Climate Change, Hazards and Adaptation Options: Handling the Impacts of a Changing Climate (Climate Change Management)

Preface
Contents
Understanding Climate Change Hazards
Hydrometeorological Analysis of an Extreme Flash-Flood: The 28 September 2012 Event in Murcia, South-Eastern Spain
	Introduction
	The Study Region
	The Hydrometeorological Episode: A Brief Description
	Analysis of the San Wenceslao Flash-Flood
	Observed Databases and Precipitation Analysis
	Basin Response and Hydrological Modelling
	Anthropogenic Impacts on the Basin Response
	Kinematics of the San Wenceslao Flash-Flood
	Storm Movement and Soil Variability: Impact on the Hydrological Response
	Conclusions
	References
A Multiple Linear Regression-Based Approach for Storm Surge Prediction Along South Brazil
	Introduction
	Materials and Methods
	Astronomical Tide and Storm Surge
	Meteorological Data and the Mapping of the Cyclones’ Paths
	Statistical Analysis and Data Filtering
	Extreme Data Analysis
	Results
		Analysis of the ADCP Data—Itapocorói Bay
		The Cyclones’ Path
		Partial Serial Correlation (PSC) and Time Lag Multiple Linear Regression (TLMLR)
		Analysis of Positive and Negative Events Separately
		Validation of the Methodology
		Historical Analysis of Storm Surge
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
Hydrodynamic Study of Free Standing Drilling Riser Under Hurricane Conditions
	Introduction
	Problem Statement
	Free Standing Drilling Riser
	Studies Conducted on Free Standing Drilling Riser (FSDR)
	API Recommended Practice for Design, Selection, Operation and Maintenance of Marine Drilling Riser System (API-RP 16Q)
	Hurricane
	Hurricane Generated Sea State
	Hurricane Generated Waves
	Hurricane Generated Swell
	Research Methodology
	Procedures to Develop the Functional Relationship Between Emergency Disconnection Location and Lateral Displacement of FSDR
	Procedures to Identify the Optimum Emergency Disconnection Location Along Drilling Riser Line in Technical Terms
	Procedures to Develop the Functional Relationship Between Saffir Simpson Scale Storm Maximum Significant Wave Height and Lateral Displacement of FSDR
	Procedure to Determine the Effect of Hurricane Generated Swell on Hydrodynamic Response of FSDR
	Results for Determination of Functional Relationship Between Emergency Disconnection Location and Lateral Displacement of FSDR
	Results for Determination of Optimum Emergency Disconnection Location Along Riser Line in Technical Terms
	Results for Determination of Functional Relationship Between Saffir Simpson Scale Maximum Significant Wave Height and Lateral Displacement of FSDR
	Results for Determination of Hydrodynamic Response of FSDR Under Hurricane Generated Swell
	Conclusion
	References
Assessing Contribution of Climate Change on Wetlands by Using Multi-temporal Satellite Data
	Introduction
	Data and Methodology Used
	Results and Discussion
	Conclusions and Recommendations
	References
City-scale Modeling of Urban Heat Islands for Kolkata
	Introduction
	Health Impacts of UHI
	Methods and Materials
		Study Area
		Preparation of Spatial Database
		Population Distribution
	Modeling of UHI Susceptibility
		Preparation of UHI Inventory Map and Training and Validation Dataset
		AHP Model
		Kernel Logistic Regression
		SVM Model
		SMCE Model
		Model Evaluation and Assessment
		Contribution measures for UHI Susceptibility
	Results and Discussion
		AHP Model and UHI Zonation
		KLR Model and UHI Zonation
		SVM Model and UHI Zonation
		SMCE Model and UHI Zonation
		Performances of City-scale UHI Models
		Assessment and Comparison of City-scale UHI Models
		Applicability of the Models and Priority Voting Ensemble of Contributing Factors
	Conclusion
	References
GIS Hazard Assessments as the First Step to Climate Change Adaptation
	Introduction
	Study Area
	Methods
	Index Distribution
	Management Considerations
	Conclusions
	References
Landscape Ecology and Conservation for Building Resilience and Adaptation to Global Change in Venezuela
	Introduction
	Conceptual Theoretical Framework About the Landscape Analysis
		Landscape Ecology: Spatial Patterns and Dynamics of Changes
		Modelling of Climate Change Scenarios
		Conservation and Adaptation
