Climate Change on Diseases And Disorders Of Finfish In Cage Culture

Cover
Climate Change on Diseases and Disorders of Finfish in Cage Culture, 3rd edition
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Preface to the Third Edition
Cover
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Previous titles by Patrick T.K. Woo
1 Cage Culture of Finfish: Its Importance, Distributions and Future Modifications in Ongoing Climate Change
	1.1  Trends in Global Aquaculture
	1.2  Aquaculture Systems
	1.3  Cage Culture
		1.3.1  Cage-culture systems
		1.3.2  Species and environment
		1.3.3  Cage types and structures
		1.3.4  Cage-culture production
	1.4  Impacts of Climate Change on Aquaculture
	1.5  Aquaculture Impacts on Climate Change
	1.6  Changes in Climatic Conditions
		1.6.1  Temperature
		1.6.2  Sea-level rise and saltwater intrusion
		1.6.3  Ocean acidification
		1.6.4  Changes in sea-surface salinity
		1.6.5  Other factors
	1.7  Cage Culture – Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change
		1.7.1  Abnormal changes in climate and seasons affecting cage culture
		1.7.2  Expected impacts of climatic change on cage-culture systems
		1.7.3  Risk management approaches and their effectiveness
		1.7.4  Adaptation strategies
		1.7.5  Climate-smart cage-farming protocols
			National- and regional-level approaches
			Strategic industry and subsector levels
			Local and enterprise levels
			Individual and community levels
		1.7.6  Recommendations (for farmers, researchers and policy developers)
	1.8  Prospects and Conclusions
	References
2 Infectious Diseases of Coldwater Fish in Marine and Brackish Waters
	2.1  Introduction
	VIRAL DISEASES
	2.2  Infectious Haematopoietic Necrosis (IHN)
		2.2.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
		2.2.2  Impacts and the environment
		2.2.3  Diagnoses
		2.2.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
		2.2.5  Effects of temperature
		2.2.6  Prevention/control strategies
	2.3  Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (VHS)
		2.3.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
		2.3.2  Impacts and the environment
		2.3.3  Diagnoses
		2.3.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
		2.3.5  Prevention/control strategies
	2.4  Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN)
		2.4.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
		2.4.2  Impacts and the environment
		2.4.3  Diagnoses
		2.4.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
		2.4.5  Effects of temperature
		2.4.6  Prevention/control strategies
	2.5  Infectious Salmon Anaemia (ISA)
		2.5.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
		2.5.2  Impacts and the environment
		2.5.3  Diagnoses
		2.5.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
		2.5.6  Effects of temperature
		2.5.7  Prevention/control strategies
	2.6  Salmonid Alphavirus (SAV) Infections: Pancreas Disease (PD) or Sleeping Disease (SD)
		2.6.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
		2.6.2  Impacts and the environment
		2.6.3  Diagnoses
		2.6.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
		2.6.5  Effects of temperature
		2.6.6  Prevention/control strategies
	2.7  Viral Encephalopathy and Retinopathy (VER)
		2.7.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
		2.7.2  Impacts and the environment
		2.7.3  Diagnoses
		2.7.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
		2.7.5  Effects of temperature
		2.7.6  Prevention/control strategies
	2.8  Cardiomyopathy Syndrome (CMS)
		2.8.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
		2.8.2  Impacts and the environment
		2.8.3  Diagnoses
		2.8.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
		2.8.5  Effects of temperature
		2.8.6  Prevention/control strategies
	2.9  Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation (HSMI) Syndrome
