Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources: Hydraulics, Water Resources and Coastal Engineering (Water Science and Technology Library, 98)

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Editors
1 Trend Analyses of Seasonal Mean Temperature Series Pertaining to the Tapi River Basin Using Monthly Data
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Data
	1.3 Study Area
	1.4 Methodology
	1.5 Results
		1.5.1 Trend Analysis of Regional Winter Tmean Series Corresponding to the Period 1971–2004
		1.5.2 Trend Analysis of Regional Pre-monsoon Tmean Series Corresponding to the Period 1971–2004
		1.5.3 Trend Analysis of Regional Monsoon Tmean Series Corresponding to the Period 1971–2004
		1.5.4 Trend Analysis of Regional Post-monsoon Tmean Series Corresponding to the Period 1971–2004
	1.6 Conclusion
	References
2 Dry Spell and Wet Spell Characterisation of Nandani River Basin, Western Maharashtra, India
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Objective
	2.3 Study Area and Methodology
		2.3.1 Data Used
		2.3.2 Method
		2.3.3 Identification of Wet and Dry Spell
	2.4 Results and Discussion
	2.5 Conclusion
	References
3 Assessment of Climate Change on Crop Water Requirement in Tandula Command of Chhattisgarh (India)
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Study Area and Data Used
	3.3 Methodology
		3.3.1 Statistical Downscaling
		3.3.2 Reference Crop Evapotranspiration (ETo)
		3.3.3 Computation of Irrigation Water Requirement
	3.4 Analysis of Results
		3.4.1 Future Projection of Climate Parameters and Rainfall
		3.4.2 Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Water Requirement
	3.5 Conclusions
	References
4 Impact of Climate Change on Hydrological Regime of Narmada River Basin
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Literature Review
	4.3 Methodology
		4.3.1 Study Area
		4.3.2 Data and Methodology
		4.3.3 Model Working Flowchart
	4.4 ANN Used in Runoff Modelling
	4.5 Wavelet Transform: A Data Processing Technique
	4.6 Efficiency Parameters
	4.7 Conclusion
	References
5 Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources in Ethiopia
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Water Resources of Ethiopia
	5.3 Ethiopian Contribution to Global Greenhouse Emission
	5.4 Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources in Ethiopia
		5.4.1 Observed (Historical) Impacts on Water Resource
		5.4.2 Potential Impacts on Water Resource
	5.5 State Reaction for Threats of Climate Change in Ethiopia
	5.6 Adaptation and Mitigation Techniques in Ethiopia
	5.7 Conclusions and Recommendations
	References
6 Spatio-Temporal Trend Analysis of Long-Term IMD-Gridded Precipitation in Godavari River Basin, India
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Study Area and Datasets Used
	6.3 Methodology
	6.4 Results and Discussion
	6.5 Conclusions
	References
7 Forecasting Reference Evapotranspiration Using Artificial Neural Network for Nagpur Region
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Study Area
	7.3 Methodology
	7.4 Results and Discussions
	7.5 Conclusions
	References
8 Time-Varying Downscaling Model (TVDM) and its Benefit to Capture Extreme Rainfall
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Study Area
	8.3 Materials and Methodology
		8.3.1 Data Used
		8.3.2 Methodology
	8.4 Results and Discussion
		8.4.1 Calibration Period
		8.4.2 Validation Period
	8.5 Conclusions
	References
9 An Assessment of Impact of Land Use–Land Cover and Climate Change on Quality of River Using Water Quality Index
	9.1 Introduction
		9.1.1 Land Use–Land Cover
		9.1.2 Climate Change
