Climate Change and Environmental Hazards Related to Shipping: An International Legal Framework

Contents
Foreword by the Editors
Part One Welcoming Addresses
Welcome Speech
Opening Speech
Part Two Climate Change
Presentations
The Budget Approach—A Framework for a Global Transformation towards a Low Carbon Economy
1. The 2°C-guardrail Requires Immediate Action
2. The International Climate Policy Context
3. The Budget Approach—Solving the Climate Dilemma
3.1. Basic Principles
3.2. Calculating National Emission Budgets
3.3. Taking Stock Based on National Emissions Budgets
3.4. Foundations for a New Global Climate Architecture
4. The Institutional Design for a Low-Carbon Global Economy
5. New Climate Partnership Patterns
A Tale of Two Architectures: The Once and Future U.N. Climate Change Regime
1. The Origins of the U.N. Climate Change Regime
2. The Kyoto Protocol: The Ascendance of the Top-Down Approach
3. Copenhagen and Cancun: The Bottom-Up Approach Strikes Back
4. Comparing the Top-Down and the Bottom-Up Approaches
5. Conclusion
Energy Switch in Germany: 100% Renewable Electricity by 2050
1. Introduction
2. Challenges to Meet Energy Supply
3. Point of Departure in the Discussion
4. Sustainability Assessment of Technology Options
4.1. The Goal: Sustainable Electricity Supply in 2050
4.2. The Path to Transition
4.3. The Elements of Transition
Working Groups
International Climate Policy before COP 17
Legal Options for Regime Evolution in the Climate Change Regime: Some Comments
1. Introduction
2. Options for Regime Development
2.1. Amendment of the Kyoto Protocol
2.2. New Protocol under the UNFCCC
2.3. Amendment of the UNFCCC
International Climate Change Policy: An Indian Perspective
1. Introduction
2. India’s Negotiating Position
3. India at Durban
4. India’s Domestic Policies & Actions
International Climate Law and Policy: An Australian Perspective
Discussion Summary—Working Group: International Climate Policy before COP 17
EU and National Initiatives
Climate Protection: A South American Perspective
1. Our Vision Concerning the International Process on Climate Change
2. The Case of Latin America
3. Conclusions
4. The Sense of Urgency
Climate Protection and Sustainability in Japan—Tasks following March 11th 2011
1. Introduction
2. National Politics under Frameworks of International Law
3. A Critical Appraisal
3.1. Industrial Metabolism
3.2. Over- and Underestimating New Technologies
3.3. Dependency on Nuclear Power Plants
3.4. Climate Protection Measures as a Political Steering Device
4. Rebuilding and Climate Protection
5. Conclusion
6. Supplementary Remarks
Discussion Summary—Working Group: Initiatives on an EU and on a National Level
Part Three Environmental Hazards Related to Shipping
Presentations
Integrating Shipping into the EU Emissions Trading Scheme?
1. Introduction
2. Political Progress and Backlashes at IMO
3. Actual Activities of the European Commission
3.1. Levy / Compensation Fund
3.2. Emission Trading Scheme
3.3. Taxation on Fuel or Greenhouse Gas Emissions
3.4. Mandatory Ship-level Emissions Reduction
3.5. Other Measures under Discussion
3.6. Relevant Legal Aspects in the Decision-Making Process of the Commission
4. Learning from Aviation—The Judgement of the ECJ (Case 366/10)
4.1. Legal Arguments against Measures in European Ports
4.1.1. Unilateral Regulation in Ports Amounts to Unlawful Extraterritorial Action
4.1.2. The Kyoto Protocol Gives IMO (Exclusive) Competence to Regulate International Maritime Emissions
5. Conclusion
A Cooperative Compliance Strategy: The Voluntary IMO Member State Audit Scheme
1. Introduction
2. Who are the Principal Actors, Their Roles and Compliance Regimes
3. A New Approach to Compliance Monitoring in International Shipping
4. Conclusion
The ‘Erika III’ Package: Progress or Breach of International Law?
