: The Head and Neck
		Introduction
		The Skull and Face
			Skull Foramina
			Jugular Foramen Syndrome
			Scalp
			Common, External and Internal Carotid Arteries
			Venous Drainage Superficial Face and Neck
			Subclavian Vein Line
			Internal Jugular Vein Line
			Venous Drainage of the Skull
			Cavernous Sinus
		Infratemporal Fossa
			Sphenoid Bone (Fig. 1.8)
			Maxillary Artery
			Mandibular Nerve (V3)
			Temporomandibular Joint
			Masticator Space
		The Pterygopalatine Fossa
			Pterygopalatine Fossa Doorways
			Autonomics of Lacrimal Gland
		Facial Nerve
			Facial Nerve, Muscles of Facial Expression and Parotid Gland
			Temporal Bone
		Nasal Cavity
		Oral Cavity
			Palatine Bone
			The Tongue
			Palate
		Orbit
			Overview of Eye Muscles and Nerves
			Actions
			Cranial Nerve Six Lesion
			Cranial Nerve Three Lesion
			Cranial Nerve Four Lesion
			Testing
			Oculomotor Nerve
			Ophthalmic Artery
			Blood Supply to the Retina
			V1 – The Ophthalmic Nerve
			Superior Orbital Fissure
			Inferior Orbital Fissure
			Orbit Bones
			The Maxilla
		Ear
		Neck
			Triangles of the Neck
			Anterior Triangle
			Posterior Triangle
			Ansa Cervicalis
			Fascia of the Neck
			Nerve Point of Neck
			Accessory Nerve
			Scalene Triangle and Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
			Subclavian Artery
				First Part
				Second Part
				Third Part
		Pharynx and Larynx
			Larynx
			Cricothyrotomy
			Tracheotomy
			Cranial Nerve X and the Larynx and Pharynx
			Arteries to Larynx and Pharynx
			Parasympathetic Hitchhikers
			Aortic Arch, Carotid and Vertebrobasilar Systems
			Subclavian Steal Syndrome
			Lefort Fractures
		Further Reading
	2: The Thorax
		Anterior Thoracic Wall
			Breasts
			Neurovascular Supply to the Breast
			Anterior Thoracic Wall Muscles
			Neurovascular Organization of the Anterior Thoracic Wall
			Chest Tube Placement
		Mediastinum
			The Pericardium and Sinuses
			The Heart
			Blood Supply to the Heart
			Venous Drainage of the Heart
			Nerves to the Heart
			Borders of the Heart
			Heart Valve Projections and Auscultation Sites
				Systolic Murmurs
					Mitral Valve Regurgitation
					Aortic Stenosis
				Diastolic Murmurs
					Mitral Valve Stenosis
					Aortic Regurgitation
			Mitral Valve Stenosis During Systole Versus Regurgitation During Diastole
			Esophagus
			Ribs and Sternum
			The Pleura
			The Lungs
			Pneumothorax
			Thoracostomy – Chest Tube Placement
			Pericardiocentesis
		Further Reading
	3: The Abdominal Cavity
		Anterior Abdominal Wall
			Arcuate Line
			Anterior Abdominal Wall Hernias
			Blood Supply to Anterior Abdominal Wall
			Paraumbilical Veins with Superficial Epigastric Veins
		Inguinal Canal
			Inguinal Ligament
			Indirect Inguinal Hernia
			Direct Inguinal Hernias
			Process Vaginalis
			Trapezoid of Disaster
			Layers of Spermatic Cord
		Abdominal Cavity
			The Diaphragm
			Abdominal Aorta and Inferior Vena Cava
			Inferior Vena Cava
		Abdominal Contents
			Peritoneum
			Retroperitoneal Versus Intraperitoneal
			Peritoneal Dialysis
		Foregut
			Stomach
			Greater and Lesser Omentum
			Duodenum
			Gastrinoma Triangle
			Celiac Trunk
		Midgut
			Hind Gut
			Clinical Scenarios
			The Liver
			Gallbladder and Bile Ducts
			Liver and Portal System
			Liver Subdivisions
			Pancreas
			Spleen
			Referred Pain
			Greater, Lesser, and Least Splanchnic Nerves
			The Rectum and Anal Canal
			Venous Drainage of Anal Canal
			Superior Mesenteric Artery and Nutcracker Syndrome
			Duodenal Fossae and Folds
			Transpyloric Line
			Kidneys
			Renal Fascia
			Renal Blood Supply
			Adrenal Glands
			Ureters
			Nerves of Posterior Abdominal Wall
			Branches of the Abdominal Aorta
		Further Reading
	4: The Pelvis and Perineum
		Introduction
		Pelvic Diaphragm
		Internal Iliac Artery
		Internal Pudendal Artery
		Pudendal Nerve
		The Bladder
		Prostate
		Uterus
		Ovary, Uterine Tube, and Broad Ligament
		Broad Ligament
		Cardinal and Uterosacral Ligaments
		Superficial Space and Deep Perineal Spaces
		Dartos and Cremaster Muscles
		Episiotomies and Caesarean Sections
		Pudendal Versus Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves
		Anal Canal
		Bladder and Bowel Control
			Upper Motor Neuron – Spastic Bladder and Bowel
			Lower Motor Neuron – Flaccid Bladder and Bowel
		Superior Hypogastric Plexus
		Pelvis
		Sacrum
		Further Reading
	5: The Lower Limb
		Gluteal Region
			Trendelenburg Sign and Trendelenburg Gait
			Nerves and Vessels of Gluteal Region
			Trochanteric Bursitis
			Cutaneous Sensation in Gluteal Region
		The Thigh
			Fascia Lata and Iliotibial Band
			Anterior Thigh
			Pes Anserinus
			Medial Thigh
			Posterior Thigh
			Femoral Triangle
			Venous Drainage of the Lower Limb
			Superficial Inguinal Lymph Nodes
			Femoral Nerve
			Subsartorial Canal
			Adductor Hiatus
			Femoral Artery
			Hip Joint
			Knee Joint
			The Popliteal Triangle
			Popliteus
			Q Angle
		The Leg and Foot
			Posterior Leg
			Anterior Leg
			Lateral Leg
			Sciatic Nerve and Branches in the Leg
			Ankle Joints
			Ankle Fractures
			The Foot
			Nerves and Arteries in the Sole of the Foot
			Plantar Fasciitis
			Lumbar Disc Herniations
			Dermatomes and Peripheral Nerve Map of Lower Limb
		Further Reading
	6: The Upper Limb
		Introduction
		The Shoulder
			The Shoulder Joint
			The Clavicle
			The Manubrium
			Rotator Cuff
			Abduction of the Upper Limb
			Glenohumeral Joint
			SLAP Tear and the Long Head of the Biceps
			Bankart Tears
			Axilla
			Clavipectoral Fascia
			Axillary Artery
			Brachial Plexus
		The Compartments of the Upper Limb
			Anterior Arm Compartment
			Posterior Arm Compartment
			Arteries of the Upper Limb
			Nerves of the Posterior Compartment
			The Elbow Joint
			Cubital Fossa
		Forearm
			Anterior Forearm
			Deep Forearm Compartment
			Flexor Digitorum and Flexor Digitorum Profundus Insertions
			Dupuytren’s Contracture
			Neurovascular Compartment in Forearm
			Posterior Forearm
			Posterior Forearm Muscles to Thumb
			Distal Radioulnar Joint
		The Hand
			Carpal Bones
			Metacarpals
			Thenar Compartment
			The Hypothenar Compartment
			Intermediate Compartment
			Palmar and Dorsal Interossei
			Lumbricals
			Ulnar Nerve at the Wrist
			Froment’s Sign
			Claw Hand
			The Median Nerve at the Hand and Wrist
			Nerves and Arteries on Palmar Wrist
			Median Nerve Palsy
			Ulnar Collateral Ligament and Gamekeeper’s Thumb
			Nerves to Fingers
			Upper and Lower Tunk Injuries
			Distal Fractures of the Radius
			Fractures of the Humerus
			Peripheral Nerve Map of the Hand
			Dermatomes of Upper Limb
			Myotomes of the Upper Limb
		Further Reading
	7: The Back
		Occipital Bone
		Atlas (C1)
		Axis (C2)
		Cruciate and Alar Ligaments
		Cervical Fractures
		Suboccipital Triangle
		Back Ligaments
		Anterior and Posterior Longitudinal Ligaments
		Spinal Meninges
		Cervical Vertebrae
		Thoracic Vertebrae
		Lumbar Vertebrae
		Ribs
		Disk Herniations
			Spondylolisthesis Versus Spondylolysis
		Disk Herniations Versus Peripheral Nerve Trauma
		Abormal Curves of Spine
		Further Reading
Part II: Embryology
	8: The First Three Weeks
		Ovulation and Fertilization
		Week One
		Clinical Scenarios
			Hydatidiform Mole
			Twins
			Heteropaternal Superfecundation
			Stem Cells: Totipotent. Pluripotent, Oligopotent
			Week Two and Differentiation of Trophoblast and Embryoblast
			Epiblast and Hypoblast
			Week Three and Gastrulation
		Body Folding
		Further Reading
	9: Development of the Major Organs
		Neurulation: Plate, to Groove, to Tube
		Neural Tube Defects
		Pituitary Development
		Heart Development
		Fetal Circulation
		Development of the Atrial Septum
		Development of the Ventricular Septum
		Left-to-Right Shunts
		Right-to-Left Shunts
		Coarctation of the Aorta
		Development of the GI Tract and Associated Organs
		Development of the Pancreas and Liver
		Clinical Scenarios
		The Kidney
		Urogenital Sinus
		Development of Vagina and Uterus
		Mesonephric and Paramesonephric Ducts (Fig. 9.11)
		Head and Neck Region
		Development of the Facial Bones
		Polyhydramnios Versus Oligohydramnios
		Development of the Trachea
		Ectoderm
		Endoderm
		Mesoderm
		Mesoderm Divisions
		Early Venous Drainage
		Further Reading
100 Key Anatomy Words
Index