	Methodological Contributions for Building Resilience
		Building Resilience
	Conclusions
	References
Influence of Vegetation in the Creation of Urban Microclimates
	Introduction
	Methodology
	Results and Discussions
	Strategies
	Conclusions
	References
Preliminary Evaluation of Emergency Shelters for Disasters Associated with Landslides at the Hydrographic Basin of Corrego D’Antas, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
	Introduction
	The Socio-Environmental Disasters Associated with Landslide and the Reduction of Vulnerability Through Emergency Shelters (ES’s)
	Emergency Shelters (ES)
	Study Area
	Methodology for Constructing a ES Evaluation Coefficient
	Calculation of ECES-CD and Classification of Shelters
	ECES-CD Application Methodology
	Results
	Conclusion
	References
Assessment of Carbon Sequestration Potential of a Disturbed Humid Tropical Ecosystem, Southeast Nigeria
	Introduction
	Materials and Methods
		Sample Collection
		Determination of Carbon Stock of the Woody Species
		Statistical Analysis
		Major Limitations of This Research
	Results and Discussion
		Ecological Characteristics of the Study Area
		Carbon Sequestration Across Land Use Categories
		Relationship Between Ecological Characteristics and Carbon Sequestered by Tree Species
		Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
Flash-Floods: More Often, More Severe, More Damaging? An Analysis of Hydro-geo-environmental Conditions and Anthropogenic Impacts
	Introduction: Peculiarities of Flash Floods and the Question of Anthropogenic Effects
	Effects of Climate Warming
	Effects of Altered Land Use and Land Cover
	Effects of Engineering Measures Along the River Course and Within the Catchment
	Case Study: The Extreme Braunsbach Flash Flood, 29th May, 2016
		Description of the Affected Region
		Rainfall Conditions
		Discharge Situation
		Geomorphological Analysis
		Damage Analysis
		Intensified Rainfall as a Consequence of Global/Regional Warming
		Land Use, Land Cover and Land Surface Conditions
		Constructions Along the River Course and Within the Catchment
	Discussion and Conclusions
	References
Landslide Hazard Induced by Climate Changes in North-Eastern Romania
	Introduction
	Landslides in Northeastern Romania
	Climate Change Scenarios
	Methods
	Forecasting the Influence of Climate Change for Landslide Hazard
	Conclusions
	References
Objective Analysis of Envelope Curves for Peak Floods of European and Mediterranean Flash Floods
	Introduction
	Materials and Methods
		The EuroMedeFF Database
		Use of Quantile Regression for Derivation of Flash Flood Envelope Curves
	Results and Discussion
	Conclusions
	References
Treatment of Natural Hazards Within Planning Documents in Serbia in Relation to Climate Change Issues
	Introduction
	Methodology
	Planning and Natural Hazards in Serbia
	Treatment of Natural Hazards Within the Planning Documents in Serbia
	The Case of the Kolubara Lignite Basin
	Conclusions and Recommendations for Planning Policy
	References
Occurrence and Characteristics of Flash Floods in Bavaria (Germany)
	Introduction
	The Flash Flood Events in May and June 2016 in Bavaria
	Flash Flood Identification Based on Discharge Measurements
		Selection of Suitable Gauging Stations
		Flood Identification from Discharge Time Series
		Determination of Flash Flood Events
	Occurrence and Characteristics of Flash Floods in Bavaria
		Flash Flood Occurrence and Frequency
		Classification into the European Context
		Seasonal Distribution of Flash Floods
		Flash Flood Magnitude and Speed
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
Ozone Layer Holes, Regional Climate Change and Possible Ways for Their Forecasting
	Introduction
	Methodology
	Ozone Layer and Ozone Hole
	Ozone and Its Influence on Earth’s Ecosystem
	Regional Climate
	Climate Change and Total Ozone
	Regional Hazards and Their Prediction
		Statistical Assessment of Total Ozone and Surface Temperature Correlation
		Case study 1: The Ozone Mechanisms on the Territory of Belarus
		Case study 2: The Ozone Mechanism and Sudden Stratospheric Warming in February 2018
	Conclusion
	References
The Protective Role of Forests to Reduce Rockfall Risks and Impacts in the Alps Under a Climate Change Perspective
	Protection Forests