1. Introduction
2. The ‘Erika III’ Package: An Overview
3. Intertanko and the Limits of Union Competences in the Field of Maritime Safety
3.1. The ECJ’s Intertanko Decision
3.2. Critical Appraisal of the Decision
3.2.1. On the Direct Applicability and Executability of Older National Treaties
3.2.2. On the Interpretation of European Union Law in a Friendly Manner towards International Law
4. The Compatibility of the ‘Erika III’ Measures with International Law
4.1. Insurance of Ship Owners for Maritime Claims
4.2. Notification Requirement in Accordance with the Directive on Port State Control
4.3. Access Refusals in Accordance with the Directive on Port State Control
5. Conclusion
Working Groups
Emissions Reduction and Emissions Trading Systems in Shipping
Emissions Reduction and Emissions Trading Systems in Shipping: A BIMCO Perspective
The Prevention of Shipping Accidents
Some Comments on the Role of Industry in the Prevention of Environmental Hazards Related to Shiping
Discussion Summary—Working Group: The Prevention of Shipping Accidents
Part Four Protection of the Marine Environment and Climate Change
The Impact of Global Warming on the Oceans
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Natural Variability
4. Response Uncertainty
5. Climate Change Projections
6. Conclusions
Use and Protection of the Seas in Times of Climate Change
1. Introduction
2. How Can Protection and Uses of the Seas Stabilise the Climate?
2.1. Preserving the Function of Our Seas as a Carbon Sink through Marine Protection and Climate Change Mitigation
2.2. Strengthening the Resilience of Marine Ecosystems to Mitigate the Impacts of Climate Change on the Seas
2.3. The Seas as an Inexhaustible Energy Source—Wind Power, Wave Power
2.4. Ocean Energy
2.5. CCS as a Bridging Technology
2.6. Marine Geo-Engineering
2.7. Change in Existing Uses
3. Implementation Needs and Successes
4. Concluding Remark
Discussion Summary—Forum 1: Protection of the Marine Environment and Climate Change
1. Introduction
2. Discussed Topics
2.1. Hard or Soft Law Approach
2.2. Fragmentation
2.3. Legal Basis for CCS on the (Extended) Continental Shelf
2.4. International Efforts to Reduce Global Emissions
Part Five Offshore Wind Energy
Wind Energy and Marine Environment Protection
1. Introduction
1.1. Expectations
1.2. Resulting Conflicts
1.3. In Particular: Approaches to Combine Nature Conservation and Offshore Wind in Germany
2. Nature Conservation in Consent Procedures
2.1. Consent Procedure
2.2. Construction and Operation; Decommissioning
2.3. Violation of Binding Provisions of Habitat and/or Bird Directives?
3. Habitat Protection
3.1. Designation of Protected Sites
3.1.1. Legal Obligation
3.1.2. Status in Germany
3.2. Economical Instruments
3.3. Evaluation
4. Species Protection
4.1. Legal Obligation
4.2. Status of Species Protection in Germany
4.2.1. Marine Mammals (in Particular: Harbour Porpoises)
4.2.2. Loons (gavia arctica and gavia stellata)
4.2.3. Migratory Birds
4.3. Evaluation
5. Conclusion
Wind Energy and Maritime Spatial Planning
Discussion Summary Forum on Offshore Wind Energy: Actors, Legal Instruments and Decision-Making Procedures
1. Introduction
2. Offshore Wind Energy Development and the Obligation to Protect the Marine Environment
3. Marine Spatial Planning and Wind Energy in the Germany EEZ
4. Offshore Wind Energy and Shipping
5. General Remarks
Part Six Cities’ Contributions to Environmental Protection
Introductory Remarks on Opportunities of the Cities in the Field of Local Climate Change Governance
1. Introduction
2. Drivers for and Functions of the Cities in International Climate Protection
3. Framing the Process of Transition to a Low Carbon Future
4. Key Design Elements of Further Local Legal Action
5. Conclusions
Conclusions of FORUM II: Cities’ Contributions to Environmental Protection
1. Introduction
2. Importance of Cities for Environmental Protection
3. Present City Action
4. Problems and Answers
5. Outlook on Future Possibilities for Cities to Act on Climate Protection
Part Seven Results
Results: Climate Change
Results: Environmental Hazards Related to Shipping
List of