		9.1.3 Water Quality Index
	9.2 Study Area
	9.3 Methodology
		9.3.1 Estimation of Water Quality Index (WQI)
		9.3.2 Analysis of WQI and Data
		9.3.3 Relationship Between Land Use, Climate Change and Water Quality
	9.4 Discussion
	9.5 Conclusion
	References
10 Assessment of Tail Behavior of Probability Distributions of Daily Precipitation Data Over India
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 The Dataset
	10.3 Methodology
		10.3.1 Defining the Tail
		10.3.2 Fitting Method
		10.3.3 The Fitted Distribution Tails
	10.4 Results and Discussion
	10.5 Conclusions
	References
11 Benefit of Time-Varying Models Developed Using Graphical Modeling Approach for Probabilistic Prediction of Monthly Streamflow
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Methodology
	11.3 Application of the Time-Varying GM Approach
		11.3.1 Study Area and Data Source
		11.3.2 Model Performance and Discussion
	11.4 Conclusions
	References
12 Determination of Effective Discharge Responsible for Sediment Transport in Cauvery River Basin
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Methodology
		12.2.1 Goodness-of-Fit Test for Stream Flow Data
		12.2.2 Determination of Effective Discharge Using MFA
		12.2.3 Recurrence Interval Prediction
	12.3 Study Area and Data Considered for MFA
	12.4 Results and Discussions
		12.4.1 KS Test for Fitting Probability Distributions to Daily Stream Flow Data
		12.4.2 Stream Flow Distribution and Sediment Transport Analysis
		12.4.3 Effective Discharge and Recurrence Interval Determination
		12.4.4 Duration of Effective Discharge
	12.5 Conclusions
	References
13 A Comparative Study of Potential Evapotranspiration in an Agroforestry Region of Western Ghats, India
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Materials and Methods
		13.2.1 Penman-Monteith Method (PM)
		13.2.2 Priestley-Taylor Method (PT)
		13.2.3 Hargreaves Method (HG)
		13.2.4 Turc’s Method (TC)
	13.3 Study Area
	13.4 Results and Discussion
		13.4.1 Comparisons of Daily ETo Methods
		13.4.2 Comparisons of Monthly ET0 Methods
	13.5 Conclusion
	References
14 Influence of Air Temperature on Local Precipitation Extremes Across India
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Study Area and Data
	14.3 Methodology
		14.3.1 Pairing the Maximum Daily Temperature and Daily Rainfall of Wet Days
		14.3.2 Clausius-Clapeyron (C-C) Scaling
	14.4 Results and Discussions
		14.4.1 Relationship Between Rainfall and Daily Maximum Temperature
		14.4.2 Evolution of the Scaling Relationship Over Time
		14.4.3 Relationship Between Rainfall and Maximum Temperature of Preceding Days
	14.5 Concluding Remarks
	References
15 Effect of Spatial and Temporal Land Use-Land Cover Change on the Rainfall Trend: A Case Study in Kerala
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Study Area and Description
	15.3 Data and Methodology
		15.3.1 Rainfall Data
		15.3.2 Land Use-Land Cover Maps
		15.3.3 Rainfall Trend
	15.4 Results and Discussion
		15.4.1 Land Use-Land Cover Change
		15.4.2 Rainfall Trend Estimation
		15.4.3 Relating LULC Modification to Rainfall Change
	15.5 Conclusion
	References
16 Innovations and Application of Operational Ocean Data Products for Security of Marine Environment
	16.1 Introduction
		16.1.1 Argo Floats
		16.1.2 Drifter Program
		16.1.3 Soop/XBT
		16.1.4 Moored Buoy
		16.1.5 Satellite Oceanography
	16.2 Ocean Data and Information System (ODIS)
	16.3 Ocean Information and Advisory Services
	16.4 Conclusions
	References
17 Statistical Downscaling of Sea Level by Support Vector Machine and Regression Tree Approaches
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Methods