	Managing Protection Forests Against Rockfall Hazard
	Managing Protection Forests Under Climate Change
	Conclusions
	References
Handling the Impacts of Climate Hazards via Adaptation Methods and Options
Towards a Prioritized Climate Change Management Strategy: A Revisit to Mitigation and Adaptation Policies
	Introduction
	Climate Change Management Policies: A Dilemma Between Two Choices
		Mitigation Policy
		Adaptation Policy: From a Dilemma to Choice
		Contextualizing Adaptation Priority
		Benefits of Adaptation Priority
	Conclusion
	References
Urban Heat Island Effect, Extreme Temperatures and Climate Change: A Case Study of Hong Kong SAR
	Introduction
	Regional Climate Projections
	Mapping the Urban Heat Island Effect
	The Study Area
	Two Recent Heat Wave Episodes Over Hong Kong
	Mapping Temperature Gradients of Hong Kong During the Heatwave Events
	Derivation of the Land Surface Temperature
	Calculating the Brightness Temperature (TB)
	Calculating the Land Surface Emissivity (ε)
	Calculating the NDVI
	Deriving the Atmospheric Water Vapour
	Spatial Analysis Using GIS
	Relating the Derived LST with Corresponding Ta Measurements
	Heat Stress Mapping
		Urban Green Spaces
		Landfills and Expressways
		Residential Areas
	Regional Climate Projections and Implications on UHIs for 2050 and 2100 in Hong Kong
	Limitations
	Future Prospects
	Conclusion
	References
Internal Displacement Due to Disasters in Latin America and the Caribbean
	Introduction
	Forced Displacement Caused by Disasters
	The Duration of Forced Displacements Due to Disaster Situations
	Measuring Internal Displacements Due to Disasters
	Data Sources on Internal Displacement: Comments and Remarks
	Estimates of Internal Displacement in Latin America and the Caribbean
	Discussion
	Conclusions
	Future Prospects
	References
Climate Change and Southern Hemisphere Tropical Cyclones International Initiative: Twenty Years of Successful Regional Cooperation
	Introduction
	Southern Hemisphere Tropical Cyclone Data Archive
	Southern Hemisphere Tropical Cyclone Climatology
	Tropical Cyclone Seasonal Prediction
	Tropical Cyclone Wind Field Model
	Tropical Cyclone Data Portal
		TC Activity Over a Selected Area
		TC-ENSO Relationship
		Example 1
		Example 2
		Example 3
	Discussion and Conclusion
	Afterword
	Appendix: Southern Hemisphere Tropical Cyclones Data Portal
		Introduction
	Tropical Cyclone Data Portal
		Navigating a Map
		Selecting a Time Period
		Selecting a Specific Location
		Finding a Cyclone Name or Intensity
		Visible Cyclones
	Reference Layers
		Cyclone Details
	Downloading Information
	References
Solutions Stories: An Innovative Strategy for Managing Negative Physical and Mental Health Impacts from Extreme Weather Events
	Introduction
	Health and Climate
		Mental Health Impacts from Extreme Weather
		Mental Health Resources to Promote Resiliency and Limit Negative Impacts of Extreme Weather
	Solutions Stories
	Comedy Framing
	Entertainment-Education
	Efficacy
	Empathy
	Transmedia
	American Climate Change Beliefs
	Rhythm and Glue as a Solutions Story Example for American Climate Communication
		Story Engine
	Solutions Stories as Applied to Disaster Preparedness
	Limitations
	Conclusions
	References
Strengthening Africa’s Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change: African Union Law and Implications of China’s Belt and Road Policy
	Introduction
	Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation in Africa: Legal and Policy Implications
		Conceptualization of Adaptation, Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity in Relation to Climate Action in Africa
		The Impact of Climate Change in Africa’s Priority Sectors: Agriculture, Energy and Other Critical Infrastructure
	Climate Change Adaptation in Africa: AU Law and Policy Responses
		Africa’s Climate Change Adaptation Policy: Priority Sectors and Implementation Challenges
	The BRI as a Solution to the Implementation Gaps in AU’s Adaptation Policy in Africa
	Conclusion
	References
Legal Recognition of Women’s Role in Combating Desertification in Africa: The Case for Uganda
	Introduction
	Combating Desertification: The Role and Contribution of Women
	Legal Recognition of Women’s Role in Combating Desertification: International Law and Practice
