Climate Change: Extreme Weather, Risks and Costs

Contents
Preface
Chapter
Understanding, Forecasting,  and Communicating Extreme  Weather in a Changing Climate(
	Committee on Science, Space, and Technology  U.S. House of Representatives, Hearing Charter, Understanding, Forecasting, and Communicating Extreme Weather in a Changing Climate
		Purpose
		Witnesses
		Overarching Questions
		Background
		Understanding the Causes of Extreme Weather Events
		Forecasting Extreme Weather Events
		Communicating Extreme Weather Events
		Impacts of Extreme Weather Events
		Additional Reading
	Chairwoman Eddie Bernice Johnson (D-TX),  Full Committee Hearing: Understanding, Forecasting, and Communicating Extreme Weather in a Changing Climate,  Thursday, September 26, 2019
	Opening Statement of Ranking Member  Frank Lucas, Full Committee Hearing, Understanding, Forecasting, and Communicating Extreme Weather in a Changing Climate, September 26, 2019
	Testimony of Dr. J. Marshall Shepherd,  Georgia Athletic Association Distinguished Professor of Atmospheric Sciences and Geography, and Director, Atmospheric Sciences Program, Department of Geography,  University of Georgia, and 2013 President, Americ...
	Written Testimony of Dr. J. Marshall Shepherd, Georgia Athletic Association Distinguished Professor of Atmospheric Sciences and Geography and Director, Atmospheric Sciences Program at the University of Georgia, Former President of the American Meteoro...
		Clarity on Extreme Weather-Climate Change Attribution, Messaging, and Steps Forward Key Takeaway Points
		Introduction
		Contemporary Extreme Weather within the Context of  Climate Change
		Messaging Emergencies in the Extreme Weather-Climate Change Connections
		Some Ideas to Move Forward
			Keep Scientific Observation and Modeling Capacity Robust
			Learn from Best Practices in Regional or Stakeholder Efforts
			Understand Risk, Vulnerability, and Resiliency
		Concluding Thoughts
	Biographical Sketch Dr. J. Marshall Shepherd University of Georgia
	Testimony of Dr. James Done, Project Scientist III and Willis Research Fellow, Capacity Center  for Climate and Weather Extremes,  Mesoscale & Microscale Meteorology Lab, National Center for Atmospheric Research
	Written Testimony of Dr. James M. Done,  Deputy Director, Capacity Center for Climate and Weather Extremes, National Center for Atmospheric Research, and Willis Research Fellow, before the House Committee on Science, Space, & Technology, Understanding...
		Executive Summary
		Introduction
		We Live in a New Era of Changing Extreme Weather
		What Can We Expect in the Future?
		Innovating Our Science and Risk Management
		Conclusion
	Testimony of Dr. Adam Sobel, Professor,  Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences,  Columbia University, and Director and Chief Scientist, Initiative on Extreme Weather and Climate, Columbia University
	Dr. Adam H. Sobel, Professor, Applied Physics & Applied Mathematics and Earth & Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, before the House, Science, Space, and Technology Committee,  House of Representatives, Washington, D.C., September 26, 2019
		Introduction
		How Extreme Weather Is Affected by Climate Change:  An Overview
		In-Depth Example: Hurricanes
			What We Know About Changes in Hurricanes
			Uncertainty Is Not Our Friend
			The Most Important Thing to Understand Here Is:  When It Comes to Disaster Risk, Uncertainty Is Not Our Friend
			Changes in the Future Will Be Greater Than in the Past or Present
		Future Research Challenges
		Concluding Remarks
	Dr. Adam H. Sobel, Professor, Applied Physics & Applied Mathematics and Earth & Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY
	Testimony of Dr. Berrien Moore,  Director, National Weather Center,  University of Oklahoma
	Testimony of Dr. Berrien Moore, III,  Dean of the College of Atmospheric & Geographic Sciences, Chesapeake Energy Corporation Chair in Climate Studies,  Director of the National Weather Center
		Observations
		Assimilation and Modeling
	Testimony of Dr. Ann Bostrom, Weyerhaeuser Endowed Professor in Environmental Policy, University of Washington
	Written Testimony of Ann Bostrom, Weyerhaeuser Endowed Professor of Environmental Policy, Daniel J. Evans School  of Public Policy and Governance,  University of Washington
		Changing Perceptions, Yet Still Unanticipated Extremes
		Failures to Forestall Catastrophe: Social and Behavioral Sciences Insights and Opportunities
		Beyond Messaging Individuals: Integrating Social and Behavioral Sciences throughout the Weather Enterprise
		Building Leadership and Capacity
	Appendix I: Answers to Post-Hearing Questions
		Responses by Dr. J. Marshall Shepherd
			Responses to Questions from Mr. Walz
			Responses to Questions from Ms. Horn