		17.2.1 Support Vector Regression
		17.2.2 Regression Tree
	17.3 Data Collection
	17.4 Identification of Predictors
	17.5 Development of Statistical Downscaling Model
	17.6 Conclusions
	References
18 Assessing the Impacts of Climate Change on Crop Yield in Upper Godavari River Sub-basin Using H08 Hydrological Model
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Study Area and Database Development
	18.3 Methodology and Hydrological Model: H08
	18.4 Results and Discussion
	18.5 Conclusions
	References
19 Evaluation of Time Discretization of Daily Rainfall From the Literature for a Specific Site
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Site Description
	19.3 Time Distribution Curves from the Literature
	19.4 Data and Methodology
	19.5 Results and Discussion
	19.6 Conclusions
	References
20 Quality Checks on Continuous Rainfall Records: A Case Study
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Site Description
	20.3 Screening of Hydrological Data
		20.3.1 Check for Trend: Spearman’s Rank Correlation Method
		20.3.2 Check for Trend: Kendall’s Tau Test
		20.3.3 Test for Change Point: Cumulative Deviation from the Mean
		20.3.4 Check for Stability of Variance: Fisher’s Test
		20.3.5 Check for Stability of Means: T-Test
		20.3.6 Check for Persistence of Data: Lag 1 Serial Correlation Coefficient Test
		20.3.7 Check for Randomness: Wald–Wolfowitz Test
	20.4 Conclusions
	References
21 Assuring Water Intake Sustainability Under Changing Climate
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Motivation and Objective
	21.3 Methodology
	21.4 Basic Governing Equations
	21.5 Results and Discussion
	21.6 Conclusions
	References
22 Characteristics of Gldas Evapotranspiration and Its Response to Climate Variability Across Ganga Basin, India
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Study Area
	22.3 Datasets
		22.3.1 Evapotranspiration
		22.3.2 Rainfall
		22.3.3 Temperature
	22.4 Methods
		22.4.1 Mann–Kendall Test
		22.4.2 Modified Mann–Kendall Test
	22.5 Results and Discussion
	22.6 Conclusions
	References
23 Seasonal and Inter-Annual Variability of Sea Surface Temperature and Its Correlation with Maximum Sustained Wind Speed in Bay of Bengal
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 Data and Methodology
	23.3 Results and Discussion
	23.4 Conclusions
	References
24 Comparison of CMIP5 Wind Speed from Global Climate Models with In-Situ Observations for the Bay of Bengal
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 Data
	24.3 Methodology
	24.4 Results and Discussions
	24.5 Conclusions
	References
25 Trend Analysis of Temperature for Eastern Ganga Canal Command
	25.1 Introduction
	25.2 Study Area and Data Used
	25.3 Analysis of Trend
	25.4 Results and Discussion
	25.5 Conclusions
	References
26 Analysis of Long-Term Rainfall Trends in Rajasthan, India
	26.1 Introduction
	26.2 Objective of Study
	26.3 Study Area
	26.4 Data Collection
	26.5 Methodology
		26.5.1 Nonparametric Mann–Kendall Test
		26.5.2 Sen’s Slope Estimator Test
	26.6 Result and Discussion
		26.6.1 Rainfall Statistics Characteristics
		26.6.2 Trend Analysis of Rainfall
	26.7 Summary and Conclusion
	References
27 Statistical Downscaling of GCM Output and Simulation of Rainfall Scenarios for Brahmani Basin
	27.1 Introduction
	27.2 Study Area
	27.3 Data
	27.4 Methodology
		27.4.1 SDSM
		27.4.2 Multiple Linear Regressions
	27.5 Results and Discussion
	27.6 Conclusions
	References
28 Impact of Land Use–Land Cover Changes on the Streamflow of the Kolab River Basin Using SWAT Model
	28.1 Introduction
	28.2 Study Area