		International Human Rights Law
		The Convention on Bio Diversity (CBD) and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
		United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
		Draft African Union Strategy on Climate Change (AUSCC) and the East African Community Climate Policy (EACCP)
	Legal Recognition of Women’s Role and Contribution in Combating Desertification at National Level: The Case for Uganda
	Conclusion
	References
Women in a Climate Changing World. The Need of a Policy Solution for Cross-Border Displacement
	Introduction
	Methodology
	A Women’s Perspective
	Migration Process: Women’s Vulnerability Factors
	Before Crossing the Border: Pre-migration
	During Migration: Crossing Border
	After Crossing the Border: Post-migration
	International Policy Frameworks for Women Facing Cross Border Displacement by Sudden Events
	International Conventions and Agreements
	United Nations Agencies
	The Nansen Initiative: Advance the New Policies
	Discussion of Results
	Conclusion: The Need of an Interdisciplinary Policy Pathway
	References
Re-naturing Cities: Impact of Microclimate, Human Thermal Comfort and Recreational Participation
	Introduction
	Urbanisation: Microclimate, Human Thermal Comfort, Recreational Participation
		Urban Microclimate
		Heatwaves, Mortality and Human Thermal Comfort
		Recreational Participation in Cities
	Mitigating the Problem: An Introduction to the Solutions
	Re-naturing: What Is the Impact on Microclimate, Human Thermal Comfort and Recreational Participation?
	Conclusion
	References
Natural Hazards and Climate Change: Lessons and Experiences from Kerala Flood Disaster
	Introduction
		India’s Vulnerability to Climate Change
		Ecological Setting of Kerala
	Trends, Climate Variability and Change in the Kerala’s Monsoon
		Extreme Event and Climate Change in Kerala
	Anthropogenic Factors
		Inadequate Information and Awareness About the Flood
		Changes in the Landform
		Management of Water Release from Dams
	Impact of Kerala Floods
		Socio-physical Impacts
		Health Impacts
		Educational Sector Impacts
		Agricultural Sector and Livelihoods Impacts
		Damage to Human Lives and Property
		Damage to Infrastructure
		Impact on Women
	Kerala State Action Plan Climate Change, 2014
	Kerala State Disaster Management Plan, 2016
	State Government’s Response to the Disaster
		Local Government
		Local Community
		Voluntary Partnerships
	Discussion
	Way Forward
		Comprehending Disaster Risk and Climate Change Impacts and Taking the Proactive Integrated Approach
		Appropriate Measure at Appropriate Spatial Scale and Context
	Improving Scientific Technical Information and Knowledge Based Decision Making
	Keeping in Mind the Trade-off During Decision Making
		Fostering Multi Stakeholder Involvement Especially the Local Community to Promote Community Resilience
		Land Use and Infrastructural Planning
		Gender Responsive Planning
	Conclusion
	References
The Impact of Extreme Floods on Rural Communities: Evidence from Pakistan
	Introduction
	Theoretical and Conceptual Understanding
	Methodology
		Case Study Areas
		Socio-economic Profile of Surveyed Households
		Methods
	Results and Discussion
		Impacts of Rural Flooding
		Response to the Flood
	Conclusions
	References
Crop-Livestock Inter-linkages and Climate Change Implications for Ethiopia’s Agriculture: A Ricardian Approach
	Introduction
	Climate Change, Agriculture and Ricardian Model: Literature Review
	Theory and Model
	Empirical Model and Data
		Empirical Model
		The Data
	Results and Discussion
		Marginal Effect of Climate Variables
		The Impacts of Forecasted Uniform Climate Scenarios
		Specific Climate Change Scenarios—Atmospheric-Oceanic Global Circulation Models (AOGCMs)
	Conclusions and Policy Implications
	References
Post-cyclone Aila and Mobility Rights of the Shora Muslim Women of the Bangladesh Sundarbans Forest
	Introduction: The Case Study of the Shora Forest Community
	Disaster, Gender and Mobility from Literature
	Methods and Materials
	Detailed Discussion of the Findings
		An Overview of Shora Women’s Lives: Before and After Cyclone Aila
		Comparative Pictures of Women’s Mobility Before and After Aila
		Analyses of Hindrances to Shora Women’s Mobility Before and After Aila
