Climate Change in the Anthropocene

Front cover
Half title
Title
Copyright
Content
Preface
Part I
Chapter 1 Our globally changing climate
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Global temperature
	1.3 Land surface temperature
	1.4 Sea surface temperature
	1.5 Global surface temperature
	1.6 Trends in global temperatures
	1.7 Trends in global precipitation
	1.8 Extreme weather events
	1.9 Changes in the cryosphere
	1.10 Changes in sea level
	1.11 Changes in land processes
	References
Chapter 2 Physical drivers of climate change
	2.1 The global radiation budget
	2.2 The greenhouse effect
	2.3 Radiation forcing
	2.4 Global warming potential
	2.5 Greenhouse gases
		2.5.1 Carbon dioxide
(CO2)
		2.5.2 Nitrous oxide
(N2O)
		2.5.3 Methane
(CH4)
		2.5.4 Halocarbons
		2.5.5 Ozone
(O3)
		2.5.6 Water vapor
	2.6 Aerosols
	2.7 Climate response
	2.8 Feedbacks
		2.8.1 Short-term feedbacks
	2.9 Albedo feedbacks
		2.9.1 Long-term feedbacks
	2.10 Ocean chemistry, ecosystems, and circulation
	2.11 Permafrost
	References
Chapter 3 Evaluation of climate model performance
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Model types
	3.3 Model improvements
	3.4 Model evaluation
	3.5 Ensemble approach to evaluation
	3.6 Model intercomparisons
	3.7 Results
		3.7.1 Temperature and precipitation
	3.8 The ocean
	3.9 Carbon cycle
	3.10 The Paris Accords
	3.11 Representative climate pathways
	3.12 Near-term climate projections
	3.13 Long-term projections
	References
Chapter 4 Paleoclimates
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Preindustrial external radiative forcings
		4.2.1 Orbital forcing
		4.2.2 Solar forcing
		4.2.3 Volcanic forcing
	4.3 High CO2 worlds
	4.4 Pleistocene glacial-interglacial dynamics
	4.5 The CLIMAP Project
	4.6 Holocene climate
		4.6.1 The 8.2 ka cold event
		4.6.2 Last 2000 years
	References
Part II
Chapter 5 Climate impacts: US sectors and regions
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Key sectors
		5.2.1 Freshwater
		5.2.2 Energy supply, delivery, and demand
		5.2.3 Land cover and land-use change
		5.2.4 Forests
		5.2.5 Coastal areas
		5.2.6 Oceans and marine resources
		5.2.7 Agriculture and rural communities
		5.2.8 Cities and urban environment
		5.2.9 Human health
	5.3 Regional climate impacts
		5.3.1 Northeast
		5.3.2 Southeast
		5.3.3 Southwest
		5.3.4 Alaska
	References
Chapter 6 Adaptation
	6.1 Introduction
		6.1.1 Adaptation needs
		6.1.2 Adaptation options
		6.1.3 Energy
		6.1.4 Freshwater
		6.1.5 Forests
		6.1.6 Coastal zone
		6.1.7 Oceans
		6.1.8 Agriculture
		6.1.9 Cities
		6.1.10 Ecosystem-based adaptation
		6.1.11 Economics of adaptation
		6.1.12 Optimizing adaptation costs
		6.1.13 Shared socioeconomic pathways
		6.1.14 Current shared socioeconomic pathways
	References
Chapter 7 Mitigation
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 GHG emission trends
	7.3 Emission drivers
	7.4 Carbon intensity of energy
	7.5 Sectors
		7.5.1 Energy
		7.5.2 Transport
		7.5.3 Industry
		7.5.4 G/E is emissions intensity
		7.5.5 E/M is energy intensity
		7.5.6 M/P is material intensity in product design
		7.5.7 P/S is product service intensity
	7.6 Buildings
	7.7 Shared socioeconomic pathways – quantifying the paths
	7.8 Comparison of SSP1 and SSP3
	7.9 SSP5. Fossil fuel development
	References
Part III
Chapter 8 1.5oC versus 2.0oC warming
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 1.5oC and 2.0oC warming
	8.3 Natural systems
	8.4 Human systems
	References
Chapter 9 Getting to net zero by 2050
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 The current situation
(2021)
	9.3 Road to net-zero emissions 2050
	9.4 Population and GDP
	9.5 Energy and CO2 prices
	9.6 CO2 emissions
	9.7 Total energy supply
	9.8 Economic sectors
	9.9 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 10 Climate engineering
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Solar radiation management
	10.3 Aerosol injection into the stratosphere
	10.4 Albedo enhancement of low-level marine clouds
	10.5 Surface albedo enhancement
	10.6 Carbon dioxide removal
		10.6.1 Introduction
		10.6.2 Carbon capture and storage
		10.6.3 Afforestation/reforestation
		10.6.4 Direct air capture
		10.6.5 Biomass energy with carbon capture and storage
		10.6.6 Land-based weathering
		10.6.7 Ocean fertilization
	10.7 Discussion
	References
Index
IBC