		2.9.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
		2.9.2  Impacts and the environment
		2.9.3  Diagnoses
		2.9.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
		2.9.5  Effects of temperature
		2.9.6  Prevention/control strategies
	BACTERIAL DISEASES
	2.10  Vibriosis
	Vibrio anguillarum
		2.10.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
		2.10.2  Impacts and the environment
		2.10.3  Diagnoses
		2.10.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
		2.10.5  Effects of temperature
		2.10.6  Prevention/control strategies
	2.11  Piscirickettsiosis (Piscirickettsia salmonis)
		2.11.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
		2.11.2  Impacts and the environment
		2.11.3  Diagnoses
		2.11.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
		2.11.5  Prevention/control strategies
	2.12  Pasteurellosis (Pasteurella skyensis)
		2.12.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
		2.12.2  Impacts and the environment
		2.12.3  Diagnoses
		2.12.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
		2.12.5  Effects of temperature
		2.12.6  Prevention/control strategies
	2.13  Winter Ulcer of Salmon (Moritella viscosa)
		2.13.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
		2.13.2  Impacts and the environment
		2.13.3  Diagnoses
		2.13.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
		2.13.5  Effects of temperature
		2.13.6  Prevention/control strategies
	2.14  Mycobacteriosis
		2.14.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
		2.14.2  Impacts and the environment
		2.14.3  Diagnoses
		2.14.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
		2.14.5  Effects of temperature
		2.14.6  Prevention/control strategies
	2.15  Yersiniosis (Yersinia ruckeri)
		2.15.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
		2.15.2  Impacts and the environment
		2.15.3  Diagnoses
		2.15.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
		2.15.5  Effects of temperature
		2.15.6  Prevention/control strategies
	2.16  Furunculosis (Aeromonas salmonicida)
		2.16.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
		2.16.2  Impacts and the environment
		2.16.3  Diagnoses
		2.16.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
		2.16.5  Effects of temperature
		2.16.6  Prevention/control strategies
	2.17  Francisellosis (Francisella noatunensis subsp. noatunensis)
		2.17.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
		2.17.2  Impacts and the environment
		2.17.3  Diagnoses
		2.17.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
		2.17.5  Prevention/control strategies
	2.18  Tenacibaculosis (Tenacibaculum maritimum)
		2.18.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
		2.18.2  Impacts and the environment
		2.18.3  Diagnoses
		2.18.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
		2.18.5  Prevention/control strategies
	PARASITIC DISEASES
	2.19  Amoebiosis (Neoparamoeba perurans)
		2.19.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
		2.19.2  Impacts and the environment
		2.19.3  Diagnoses
		2.19.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
		2.19.5  Prevention/control strategies
	2.20  Salmonid Cryptobiosis (Cryptobia salmositica)
		2.20.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
		2.20.2  Diagnoses
		2.20.3  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
		2.20.4  Effects of temperature
		2.20.5  Prevention/control strategies
	2.21  Spironucleosis (Spironucleus salmonicida)
		2.21.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
		2.21.2  Impacts and the environment
		2.21.3  Diagnoses
		2.21.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
	2.22  Microsporidial Gill Disease of Salmon (Loma salmonae)
		2.22.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
		2.22.2  Impacts and the environment