			Responses to Questions from Mr. Lipinski
		Responses by Dr. James Done
			Answers to Questions for the Record Submitted by Members of the House Committee on Science, Space and Technology
				Answers to Questions Submitted by Chairwoman Eddie Bernice Johnson
		Answer to the Question Submitted by Mr. Michael Waltz
		Answers to Questions Submitted by Ms. Kendra Horn
		Answer to the Question Submitted by Mr. Dan Lipinski
		Responses by Dr. Adam Sobel
			Dr. Adam H. Sobel, Professor, Applied Physics & Applied Mathematics and Earth & Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, before the House, Science, Space, and Technology Committee, House of Representatives, Washington, D.C., September 26, 2019
				Responses to Questions for the Record, October 29, 2019
					Questions Submitted by Chairwoman Eddie Bernice Johnson
					Question Submitted by Mr. James Baird
					Question Submitted by Mr. Michael Waltz
					Questions Submitted by Ms. Kendra Horn
		Responses by Dr. Berrien Moore
			House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, "Understanding, Forecasting and Communicating Extreme Weather in a Changing Climate,” Questions for the Record to: Dr. Berrien Moore, Director, National Weather Center, University of Oklahoma
				Submitted by Chairwoman Eddie Bernice Johnson
					Questions by Chairwoman Eddie Bernice Johnson, Response to Question 1, Berrien Moore III
					Questions by Chairwoman Eddie Bernice Johnson, Response to Question 2, Berrien Moore III
			House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, “Understanding. Forecasting and Communicating Extreme Weather in a Changing Climate,” Questions for the Record to: Dr. Berrien Moore, Director, National Weather Center, University of Oklahoma
				Submited by Mr. Michael Waltz
					Questions by Congressman Michael Waltz, Response to Questions, Berrien Moore III
			House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, “Understanding, Forecasting, and Communicating Extreme Weather in a Changing Climate,” Questions for the Record to: Dr. Berrien Moore, Director, National Weather Center, University of Oklahoma, Submit...
				Questions by Congressman James Beard, Response to Questions, Berrien Moore III
			House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, "Understanding, Forecasting, and Communicating Extreme Weather in a Changing Climate," Questions for the Record to: Dr. Berrien Moore, Director, National Weather Center, University of Oklahoma
				Submitted by Ms. Kendra Hom
					Questions by Congresswoman Kendra Horn, Response to Questions, Berrien Moore III
						Flood Maps
						Improve Communications
						Gaps in Observational Infrastructure
						Supercomputing
						What Roles ...
		Responses by Dr. Ann Bostrom
			House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, "Understanding, Forecasting, and Communicating Extreme Weather in a Changing Climate," Questions for the Record to: Dr. Ann Bostrom, Weyerhaeuser Endowed Professor in Environmental Policy, University ...
				Submitted by Chairwoman Eddie Bernice Johnson
					EISWG Letter Report on EPIC to the SAB
				Submitted by Ms. Kendra Horn
	Appendix II: Additional Material for the Record
		Executive Summary
			Hurricane (Tropical Cyclone)
			Atlantic Hurricanes
			Pacific Hurricanes
			International Events
				Cyclone Mekunu
				Typhoon Jebi (Maymay) and Typhoon Trami (Paeng)
				Typhoon Mangkhut (Ompong)
			Flood
				1,000-Year Floods Again
			Hurricanes: A Contributing Cause to Severe Inland Flooding
			Factors Influencing Flood Severity
			Wind
			Thunderstorms
			Wildfire
			Major Fires in 2018
			2018 Compared to the Previous 10 Years
			Earthquake
			Alaska Earthquake (M7.0)
			Hokkaido Earthquake (M6.6)
			Sulawesi/Palu Earthquake and Tsunami (M7.5)
			Volcano
				Mt. Kilauea Volcanic Eruption
			Hail
			2018 Compared with Previous Years
			State/Metro Areas with the Most Activity and Damage Costs
			Tornado
			State/Metro Areas with the Most Activity and Damage Costs
		About CoreLogic
		White Paper Submitted by Representative Kendra Horn
			How Tornado Technologies Work
				Introduction
				The Challenge
				Purpose
				Limitations of Verification Methods
				Using Visual Reports for Tornado Verification
				Using NWS Damage Surveys
				Using Weather Radar for Tornado Verification
				Using Drones and Aerial Imagery
			The CoreLogic Solution
			Summary
				Verify Tornado Claims to Improve Customer Satisfaction and Profitability
				A Powerful Combination
		Document Submitted by Representative Randy Weber
			Comments of Julienne Sugarek, Vice President of Power Delivery Solutions on Behalf of CenterPoint Energy, Inc., before the United States House of Representatives, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, Subcommittee on Energy, Hearing Entitled "T...