	28.3 Materials and Methodology
		28.3.1 SWAT Model
		28.3.2 SWAT Model Input Data
		28.3.3 SWAT Model Setup and Simulation
		28.3.4 Sensitivity Analysis, Calibration and Validation
	28.4 Result and Discussion
		28.4.1 SWAT Model Calibration and Validation Result
		28.4.2 Modelling Streamflow Response to Land-Use Dynamics
	28.5 Conclusion
	References
29 Statistical Downscaling of Climatic Variables in Indo-Gangatic Alluvial Plain
	29.1 Introduction
	29.2 Study Area
	29.3 Methodology
		29.3.1 Selection of Potential Predictors
		29.3.2 Beta Regression-Based Statistical Downscaling
	29.4 Conclusion
	References
30 Comparing Global High-Resolution Precipitation Data with Rain Gauge Data in Assam, India
	30.1 Introduction
	30.2 Study Area, Materials, and Methods
	30.3 Results and Discussion
		30.3.1 Statistical Analysis
		30.3.2 Scatter Plot
		30.3.3 Comparison of Annual Rainfall
	30.4 Conclusions
	References
31 Variability of Rainfall, Temperature and Potential Evapotranspiration at Annual Time Scale Over Tapi to Tadri River Basin, India
	31.1 Introduction
	31.2 Study Area
	31.3 Materials and Methods
		31.3.1 Preliminary Statistical Analysis
		31.3.2 Methodology
	31.4 Results and Discussions
		31.4.1 Trends in Rainfall
		31.4.2 Trends in Temperature
		31.4.3 Trends in PET
	31.5 Conclusions
	References
32 Climate Change and Water Resources: Emerging Challenges, Vulnerability and Adaptation in Indian Scenario
	32.1 Introduction
		32.1.1 Impacts on Water Resources
	32.2 Quantitative Effects of Climate Change
		32.2.1 Melting of Glaciers in the Himalayas
		32.2.2 Modifications in Rainfall Pattern
		32.2.3 Change in Evapotranspiration
		32.2.4 Sea-Level Rise
		32.2.5 Challenges to Indian Agriculture
	32.3 Qualitative Effects of Climate Change
	32.4 Vulnerability
	32.5 Adaptation in the Indian Scenario
	References
33 Observed Spatio-Temporal Trends of Precipitation and Temperature Over Afghanistan
	33.1 Introduction
	33.2 Case Study and Data
	33.3 Analysis Approach
		33.3.1 Linear Regression
		33.3.2 Mann–Kendall Trend Test
	33.4 Results and Discussion
	33.5 Conclusions
	References
34 Identification of Historical Shift, Dispersion, and Trend of the Monsoon Season for Guwahati City Using Fuzzy Segmentation and Trend Analyses
	34.1 Introduction
	34.2 Description of the Study Area and the Data
	34.3 Segmentation of the Time-Series Data Using Gath-Geva (GG) Segmentation Algorithm
		34.3.1 Time-Series Segmentation Using Modified Gath-Geva Algorithm
	34.4 Determination of the Shift, Dispersion, and Trend of the Monsoon Season
		34.4.1 Analysis of the Shift/Creep of the Season
		34.4.2 Analysis of the Dispersion of the Season
		34.4.3 Trend Analysis
	34.5 Summary and Conclusion
	References
35 Analysis of Intensity–Duration– Frequency and Depth–Duration– Frequency Curve Projections Under Climate Variability
	35.1 Introduction
	35.2 Study Area
	35.3 Materials and Methods
	35.4 Result
	35.5 Conclusion
	References
36 Changes in Monthly Hydro-Climatic Indices for Middle Tapi Basin, India
	36.1 Introduction
	36.2 Study Area
	36.3 Methodology
	36.4 Results and Discussions
		36.4.1 Rainfall–Runoff Relationship
		36.4.2 Trends in Hydro-Climatic Indices
		36.4.3 Changes in Magnitude and Percentage Change of Trends
	36.5 Conclusions
	References
37 Multiobjective Automatic Calibration of a Physically Based Hydrologic Model Using Multiobjective Self-Adaptive Differential Evolution Algorithm
	37.1 Introduction
	37.2 Methodology
		37.2.1 MOSaDE Algorithm
		37.2.2 VIC Hydrological Model
		37.2.3 Design of VIC Model Calibration
	37.3 Case Study
		37.3.1 Study Area
		37.3.2 Data Used
	37.4 Results and Discussion