		2.22.3  Diagnoses
		2.22.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
		2.22.5  Effects of temperature
		2.22.6  Prevention/control strategies
	2.23  Kudoa thyrsites
		2.23.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
		2.23.2  Impacts and the environment
		2.23.3  Diagnoses
		2.23.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
		2.23.5  Prevention/control strategies
	2.24  Lepeophtheirosis (Lepeophtheirus salmonis)
		2.24.1  Name of disease, distribution and fish
		2.24.2  Impacts and the environment
		2.24.3  Diagnosis
		2.24.4  Transmission, spread and pathogen dynamics
		2.24.5  Effects of temperature
		2.24.6  Prevention/control strategies
	References
3 Infectious Diseases of Coldwater Fish in Fresh Water
	3.1  Introduction
	DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRAL PATHOGENS
	3.2  Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia
		3.2.1  Impact
		3.2.2  Disease characterization and diagnosis
		3.2.3  Transmission
		3.2.4  Host population dynamics
		3.2.5  Climate change impacts
		3.2.6  Control
	3.3  Infectious Haematopoietic Necrosis
		3.3.1  Impact
		3.3.2  Disease characterization and diagnosis
		3.3.3  Transmission
		3.3.4  Host population dynamics
		3.3.5  Climate change impacts
		3.3.6  Control
	3.4  Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis
		3.4.1  Impact
		3.4.2  Disease characterization and diagnosis
		3.4.3  Transmission
		3.4.4  Host population dynamics
		3.4.5  Climate change impacts
		3.4.6  Control
	3.5  Sleeping Disease
		3.5.1  Impact
		3.5.2  Disease characterization and diagnosis
		3.5.3  Transmission
		3.5.4  Host population dynamics
		3.5.5  Climate change impacts
		3.5.6  Control
	3.6  Salmonid Herpes Virus Infections
		3.6.1  Impact
		3.6.2  Disease characterization and diagnosis
		3.6.3  Transmission
		3.6.4  Host population dynamics
		3.6.5  Climate change impacts
		3.6.6  Control
	DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIAL PATHOGENS
	3.7  Furunculosis
		3.7.1  Impact
		3.7.2  Disease characterization and diagnosis
		3.7.3  Transmission
		3.7.4  Host population dynamics
		3.7.5  Climate change impacts
		3.7.6  Control
	3.8  Motile Aeromonad Septicaemia
		3.8.1  Impact
		3.8.2  Disease characterization and diagnosis
		3.8.3  Transmission
		3.8.4  Host population dynamics
		3.8.5  Climate change impacts
		3.8.6  Control
	3.9  Enteric Redmouth Disease/Yersiniosis
		3.9.1  Impact
		3.9.2  Disease characterization and diagnosis
		3.9.3  Transmission
		3.9.4  Host population dynamics
		3.9.5  Climate change impacts
		3.9.6  Control
	3.10  Bacterial Coldwater Disease
		3.10.1  Impact
		3.10.2  Disease characterization and diagnosis
		3.10.3  Transmission
		3.10.4  Host population dynamics
		3.10.5  Climate change impacts
		3.10.6  Control
	3.11  Bacterial Kidney Disease
		3.11.1  Impact
		3.11.2  Disease characterization and diagnosis
		3.11.3  Transmission
		3.11.4  Host population dynamics
		3.11.5  Climate change impacts
		3.11.6  Control
	3.12  Flavobacteriosis Caused by Emerging Flavobacteriaceae Species
	3.13  Bacterial Diseases with Secondary Impact on Coldwater Fish Reared in Fresh Water
	DISEASES CAUSED BY FUNGAL/PSEUDOFUNGAL PATHOGENS
	3.14  Saprolegniosis
		3.14.1  Impact
		3.14.2  Disease characterization and diagnosis
		3.14.3  Transmission
		3.14.4  Host population dynamics
		3.14.5  Climate change impacts
		3.14.6  Control
	DISEASES CAUSED BY PARASITIC PATHOGENS
	3.15  Proliferative Kidney Disease
		3.15.1  Impact
		3.15.2  Disease characterization and diagnosis
		3.15.3  Transmission
		3.15.4  Host population dynamics
		3.15.5  Climate change impacts
		3.15.6  Control
	3.16  Whirling Disease
		3.16.1  Impact
		3.16.2  Disease characterization and diagnosis
		3.16.3  Transmission
		3.16.4  Host population dynamics