		Post-Aila Involvement of NGOs in Enhancing Women’s Mobility
	Concluding Notes
	References
Sanctuary in the City? Climate Change and Internally Displaced Persons in Harare, Zimbabwe
	Background and Problem Statement
	Aim and Objectives of the Study
		Study Aim
		Specific Objectives
		Research Questions
	Internal Displacement and Forced Migration: An Overview
	Conceptual Framework—Framework for Durable Solutions on IDPs
	Methodology
		Study Design
		Sampling
		Study Area: The Mukuvisi Woodlands
		Data Collection and Analysis
	Results and Discussion
		Origins of Mukuvisi Woodlands IDPs
		Perceived Advantages of Living Within the Mukuvisi
		Migration as an Adaptation Strategy to Internal Displacement
		Early Warning Systems (EWS)
		Impacts of Environmental and Climate Change on Human Mobility
		Obstruction of Humanitarian Aid to IDPs by the Zimbabwean Government
		Political Challenges in Helping IDPs in Harare
	Conclusion and Recommendations/Policy Implications
		Conclusion
		Recommendations/Policy Implications
	References
Climate Change, Extreme Events and Human Mobility in Latin America: Exploring the Links Through National Laws and Policies
	Introduction
	Impacts of Extreme Events and Disasters on Human Mobility in Latin America: Current Efforts on Data and Evidence
	Recent Recommendations on Human Mobility in the Context of Climate Change in the International Agendas
		The UNFCCC Task Force on Displacement
		Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM)
	Recent Regional Initiatives to Address Human Mobility in the Context of Climate Change and Disasters
	Human Mobility in National Climate Political and Normative Strategies
		National Adaptation Plans (NAPs)
		Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)
		National Climate Policies and Norms After the Paris Agreement
		South America
		Central America and Mexico
	For a Human Mobility Approach in Climate Political and Normative Strategies: Conclusive Notes
		Data and Knowledge Gaps
		Alignment with International and Regional Agendas
		Regional, Sub-regional and National Recommendations
	References
Coping with Extreme Weather in Arid Areas, a Case Study of Uzumba Maramba Pfungwe District, Zimbabwe
	Introduction
		Community Response to Climate Change and Variability
	Study Area
		Methods and Data
		Participatory Rural Appraisals
		Crop Diversity Trend Analysis
		Analysis of Characteristics of Frequency and Severity of Extreme Events
		Definition of Terms
	Results and Discussion
		Levels of Extreme Events in UMP
		Wet and Dry Spells
		Understanding Crop Suitability to Improve the Future Production
		Coping with Extreme Events
	Conclusion
		Limitations
		Way Forward
	References
Climate Change Induced Soil Compaction: Evaluating the Adaptation Measures to Enhance Maize Yields in a Tropical Humid Acidic Soil, Nigeria
	Introduction
	Materials and Methods
		Study Site
		Experimental Design and Treatments
		Mulching
		Fertilizer
		Tillage (T)
		Fertilizer and Mulching (MF)
		Tillage and Mulching (TM)
		Tillage and Fertilizer (TF)
		Unmanaged (U)
		Data Collection and Laboratory Analyses
		Maize Varieties and Yield Measurements
	Statistical Analyses
		Limitations and Constraints of the Study
	Results
		Soil Nutrients
		Soil Bulk Density (BD), Penetration Resistance and Water Content
		Maize Plant Heights
		Maize Yields and Soil Nutrients
	Discussion
		Soil Nutrients
	Soil BD, Penetration Resistance and Water Content
		Maize Plant Heights
		Treatments, Yields and Soil Nutrients
	Conclusion
	References
Knowledge Dialogues and Climate Change: Integrating Participatory Approaches in the Design of Ecosystem-Based Adaptation Measures in the Peruvian Andes
	Introduction
	Conceptual-Methodological Framework
		Ecosystem-Based Adaptation: A People-Centered Approach
		Low-Regret Adaptation
		Participatory Action Research (PAR) and Transdisciplinary Research (TR)
	The Context and the Measures
		The Nor Yauyos-Cochas Landscape Reserve and the Communities of Canchayllo and Miraflores
		The Peasant Community of Miraflores
		The Peasant Community of Canchayllo
	EbA Measures Implemented in Canchayllo and Miraflores
	Process
		Knowledge Dialogue: Participatory Action Research for EbA
