Climate Change and Environmental Impacts: Past, Present and Future Perspective

Series Editor´s Foreword
Contents
About the Editors
Floral Diversity and Climate Change in the Siwalik Succession
	1 Introduction
	2 Siwalik Flora
		2.1 Lower Siwalik Flora
		2.2 Middle Siwalik Flora
		2.3 Upper Siwalik Flora
	3 Siwalik Climate
	4 Discussion
		4.1 Changing Pattern in the Siwalik Flora
		4.2 Changing Pattern in the Siwalik Climate and the Establishment of Modern Monsoon
	References
Early Paleogene Megaflora of the Palaeoequatorial Climate: A Case Study from the Gurha Lignite Mine of Rajasthan, Western India
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Site
	3 Early Paleogene Biodiversity of the Gurha Mine
	4 Paleoclimate Versus Modern Climate of the Study Site
	References
Development of Cenogram Technique Over the Past Six Decades with Some Insights into the Varied Habitats Occupied by Diverse Ma...
	1 Introduction
	2 A Brief Account of the Development of Cenogram Technique Over the Past Six Decades
	3 Methodology
	4 Results (Cenogram Analysis)
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
Palynofloral Diversity During Mid-Miocene Warming in Kerala Basin, South-Western India: Palaeoclimatic Implications
	1 Introduction
	2 Geological Setting and Stratigraphy
	3 Material and Methods
	4 Results and Interpretations
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
Non-Pollen Palynomorphs from the Late-Holocene Sediments of Majuli Island, Assam (Indo-Burma Region): Implications to Palaeoen...
	1 Introduction
	2 Regional Setting
	3 Climate and Soil Type
	4 Material and Methods
	5 Results
		5.1 Fungal Remains
		5.2 Algal Remains
		5.3 Zoological Remains
		5.4 Organic Matter
	6 Discussion
		6.1 General View of NPPs Recorded from the Majuli Sediments
		6.2 Major Inferences Drawn from the Retrieval of Fungal Spore from the Late-Holocene Sediment Samples
		6.3 Overall Inferences from the Algal and Zoological Remains
	7 Conclusions
	References
Climate Variability and Its Causal Mechanisms Over the Northeastern Indian Himalaya
	1 Introduction
	2 Regional Setting (Study Area)
	3 Climate
	4 Methodology
		4.1 Calculation of Palaeoclimate Index
		4.2 Ordination Analysis
		4.3 Granger-Causality Test
	5 Results and Discussion
		5.1 Investigating the Forcing Factors
	6 Conclusion
	References
Quaternary Climate of Narmada Valley: A Case Study on Understanding Provenance, Weathering and Depositional Environment Using ...
	1 Introduction
	2 Location
	3 Geology
	4 Geomorphology
	5 Methodology
	6 Results
		6.1 Major Oxides
		6.2 Trace Elements
		6.3 Rare Earth Elements
		6.4 Calulations for Weathering Indices and Index of Compositional Variability
	7 Discussion
		7.1 Influence of Sedimentary Sorting
		7.2 Degree of Weathering
		7.3 Provenance
		7.4 Effect of Climate on Geochemistry of Geomorphic Units
	8 Conclusions
	References
Heterogeneity in Glacier Area Loss in Response to Climate Change in Selected Basins of Western Himalaya
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Materials and Methods
		3.1 Uncertainty in the Study
	4 Results
		4.1 Glacier Area Loss in Jhelum Basin
		4.2 Glacier Area Loss in Suru and Zanskar Basin
		4.3 Glacier Area Loss in Chandra Basin
		4.4 Glacier Area Loss in Spiti Basin
		4.5 Glacier Area Loss in Satluj Basin
		4.6 Glacier Area Loss in Upper Indus Basin (LMR)
	5 Discussion
		5.1 Heterogeneity in Glacier Area Loss in the Selected Basins
		5.2 Comparison of Glacier Area Loss with Previous Studies
		5.3 Observed Climate Change and Its Comparison with Previous Studies in the Area
		5.4 Limitations of the Study
	6 Conclusion
	References
Proglacial Landscape Transformations in Arctic, Ny-Alesund Area, Svalbard: Paraglacial Processes and Climate Warming During La...
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area Geomorphology
	3 Proglacial Morphology and Paraglacial Process Dynamics
	4 Material and Methods
	5 Chronology of Deglaciation: Glacial Foreland Exposure Period
	6 Discussion and Conclusion
		6.1 Glacial Foreland, Paraglacial Period and Landform Adjustment
	7 Conclusion
	References
Impact of Changing Climate Over Polar Ice Sheet: A Case Study from Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Observation and Results
		3.1 Accumulation/Ablation
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Prevalent Climate Variables During Ablation Season Around Gangotri Glacier
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Methodology
	4 Result and Discussion
		4.1 Air Temperature (Ta)
		4.2 Relative Humidity (RH)
		4.3 Wind Speed (WS) and Direction (WD)
		4.4 Evaporation (E)
		4.5 Rainfall (R)
	5 Conclusion
	References
Compacted Snow Dune Complexes in Antarctica and their Applicability as New Climate Change and Basement Tectonic Parameters
	1 Introduction
	2 Snow Dunes, Snow Sheets and their Formation
	3 SAR Images, Mapping of Snow Dunes, Snow Sheets and Basement Tectonic Features
	4 Dune Complexes and Basement Tectonics in Antarctica
	5 Dune Complexes and Climate Change Parameter
	6 Results
	7 Synthesis and Conclusions
	References
Investigating the Effect of Environmental Variables on the Isotopic Composition of Transpiration: Implications to Study the Mo...