		3.16.5  Climate change impacts
		3.16.6  Control
	3.17  Gyrodactylosis
		3.17.1  Impact
		3.17.2  Disease characterization and diagnosis
		3.17.3  Transmission
		3.17.4  Host population dynamics
		3.17.5  Climate change impacts
		3.17.6  Control
	3.18  Climate Change Impacts
	3.19  Conclusions
	References
4 Non-Infectious Disorders of Coldwater Fish
	4.1  Introduction
	4.2  Production Problems
		4.2.1  Smolt failure in salmonids
		4.2.2  Stress
		4.2.3  Behaviour-related problems
		4.2.4  Predators
	4.3  Environmental Problems
		4.3.1  Algal blooms
		4.3.2  Harmful zooplankton – jellyfish
		4.3.3  Physicochemical parameters
			Gas bubble disease
			Oxygen deficiency
			Waterborne irritants
			i.  Ammonia
			ii.  Nitrite
			Toxic compounds
			i.  Acute intoxications
			ii.  Chronic intoxications
	4.4  Nutritional and Feed-Related Problems
		4.4.1  Absolute nutritional deficiency: starvation
		4.4.2  Deficiencies and imbalances of macronutrients
			Proteins
			Carbohydrates
			Lipids
		4.4.3  Deficiencies and imbalances of micronutrients
			Vitamins
			i.  Vitamin A (retinol)
			ii.  Vitamin E (tocopherol)
			iii.  Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
			Minerals
		4.4.4  Toxic dietary components
			Minerals
			Anthropogenic organic contaminants
			Mycotoxins
			Antinutritional dietary compounds
			Soybean-induced enteritis
	4.5  Vaccination- and Treatment-Related Problems
		4.5.1  Vaccines
		4.5.2  Chemical treatments
	4.6  Neoplasia
		4.6.1  Common neoplasms in coldwater finfish
			Skin
			Gills and pseudobranches
			Kidney
			Haematopoietic tissue
			Liver
			Gastrointestinal tract and swim bladder
			Reproductive system
			Endocrine system
	4.7  Deformations
		4.7.1  Pigmentation abnormalities
		4.7.2  Skeletal and eye deformities
		4.7.3  Internal malformations
	References
5 Infectious Diseases of Warmwater Fish in Marine and Brackish Waters
	5.1  Introduction
	5.2  Viral Diseases
		5.2.1  Iridoviridae
			Megalocytiviruses
			Lymphocystiviruses
		5.2.2  Nodaviridae
	5.3  Bacterial Diseases
		5.3.1  Vibriosis
		5.3.2  Photobacteriosis
		5.3.3  Edwardsiellosis
		5.3.4  Tenacibaculosis
		5.3.5  Mycobacteriosis
		5.3.6  Streptococcosis
	5.4  Parasitic Diseases
		5.4.1  Apicomplexa
		5.4.2  Dinoflagellates/ciliates
		5.4.3  Microsporidians
		5.4.4  Myxozoa
			Enteromyxum spp.
			Henneguya spp.
			Kudoa spp.
			Ceratomyxa/Sphaerospora spp. (formerly Leptotheca)
		5.4.5  Monogenea
			Monopisthocotylea
			Polyopisthocotylea
		5.4.6  Digenea
		5.4.7  Crustacea
	References
6 Infectious Diseases of Warmwater Fish in Fresh Water
	6.1  Introduction
	6.2  Viral Infections
		6.2.1  Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) disease
			Diagnosis
			Transmission
			Control and prevention
		6.2.2  Tilapia parvovirus (TiPV) disease
			Diagnosis
			Transmission
			Control and prevention
		6.2.3  Carp edema virus (CEV) disease
			Diagnosis
			Transmission
			Control and prevention
		6.2.4  Koi herpesvirus (KHV) disease
			Diagnosis
			Transmission
			Prevention and control
		6.2.5  Grass carp reovirus (GCRV) disease
			Diagnosis
			Transmission
			Prevention and control
		6.2.6  Channel catfish virus (CCV) disease
			Diagnosis
			Transmission
			Prevention and control
	6.3  Bacterial Diseases
		6.3.1  Motile Aeromonas septicaemia (MAS)
			Diagnosis
			Transmission
			Prevention and control
		6.3.2  Pseudomonas septicaemia
			Diagnosis
			Prevention and control
		6.3.3  Enteric septicaemia of catfish (ESC)
			Diagnosis
			Transmission
			Prevention and control
		6.3.4  Edwardsiellosis
			Diagnosis
			Prevention and control
		6.3.5  Francisellosis
			Diagnosis
			Transmission
			Prevention and control
		6.3.6  Columnaris disease
			Diagnosis
			Transmission
			Prevention and control
		6.3.7  Streptococcal septicaemia/meningoencephalitis