		Reflecting on the Knowledge Dialogue Process
	Discussion
	Conclusions
	References
Effects of Climate Change on the Morphological Stability of the Mediterranean Coasts: Consequences for Tourism
	Introduction: Present Conditions of the Mediterranean Coasts
	Methods of Analysis
	Impacts of Climate Change on the Morphological Stability of the Mediterranean Coasts
		Erosion
		Flooding
		Saline Intrusion and Pollution of Coastal Aquifers
	Consequences of Climate Change for Coastal Tourism in the Mediterranean Regions
	Conclusions
	References
Chennai City and Coastal Hazards: Addressing Community-Based Adaptation Through the Lens of Climate Change and Sea-Level Rise (CBACCS)
	Introduction
	Chennai City: A Profile
		Chennai City and Coastal Natural Hazards
		Chennai City and Climate Change Induced Sea-Level Rise
		Chennai City Through the Lens of Coastal Adaptation
		Chennai City and Coastal Community-Based Adaptation
	Conclusion
	References
Selection of Five Rice Varieties (Oryza sativa) Under Salinity Stress in Climate Field Schools
	Introduction
	Description of the Study Areas and Methodology
		Study Area
		Research Methods
		Data Sources and Collection Methods
		Data Analysis
	Results and Discussion
		Environmental Conditions
		Appearance of Five Rice Varieties
	Conclusion
	References
SMART Agriculture and Rural Farmers Adaptation Measures to Climate Change in Southeast Nigeria: Implications for Sustainable Food Security
	Introduction
	Objectives of the Study
	Materials and Method
		The Study Area
		Sample Selection and Data Collection
		Data Analyses
	Results and Discussion
		Trends in Climate Change in Nigeria
		Forms of Climate Change Perceived by Farmers in the Study Area
		Household Vulnerability to Climate Change in Southeast, Nigeria
		Determinants of Farmers’ Vulnerability to Climate Change
		The Determinants of Farmers’ Choice of Adaptation Methods
		Estimation of Sustainability of the Agricultural System and Food Security Status of Farmers in Southeast Nigeria
	Conclusions
	References
University’s Inclusion in Providing Climate Services to Farmers: Is It Possible Without Agricultural Agents and Farmer Facilitators?
	Introduction
	Description of the Study Areas and Methodology
		Study Area
		Farmers’ Existing Knowledge and Experience
		Cropping Patterns and the Agrometeorological Zones
		Methodology of the Collaborative Works of Participatory Research and Engagement
	Research and Discussion
		Engaging Extension Agents and Involving Farmer Facilitators
	Farmers’ Own Initiatives by Integrating New Knowledge
	Farmers’ Anticipation and Decision-Making with the Assistance by Local Extension and Government Officials
	Farmers’ Struggles to Solve Vulnerabilities with the Assistance of Pest/Disease Observers
	Conclusion
	References
The Usage of Circular Economy Strategies to Mitigate the Impacts of Climate Change in Northern Europe
	Introduction
		Background
	Description of the Study Area and Methodology
		Study Area
	Research Methods
		Study Site Selection and Sampling Methods
		Data Sources and Collection Methods
		Data Analysis
	Results and Discussion
		Climate Change and Its Influence on Northern Europe
		Circular Economy as a Tool for Climate Change Mitigation
	Conclusion
	References
Public Energy Preferences from the Perspective of Climate Change Mitigation
	Introduction
		Background
	Theoretical Framework
	Description of the Area Context and Methodology
		Context of Study Area
	Methods
		Data Sampling Methods
		Data Sources and Methodology
		Data Analysis
	Results and Discussion
		Energy Preferences in Lithuania
		Main Energy Related Concerns and Risk Perception of Energy Technologies
	Conclusions
	References
Addressing Climate Change Through Education and Research in Maritime Energy Management: The Case of World Maritime University
	Introduction
	Mainstreaming Sustainable Development in Higher Education
	Planet: The Development of “Maritime Energy Management”
	People: Future Maritime Leaders
	Prosperity: Redefining the Roles of Universities
	Peace: Towards Inclusive Society Through Education and Research
	Partnership: Leading for Actions
	Conclusion
	References
Is Green Manure (Azolla pinnata and Sesbania rostrata) a Climate-Resilient Strategy for Rice Farming?