				Introduction
				About CenterPoint Energy
				Intelligent Grid & Modernization
				Cybersecurity
				Electromagnetic Pulse Protection
				Hurricane Harvey Response and Restoration
				Grid Modernization Research and Development Act and the Grid Cybersecurity Research and Development Act
				Conclusion
		Charts Submitted by Representative Francis Rooney
Chapter 2
Creating a Climate Resilient America: Reducing Risks and Costs(
	Opening Statement (As Prepared for Delivery) Rep. Kathy Castor (D–FL), Chair U.S. House Select Committee on the Climate Crisis “Creating a Climate Resilient America:  Reducing Risks and Costs”  November 20, 2019
	Statements of the Honorable W. Craig Fugate, Craig Fugate Consulting LLC,  Former Fema Administrator; the Honorable Alice Hill, Senior Fellow for Climate Change Policy, Council on Foreign Relations;  and Chad Berginnis, Executive Director, Association...
		Statement of the Honorable W. Craig Fugate
	Testimony of the Hon. W. Craig Fugate, Principal, Craig Fugate Consulting LLC; Former FEMA Administrator, Before the U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on the Climate Crisis, “Creating a Climate Resilient America: Reducing Risks and Costs...
		Disaster Cost Are Growing at an Unsustainable Rate
		Climate Change Impacts Are Occurring and Getting Worse
		The Past Is Not Preparing Us for the Future
		Recommendations
			Build Better Climate Impact Models and Analysis Tools for States  and Local Governments
			The Nation Lacks Uniformed Tools to Measure Resilience
			How and Where Will We Build Matters
			Preparing for Extreme Flood Risk
			Update Flood Risk Maps and Communication of Flood Risk
			The Federal Government Should Not Be the First Financial Responder to Frequent Disasters
			Stop Growing the Risk
		Statement of the Honorable Alice Hill
	Testimony of the Hon. Alice C. Hill, Senior Fellow for Climate Change Policy, Council on Foreign Relations, Before the U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on the Climate Crisis, “Creating a Climate Resilient America: Reducing Risks and Cos...
		Resilient Building Codes
		Risk Assessment in Land-Use Decisions
		Technical Assistance
		Statement of Chad Berginnis
	Testimony of Chad Berginnis, Executive Director, Association of State Floodplain Managers, Before the U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on the Climate Crisis, “Creating a Climate Resilient America: Reducing Risks and Costs” November 20, ...
		Introduction
		Our Nation’s Flood Risk Is Increasing Dramatically
		Data, Analysis and Information
		Federal Agency/Programs and Policies
		Administration/Congress
		Interagency Coordination
		Department of Defense/U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
		Federal Highway Administration
		Housing and Urban Development
		Federal Emergency Management Agency
		Adaptation and Hazard Mitigation
		Social and Housing Considerations
	United States House of Representatives Select Committee on the Climate Crisis, Hearing on November 20, 2019 “Creating a Climate Resilient America: Reducing Risks and Costs”  Questions for the Record, The Hon. W. Craig Fugate Principal, Craig Fugate Co...
		The Honorable Kathy Castor
		References
	Questions for the Record, The Hon. Alice C. Hill, Senior Fellow for Climate Change Policy Council on Foreign Relations
		The Honorable Kathy Castor
	Questions for the Record, Chad Berginnis Executive Director, Association of State Floodplain Managers
		The Honorable Kathy Castor
Index