			Diagnosis
			Transmission
			Prevention and control
			Diagnosis
	6.4  Diseases Caused by Oomycetes
		Diagnosis
		6.4.1  Saprolegniosis
			Pathology
		6.4.2  Branchiomycosis
			Pathology
			Prevention and control
		6.4.3  Epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) attributed to the EUS rhabdovirus, Aeromonas hydrophila and Aphanomyces
			Diagnosis
			Transmission
			Prevention and control
	6.5  Parasitic Diseases
		6.5.1  Diseases caused by protistans
		6.5.1.i  Diseases caused by ciliates
		6.5.1.ii  Trichodinid diseases
			Pathology
			Diagnosis
			Prevention and control
		6.5.1.iii  Ich or white spot disease
			Pathology
			Diagnosis
			Prevention and control
		6.5.2  Diseases caused by dinoflagellates
		6.5.2.i  Velvet or rust disease
			Pathology
			Diagnosis
			Prevention and control
		6.5.3  Myxosporean diseases
			Pathology
			Diagnosis
			Prevention and control
		6.5.4  Diseases caused by monogeneans
		6.5.4.i  Diseases caused by Dactylogyrus species
			Pathology
			Diagnosis
		6.5.4.ii  Diseases caused by Cichlidogyrus species
			Diagnosis
		6.5.4.iii  Diseases caused by Thaparocleidus species
			Diagnosis
		6.5.4.iv  Diseases caused by Gyrodactylus species
			Pathology
			Diagnosis
		6.5.4.v  Other important monogenean infections of cage-culture species
			Prevention and control of monogenean infections
		6.5.5  Diseases caused by other helminths
		6.5.6  Diseases caused by parasitic arthropods
			Prevention and control
		6.5.6.i  Argulus infections
			Pathology
			Diagnosis
			Prevention and control
	6.6  Impacts from Climate Change
	6.7  Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Research
	References
7 Non-Infectious Disorders of Warmwater Fish
	7.1  Introduction
	7.2  Environmental and Anthropogenic-Related Problems
		7.2.1  Ammonia toxicity
		7.2.2  Fouling and antifouling treatments
		7.2.3  Physical factors
			Stocking density and handling
			Noise
	7.3  Emerging Problems
		7.3.1  Dissolved oxygen
		7.3.2  Pollutants
		7.3.3  Climate change
	7.4  Nutritional Imbalance-Related Problems
		7.4.1  Impacts on fish production
		7.4.2  Diagnosis
		7.4.3  Clinical signs, gross and histopathological lesions
		7.4.4  Prevention and control
	7.5  Winter Disease
		7.5.1  Impacts on fish production
		7.5.2  Diagnosis
		7.5.3  Clinical, physiological and histopathological changes
		7.5.4  Prevention and control
	7.6  Stress in Warmwater Fish
		7.6.1  Impacts on fish production
		7.6.2  Diagnosis
			Adverse weather conditions
			Suboptimal culture conditions
		7.6.3  Clinical signs, gross and histopathological lesions
		7.6.4  Prevention and control
	7.7  Skeletal Abnormalities
		7.7.1  Axial deformities
		7.7.2  Gill-cover and jaw anomalies
		7.7.3  Prevention and control
	7.8  New Problems Arising: Cellular and Metabolic Responses
		7.8.1  Neoplasia
			Impacts on fish production
			Diagnosis
			Clinical signs, gross and histopathological lesions
			Prevention and control
		7.8.2  Antinutritional problems
			Impacts on fish production
			Antinutritional factors due to fishmeal and fish oil replacement
			Clinical signs, gross and histopathological lesions
			Prevention and control
		7.8.3  Organic discharge
	7.9  Molecular Tools to Characterize Non-Infectious Disorders
		7.9.1  Inbreeding management
		7.9.2  Genetic environmental adaptation
		7.9.3  Molecular markers for stress monitoring
	7.10  Conclusions
	7.11  Acknowledgements
	References
8 Sporadic Emerging Infectious and Non-Infectious Diseases and Disorders
	8.1  Introduction
	ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS
	8.2  Endocrine Disruption in Aquatic Animals
		8.2.1  Introduction
		8.2.2  Impacts on fish production
			Developmental effects
			Reproductive system effects
			Immune system effects