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Materials and Methods
		3.1 Collection of Transpired Water
		3.2 Environmental Parameters
	4 Results
	5 Discussion
		5.1 Isotopic Characteristics of Rain and Transpired Water
	6 Effect of Environmental Parameters on Transpiration Isotopes
	7 Active and Break Phases of Monsoon
	8 Conclusions
	References
Investigating the Effect of Air-sea Carbon Dynamics and Water Quality Parameters on the Coral Reef Ecosystem of Lakshadweep Sea
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Sample Collection and Analysis
		2.3 Air-Sea pCO2
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Trend Analysis and Change Point Detection of Annual and Seasonal Precipitation Timeseries Over Varanasi District, Uttar Pradesh
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review: Rainfall Trends in India
	3 Study Area
	4 Data & Methodology
		4.1 Mann-Kendall (MK) Test
		4.2 Sen´s Slopes Estimation
		4.3 Sequential Mann- Kendall (SQ-MK) Test
	5 Result & Discussion
		5.1 Statistical Characteristics of Annual, Seasonal, and Monthly Rainfall
		5.2 Quantification of the Trend
		5.3 Changepoint Detection of Precipitation
	6 Conclusions
	References
Assessment of Snow Cover Changes Over the Tons River Basin During Last Two Decades (2000-2019)
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methodology
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Data Sources
		2.3 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Summary and Conclusion
	References
Extreme Rainfall Trends and their Statistical Significance
	1 Introduction
	2 The Study Area
	3 Materials & Methods
		3.1 Data Used
		3.2 Trend Analysis
		3.3 Magnitude of Trend
		3.4 Significance of Trend
	4 Results and Discussions
	5 Conclusion
	References
Examination of Historical Trends and Future Projections for Climate and Land-use Variables and its Impacts on Kalna River Flow...
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Trend Analysis
			3.1.1 Mann-Kendall Test
			3.1.2 Sen´s Slope
		3.2 Climate Modeling
		3.3 Land-use Change Analysis
		3.4 SWAT: Hydrological Modeling
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Simulations from Climate Model
		4.2 Simulations from Land Change Modeler
		4.3 Simulations from SWAT and Future Projections
	5 Conclusion and Recommendations
	References
Temporal Trends in Water Discharge Characteristics of the Large Peninsular Rivers: Assessing the Role of Climatic and Anthropo...
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area and Source of Data
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 The Hydrological Regime of Large Peninsular Rivers
		3.2 Temporal Variability of Water Discharge from the Large Peninsular Rivers
		3.3 Controls to Variations in Long Term River Discharge
	4 Conclusion(s)
	References
Groundwater Responses to Climate Variability in Punjab, India
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Groundwater Level Data
		2.3 Rainfall Data
		2.4 Groundwater Recharge
		2.5 Trend Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Land use, Elevation and Contour Maps
		3.2 Groundwater Level Variations
		3.3 Rainfall Analysis
		3.4 Rainfall Recharge
	4 Conclusions
	References
Reflections on Temporal Trends in Water Quality and Climate Variability at Three Degradation Hotspots of Leading Rivers in Ind...
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
		2.1 River Ganga
		2.2 River Brahmaputra
		2.3 River Godavari
	3 Methodology
	4 Results
		4.1 River Ganga
			4.1.1 Decrease in Forest Cover (Forest Cover as Percentage of Geographical Area)
			4.1.2 River Ecosystem Degradation
			4.1.3 Impact of Dam Projects on River Water Quality
		4.2 River Brahmaputra
			4.2.1 Decrease in Forest Cover (Forest Cover as Percentage of Geographical Area)
			4.2.2 River Ecosystem Degradation
		4.3 River Godavari
			4.3.1 Decrease in Forest Cover (Forest Cover as Percentage of Geographical Area)
			4.3.2 River Ecosystem Degradation
	5 Discussion
		5.1 Precipitation Trend in Degradation Hotspots
		5.2 Climate Variability and Water Qualityin River Basins
	6 Conclusion and Recommendations
	References
Drought Frequency Assessment and Implications of Climate Change for Maharashtra, India
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Implications of Drought and Climate Change
	2 Materials and Methodology
		2.1 Study Area
	3 Methodology
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion and Recommendations
	References
Multi-temporal Impact Analysis of Covid-19 Lockdown and Unlock Measures on Major Air Pollutants in Guwahati City, India
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Study Area
		1.2 Methodology
	2 Results
	3 Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Impact of Lockdown on Air Quality in Megacities of India During COVID-19 Pandemic
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Site Description
		1.2 Methodology
	2 Results and Discussions
		2.1 Effect on Air Quality
		2.2 Comparison Between Pre and Post COVID-19
		2.3 Pre and Post-lockdown Variation in Gaseous Pollutants
		2.4 Meteorological Data Collection and Processing
	3 Conclusion
	References
Understanding Urban Floods as Extreme Events and Disaster Management: A Case Study of Bengaluru
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Climate
		2.3 Hydrology
		2.4 Land Use Land Cover Change/Pattern
		2.5 Methodology
		2.6 Hydro-meterological Assessment
		2.7 SCS-CN Curve Number Method
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Summary and Conclusion
	References
Engendered Climate Risk Analysis: A Precursor to Gender Equality and Empowerment
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
Covid Lockdown Improves the Health of River Yamuna: A Pilot Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Statistical Analysis
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion and Recommendations
		5.1 Data Availability Statement
	References