		37.4.1 Objective Function Values and Approximated Pareto Front
		37.4.2 Parameter Identifiability Analysis
		37.4.3 Runoff Simulation
	37.5 Conclusions
	References
38 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System-Based Yield Forecast Using Climatic Variables
	38.1 Introduction
	38.2 Materials and Methods
		38.2.1 Study Area
	38.3 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS)
	38.4 Methodology
		38.4.1 Model Input
	38.5 Result and Discussion
		38.5.1 Model Training
		38.5.2 Model Validation
	38.6 Conclusion
	References
39 Impact of Climate Change on Hydrological Parameters
	39.1 Introduction
	39.2 Study Area
		39.2.1 Rainfall
		39.2.2 Temperature
		39.2.3 Land-Use and Land Cover
	39.3 Methodology
		39.3.1 Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT)
	39.4 Results and Discussion
		39.4.1 Sensitivity Analysis
	39.5 Conclusion
	References
40 Morphometric Analysis of Kosi River Basin, Bihar, India Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques
	40.1 Introduction
	40.2 Study Area
		40.2.1 Data Source
	40.3 Methodology
	40.4 Results and Discussion
	40.5 Conclusions
	References
41 Simulation of Impact of Climate Change on the Performance of a Reservoir System in Eastern India
	41.1 Introduction
	41.2 Study Area
	41.3 Data Acquisition
	41.4 Methodology
		41.4.1 HEC-HMS Model
		41.4.2 HEC-5 Model
		41.4.3 Performance Indices
	41.5 Result and Discussions
	41.6 Conclusions
	References
42 Assessing the Impact of Spatial Resolution on Land Surface Model Based on Hydrologic Simulations
	42.1 Introduction
	42.2 Study Area
	42.3 Materials and Methods
		42.3.1 JULES Model
		42.3.2 Data Sets
		42.3.3 Model Experiments
	42.4 Results and Discussion
	42.5 Conclusion
	References
43 Infilling Missing Monthly Maximum and Minimum Temperature Dataset by EM Algorithm Followed by Distribution Based Statistical Assessment Using Eight Absolute Homogeneity Tests
	43.1 Introduction
	43.2 Expectation Maximization Algorithm (EMA)
	43.3 Check for Assumption of Normality
	43.4 Homogeneity Test
		43.4.1 Distribution-Based Absolute Homogeneity Test
		43.4.2 Non-distribution Based Absolute Homogeneity Test
	43.5 Study Area and Available Data
	43.6 Result and Discussion
		43.6.1 Normality Test Result
		43.6.2 Classification of the Results Based on Homogeneity Tests
		43.6.3 Homogeneity Test for Non-Normally Distributed Datasets
		43.6.4 Homogeneity Tests for Normally Distributed Datasets
	43.7 Conclusion
	References
44 Multisite Monthly to Daily Naturalised Streamflow Disaggregation Using Daily Flow Pattern Hydrograph
	44.1 Introductions and Background
	44.2 Study Area
	44.3 Methodology
	44.4 Results and Discussion
	44.5 Conclusion
	References
45 Error Analysis of TMPA Near Real-Time Precipitation Estimates for an Indian Monsoon Region
	45.1 Introduction
	45.2 Study Area
	45.3 Datasets
	45.4 Methodology
		45.4.1 Spatial Analysis of Errors
		45.4.2 Intensity Distribution of Errors
	45.5 Results and Discussion
		45.5.1 Spatial Analysis of Errors
		45.5.2 Intensity Distribution of Errors
	45.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
	References
46 Comparison of Selection of Predictors for Statistical Downscaling of Precipitation Using Different Statistical Techniques
	46.1 Introduction
	46.2 Study Area and Data Used
	46.3 Methodology
		46.3.1 Selection of Potential Predictor
		46.3.2 Pearson Product-Moment Correlation
	46.4 Factor Analysis
	46.5 Result and Discussion
		46.5.1 Selection of Potential Predictor by Pearson Product Moment Correlation
		46.5.2 Selection of Potential Predictor by Factor Analysis
	46.6 Conclusions
	References