		8.2.3  Diagnosis/detection of endocrine-disrupting chemicals
		8.2.4  Sources of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and modes of exposure
		8.2.5  Anticipated effects of climate change on endocrine disruption
		8.2.6  Control and/or prevention
	8.3  Microplastic Pollution
		8.3.1  Introduction
		8.3.2  Impacts on fish production
		8.3.3  Diagnosis and detection of exposure to microplastics
		8.3.4  Modes of exposure
		8.3.5  Anticipated effects of climate change on exposure to microplastics
		8.3.6  Control and prevention
	INFECTIOUS DISEASES
	8.4  Gill and Skin Health
		8.4.1  Introduction
		8.4.2  Impacts on fish production
			Skin issues
			Gill health
		8.4.3  Diagnosis and surveillance of the condition(s)
		8.4.4  Transmission
		8.4.5  Anticipated effects of climate change on gill and skin health
		8.4.6  Control and/or prevention
	8.5  Scale Drop Disease in Asian Sea Bass
		8.5.1  Introduction
		8.5.2  Impacts on fish production
		8.5.3  Diagnosis
		8.5.4  Transmission
		8.5.5  Anticipated effects of climate change
		8.5.6  Control and prevention
	ANTIMICROBIALS
	8.6  Use of Antimicrobials and Antimicrobial Resistance
		8.6.1  Introduction
		8.6.2  Impacts on fish production
		8.6.3  Anticipated effect of climate change on antibiotics use and antimicrobial resistance
		8.6.4  Control and/or prevention
	8.7  Conclusion
	References
9 Movement of Infectious Agents between Wild and Farmed Fish
	9.1  Introduction
	9.2  Transmission and Spread of Infectious Agents in the Aquatic Environment
		9.2.1  Waterborne exposure
		9.2.2  Fish-to-fish exposure
		9.2.3  Vector-borne exposure
		9.2.4  Fomite exposure
		9.2.5  Food-related pathogen exposure
		9.2.6  Air-borne exposure
	9.3  Outcomes of Exposure to Infectious Agents
		9.3.1  Host
		9.3.2  Infectious agent
		9.3.3  Environment
		9.3.4  Consequence of exposure to an infectious agent
	9.4  Cage Culture and Potential Effects on the Natural Ecology
	9.5  Infectious Agent/Disease Management in Net-Cage Culture
	9.6  Consequences and Assessment of Infectious Agent Exchange
		9.6.1  In cage culture
		9.6.2  On wild populations
	9.7  Climate Change Effects on Wild–Farm Population Pathogen Exchange
		9.7.1  Climate change impacts on infectious agents
		9.7.2  Climate change impacts on host(s)
		9.7.3  Climate change impacts on health and disease management practices
		9.7.4  Climate change impacts on wild–farmed infectious agent exchange
	9.8  Adaptive Management and EcoHealth to Reduce Management Risks Associated with Pathogen Exchange
		9.8.1  Adaptive management – what is it?
		9.8.2  EcoHealth
	9.9  Conclusion
	References
10 Diseases and Disorders in Fish due to Harmful Algal Blooms
	10.1  Introduction
	10.2  Diseases and Disorders
		10.2.1  Microcystins
			Impact on fish production
			Mechanism of toxicity
			Clinical signs
		10.2.2  Nodularins
			Impact on fish production
			Mechanism of toxicity
			Clinical signs
		10.2.3  Cylindrospermopsins
			Impact on fish production
			Mechanism of toxicity
			Clinical signs
		10.2.4  Anatoxin-a
			Impact on fish production
			Mechanism of toxicity
			Clinical signs
		10.2.5  β-Methylamino-l-alanine
			Impact on fish production
			Mechanism of toxicity
			Clinical signs
		10.2.6  Lipopolysaccharides
			Impact on fish production
			Mechanism of toxicity
			Clinical signs
		10.2.7  Saxitoxins
			Impact on fish production
			Mechanism of toxicity
			Clinical signs
		10.2.8  Domoic acid
			Impact on fish production
			Mechanism of toxicity
			Clinical signs
		10.2.9  Ciguatoxins
			Impact on fish production
			Mechanism of toxicity
			Clinical signs
		10.2.10  Prymnesins
			Impact on fish production
			Mechanism of toxicity
			Clinical signs
		10.2.11  Blooms coinciding with fish kills but cannot be pinpointed to a toxin
			Karenia spp.
			Chattonella spp.