	Introduction
	Description of the Study Areas and Methodology
		Study Area
	Research Methods
		Experimental Design and Treatments
		Sources and Data Collection
		Data Analysis
	Results and Discussion
		Environmental Conditions
		Nutrient Uptake Efficiency
	Conclusion
	References
An Assessment of the Impacts of Climate Change on African Catfish Fingerling (Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822)
	Introduction
	Materials and Methods
		Study Area
		Preparation of Experimental Diets
		Experimental Fish
		Experimental Design
		Water Quality Analysis
		Growth Analysis
		Biochemical and Heamatological Analysis
		Statistical Analysis
	Results
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
A Novel Transdisciplinary Methodology and Experience to Guide Climate Change Health Adaptation Plans and Measures
	Introduction
	Conceptual and Methodological Framework About Health Vulnerability Assessment
		Methodology
		Vulnerability Factors
		Vulnerability Dimensions
		Vulnerability Results
		Political-Administrative
	Watershed, Ecosystem, and Production
		The Site of Residence and Culture
		Methodological Contributions for Adaptation Prioritisation
	The Methodology Followed for the Participatory Prioritisation of Adaptation Measures in the Bolivian Chaco
		Before the Workshop
		During the Workshop
		Identification of Strategic Activities
		Identification of Stakeholders
		Prioritisation of Adaptation Measures
		After the Workshop
	Conclusions
	References
Potential Biophysical Climate Change Impacts at World Natural Heritage Sites in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
	Introduction
	Data and Methodology
		Study Area
		Methodological Approach
		Potential Impact Models
		Input Data
	Results and Discussion
		Hydric Erosion Model
		Soil Water Availability
		Occurrence of Phytophysiognomies
	Conclusions
	References
Towards a Prevention-Driven Adaptation Strategy, as Applied to Indigenous Peoples’ Internal Climate Migration: Some Inputs Based on a Rights-Based Approach
	Introduction
	“Climate Induced Forced Displacement”: Elements of Definition
	Human Rights Require a Preventive Driven Adaptation Approach
	Human Rights Law Provides Guiding Principles for Preventive Driven Adaptation Public Policies
	Conclusions
	References
Carbon Inventories Implementation as Competitive Strategy in Mexican Industry
	Introduction
	The Climate Change in the Mexican Context
	Carbon Footprint in Mexican Industry
	Sustainability as a Competitive Strategy
	The Tamaulipas Case Study
	Conclusions
	References
How to Govern Climate Change Without Being Able to Govern: Adaptation Governance in Colombia
	Introduction
	From a Technical to a Political Understanding: Developing Adaptation Governance
	Challenges to Adaptation Governance
	Climate Change Adaptation Governance in Colombia
	Discussion of Findings: Achievements and Shortcomings
	Conclusion
	References
The Andean Farmers of Peru: Farm-Household System Vulnerability to Climate-Related Hazards
	Introduction
	FHS Vulnerability Framework
	Case Study: The Central Andes of Peru
	Methodology
		Field Laboratories
		Adaptive Capital and Vulnerability Indicators
		Archetype Analysis
	Results and Discussion
		Climate-Related Hazards in Agriculture
		Adaptation Strategies of Farm Household Systems
		Archetypes of Climate Vulnerability
	Conclusions
	References
The Importance of Climate Change Education in Urban Planning: A Review of Planning Courses at UK Universities
	Introduction
	Research Design
		Research Focus
		Research Methods
		Limitations
	Results and Discussion
		Stage 1: Assessing the Prevalence of Climate Change Education in Urban Planning Courses
		Stage 2: Assessing the Content of Climate Change Education in Urban Planning
	Conclusion
	References
When Fighting Climate Change Leads to Better Cities: A Study of Actions Implemented by 100 Cities in Spain
	Background
	Description of the Study Areas and Methodology
	Cities in Motion: Areas Transformed by Climate Change
		Municipal Buildings, Equipment and Facilities
		Residential Buildings
		Public Lighting
		Tertiary Buildings and Industry
		Local Electricity Production
		Transport
		Other Areas
	Conclusions
	References