Climatology. Part 2

12.1 Introduction....Pages 1-2
12.2 Formal classification criteria....Pages 3-11
12.3.1 Basic physical laws....Pages 12-23
12.3.3 Mechanisms of the geophysical fluids....Pages 23-23
12.3.3.1 Non-turbulent mechanisms....Pages 24-29
12.3.3.2 Static instabilities....Pages 29-36
12.3.3.3 Dynamic instabilities....Pages 36-39
12.3.3.4 Turbulence....Pages 40-45
12.3.4 Mechanisms of the geophysical solids....Pages 45-58
12.3.5 Chemical climate mechanisms....Pages 58-65
12.3.6 Exchange between climatic regimes....Pages 65-72
12.4.1 Basic research-conceptual models....Pages 73-86
12.4.2 Basic research-comprehensive models....Pages 86-102
12.4.3 Operational climate prediction....Pages 102-104
12.4.4 Verification of climate models....Pages 104-104
12.5 References for 12....Pages 105-116
13.1 The earth’s surface as part of the global climate system....Pages 117-118
13.2.1 Climate phenomena and climate elements....Pages 118-120
13.2.2 Measurements and observations....Pages 121-131
13.2.3 Budget climatology as primary ordering principle....Pages 132-137
13.2.4 Secondary field climate elements....Pages 137-139
13.2.5 Complex climate elements....Pages 139-140
13.2.6 Daily cycle, seasons and anomalies....Pages 141-143
13.2.7 Spectrum, scale and statistics....Pages 144-146
13.3 Quantitative respresentation of the global surface climate....Pages 147-151
13.3.1.1 Types of climate tables....Pages 151-152
Tables 3.2 - 3.3....Pages 153-162
Tables 3.4 - 3.6....Pages 163-173
Europe....Pages 174-185
North America, Australia....Pages 186-199
Africa....Pages 200-209
South America....Pages 210-218
Asia (Part 1)....Pages 219-230
Asia (Part 2), Polar Regions....Pages 231-242
Figs. 3.3 - 3.10....Pages 243-254
Figs. 3.11 - 3.20....Pages 255-264
Europe, North America, Australia, Africa....Pages 265-276
South America, Asia, Polar Regions....Pages 277-287
13.3.3.1 Global maps of state field quantities....Pages 287-291
Figs. 3.28 - 3.49....Pages 291-302
Figs. 3.50 - 3.69....Pages 303-314
Tables 3.15 - 3.19....Pages 315-317
13.3.3.2 Global maps of flux field quantities....Pages 318-321
Figs. 3.70 - 3.75, Tables 3.23 - 3.24....Pages 322-330
Figs. 3.76 - 3.82, Tables 3.25 - 3.26....Pages 331-341
Figs. 3.83 - 3.92, Tables 3.27 - 3.28....Pages 342-353
Figs. 3.93 - 3.101....Pages 354-362
13.3.4 Global maps of secondary climate elements....Pages 362-363
Table 3.29, Figs. 3.102 - 3.112....Pages 364-375
Figs. 3.113 - 3.121....Pages 376-389
Tables 3.30 - 3.33....Pages 389-399
13.3.5 Global maps of complex climate elements....Pages 399-401
Figs. 3.122 - 3.138....Pages 402-413
Figs. 3.139 - 3.152....Pages 414-427
Tables 3.34 - 3.41....Pages 428-442
13.4.1 Climate classification in general....Pages 443-445
Figs. 4.1 - 4.3, Table 4.2....Pages 446-453
Figs. 4.4 - 4.5, Table 4.3 - 4.4....Pages 454-461
13.4.2 The Köppen climate classification....Pages 462-465
13.5 List of abbreviations used in chapter 13....Pages 465-465
13.6 References for 13....Pages 466-474