	10.3  Future Implications
		10.3.1  Climate change
		10.3.2  Socio-economic impacts
		10.3.3  Management and monitoring
		10.3.4  Pathogens
		10.3.5  The role of the microbiome
			The effect of algae–microbe symbiosis on the formation and toxicity of HABs
			Effect of exposure to HABs on fish microbiomes
		10.3.6  Leveraging -omics tools
			Demonstrated utility for understanding HABs and their effects on fish health
			Emerging technologies to enhance the study of HABs and their impact on fish health
		10.3.7  Eco-evolutionary dynamics
			Rapid adaptation as a driver of HABs
			Intraspecific genetic variation and adaptation in response to HABs
	References
11 Biosecurity: Current and Future Strategies
	11.1  Introduction
	11.2  Impacts of Diseases in Aquaculture
		11.2.1  Economic impacts
	11.3  Minimizing Disease Impacts in Aquaculture
	11.4  Biosecurity Principles and Strategies
		11.4.1  Prevention is better than cure
		11.4.2  On-farm versus off-farm biosecurity
		11.4.3  Emergency preparedness and response
		11.4.4  Disease and pathogen surveillance
		11.4.5  Safe movement of live aquatic animals
	11.5  Applying Biosecurity in Aquaculture
		11.5.1  Clean seed
		11.5.2  Clean feed
		11.5.3  Vaccines
		11.5.4  Diagnostics
	11.6  Biosecurity Governance
	11.7  Progressive Management Pathway for Improving Aquaculture Biosecurity
	11.8  Climate Change Impacts on Diseases in Aquaculture
	11.9  Future Strategies for Improving Aquaculture Biosecurity
	11.10  New and Next-Generation Farm Systems
	11.11  Closing Remarks
	References
12 Welfare of Cage-Cultured Fish under Climate Change
	12.1  Introduction
		12.1.1  Increasing importance of the welfare of cultured fish
		12.1.2  Why welfare is important
		12.1.3  Topics in this chapter
	12.2  Fish Diversity
		12.2.1  Differences between species
		12.2.2  Differences within species
	12.3  Some Basic Fish Welfare Science
		12.3.1  What is welfare?
		12.3.2  Conceptualizing and protecting welfare
		12.3.3  Fish sentience and positive welfare
	12.4  The Relationship Between Health and Welfare
		12.4.1  Direct adverse effects of disease on welfare
		12.4.2  Stress, disease and disease treatment
			Poor general welfare often makes fish more susceptible to disease
			Disease treatments may also compromise welfare
		12.4.3  The non-equivalence of health and welfare
			Good health does not necessarily equate to good welfare
			Poor health does not always equate to poor welfare
	12.5  Promoting the Welfare of Fish in Cages: Challenges
	12.6  Promoting the Welfare of Fish in Cages: Assessing Welfare
		12.6.1  Frameworks for assessing fish welfare
		12.6.2  Welfare needs
		12.6.3  Operational welfare indicators
			Input and outcome indicators
			Behavioural welfare indicators
		12.6.4  Variability in welfare needs and indicators
		12.6.5  Special features of cage farming in relation to fish welfare
			Input OWIs
			Outcome OWIs
		12.6.6  The importance of what farmers know
	12.7  Promoting the Welfare of Fish in Cages: Practices that Compromise Fish Welfare
		12.7.1  General farm environment and management
			Space limitations and stocking density
			Inappropriate feed management
			Exposure to harmful organisms (predators and pathogens)
			Absence of structures necessary for positive welfare
		12.7.2  Specific husbandry practices
	12.8  Promoting the Welfare of Fish in Cages: Mitigating Welfare Problems
		12.8.1  General features of the cage environment
			Mitigating adverse effects of space limitation and high fish densities
			Ensuring effective feed management
			Exposure to harmful organisms
			Environmental enrichment
			Giving fish the opportunity to look after themselves
		12.8.2  Specific husbandry practices
	12.9  Looking to the Future
		12.9.1  Cage aquaculture: what is likely to change?
			Intensification and diversification
			Disease prevention and health
			Molecular technologies
		12.9.2  Fish welfare science: what is likely to change
			Ensuring positive welfare and appropriately enriched environments
			Protecting individual welfare
			Non-invasive monitoring of OWIs and smart analysis of big data
			Precision fish farming
		12.9.3  The added challenge of climate change for the welfare of cage-farmed fish
			The dimensions of climate change and the vulnerability of cage culture
			Climate change and fish physiology
			How fish adapt to environmental change
			Production and welfare in farmed fish in the face of gradual climate change
			Welfare in farmed fish in the face of acute weather events arising from climate change
			Possible mitigation of the adverse effects of climate change on cage-farmed fish
	12.10  Conclusions
	References
Index
Cabi
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