Clay seals of oil and gas deposits

Clay Seals of Oil and Gas Deposits......Page 2
Contents......Page 4
Introduction......Page 6
Part I: FORMATION OF CLAY SEAL PROPERTIES: THEORETICAL FUNDAMENTALS......Page 8
1.1. COMPOSITION OF CLAY SEDIMENTS......Page 9
1.2.1. THE CONCEPT OF STRUCTURE......Page 13
1.2.2. MORPHOMETRIC FEATURES OF THE STRUCTURE......Page 15
1.2.3. GEOMETRIC FEATURES OF THE STRUCTURE......Page 22
1.3.1. THE FORCES OF REPULSION......Page 23
1.3.2. THE FORCES OF ATTRACTION......Page 25
1.3.3. THE SUMMARY FORCES OF PARTICLE INTERACTION......Page 27
1.3.4. REGULARITIES OF THE AGGREGATION AND COAGULATION IN CLAY DISPERSIONS......Page 29
1.4. STRUCTURAL BONDS......Page 32
1.5. FORMATION OF PRIMARY MICROSTRUCTURES IN CLAY SEDIMENTS......Page 36
2.1. GENERAL INFORMATION......Page 43
2.2.1. DIAGENESIS......Page 44
2.2.2. CATAGENESIS......Page 51
2.2.3. METAGENESIS......Page 69
2.3. BOUNDARIES BETWEEN THE STAGES AND SUBSTAGES OF LITHOGENESIS......Page 70
2.3.1. BOUNDARIES BETWEEN THE DIAGENESIS SUBSTAGES AND CATAGENESIS......Page 73
2.3.2. BOUNDARIES BETWEEN THE CATAGENESIS SUBSTAGES AND METAGENESIS......Page 75
3.1.1. DENSITY......Page 77
3.1.2. POROSITY......Page 80
3.2. WATER CONTENT AND CONSISTENCE......Page 89
3.2.1. WATER CONTENT......Page 90
3.2.2. CONSISTENCE......Page 94
3.3. PERMEABILITY......Page 96
3.3.1. FACTORS AFFECTING THE PERMEABILITY......Page 97
3.3.2. CHANGE IN CLAY ROCK PERMEABILITY IN LITHOGENESIS......Page 101
3.4.1. COMPRESSIBILITY......Page 103
3.4.2. UNIAXIAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH......Page 106
3.4.3. SHEARING STRENGTH......Page 110
3.5. RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES......Page 115
3.6.1. EARLY DIAGENESIS SUBZONE......Page 118
3.6.2. LATE DIAGENESIS SUBZONE......Page 120
3.6.3. EARLY CATAGENESIS SUBZONE......Page 121
3.6.4. MIDDLE CATAGENESIS SUBZONE......Page 122
3.6.6. METAGENESIS ZONE......Page 124
Part II: CHARACTERISTIC OF THE FACIES TYPES OF CLAY SEALS......Page 125
4.1. THE CYCLIC STRUCTURE OF SEDIMENTARY BASIN SEQUENCES......Page 126
4.2. SOURCE PROVINCES......Page 128
4.3. EVOLUTION OF SEDIMENTATION BASINS......Page 130
4.3.1. BEGINNING OF TRANSGRESSION......Page 131
4.3.2. MIDDLE OF TRANSGRESSION......Page 133
4.3.3. MAXIMUM OF TRANSGRESSION......Page 135
4.4. CLASSIFICATION OF CLAY SEALS ACCORDING TO THEIR DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS AND SCREENING PROPERTIES......Page 136
5.1. THE PRINCIPAL CRITERIA FOR FACIES ANALYSIS......Page 141
5.2.1. WEST-SIBERIAN BASIN......Page 143
5.2.3. TIMAN-PECHORA BASIN......Page 147
5.2.4. VOLGA-URAL BASIN......Page 148
5.2.6. BUREYA BASIN......Page 149
6.1.1. FACIES OF THE DEEP-WATER SHELF AND ADJACENT SEA BASIN......Page 151
6.1.2. FACIES OF THE MIDDLE SHELF AND PERIPHERAL PART OF DELTA......Page 155
6.1.3. FACIES OF THE SHALLOW-WATER SHELF AND COASTAL ZONE......Page 159
6.2. A COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTIC OF THE COMPOSITION OF CLAY SEALS OF VARIOUS FACIES TYPES......Page 162
7.1.1. FACIES OF THE DEEP-WATER SHELF AND ADJACENT SEA BASIN......Page 166
7.1.2. FACIES OF THE MIDDLE SHELF AND PERIPHERAL PART OF DELTA......Page 169
7.1.3. FACIES OF THE SHALLOW-WATER SHELF AND COASTAL ZONE......Page 172
7.2. POROSITY......Page 175
7.2.1. COMPACTION OF THE FACIES TYPES OF CLAY SEALS......Page 176
7.2.2. A COMPARATIVE ESTIMATION OF POROSITY OF VARIOUS FACIES TYPES OF CLAY SEALS......Page 183
7.3. MICROFRACTURING......Page 184
7.3.1. GENERAL REGULARITIES......Page 185
7.3.2. THE INFLUENCE OF DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS AND LITHOGENETIC PROCESSES ON THE MICROFRACTURING OF CLAY SEALS......Page 188
7.4.2. FACIES OF THE MIDDLE SHELF AND PERIPHERAL PART OF DELTA......Page 191
7.4.3. FACIES OF THE SHALLOW-WATER SHELF AND COASTAL ZONE......Page 192
7.5. DESTRUCTION OF CLAY SEALS OF DIFFERENT FACIES TYPES WITH DEPTH......Page 193
Part III: MODELING OF THE CHANGE IN THE CLAY SEAL PROPERTIES IN LITHOGENESIS......Page 197
8.1. THE CONCEPTS OF THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL MECHANICS OF CLAY ROCKS AS A BASIS FOR MODELING......Page 198
8.2. CALCULATION OF THE NUMBER OF CONTACTS......Page 199
8.3. STRENGTH OF INDIVIDUAL CONTACTS BETWEEN CLAY PARTICLES......Page 205
9.1. THEORETICAL CALCULATION OF THE CHANGE IN THE STRENGTH OF INDIVIDUAL CONTACTS WITH DEPTH......Page 212
9.1.1. DEPENDENCE OF THE STRENGTH OF INDIVIDUAL CONTACTS ON THE DEPTH OF ROCK OCCURRENCE FOR CLAY SEALS OF CLASSES I?II AND III?IV......Page 213
9.1.2. DEPENDENCE OF THE STRENGTH OF INDIVIDUAL CONTACTS ON THE DEPTH OF ROCK OCCURRENCE FOR CLAY SEALS OF CLASSES V?VII......Page 222
9.2.1. SEALS OF CLASSES I?II AND III?IV......Page 226
9.2.2. SEALS OF CLASSES V?VII......Page 227
9.3.1. THEORETICAL CALCULATION OF THE TENSILE STRENGTH OF CLAY SEALS......Page 230
9.3.2. THEORETICAL CALCULATION OF THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CLAY SEALS......Page 232
9.3.3. «SEAL TEST» PROGRAM FOR ESTIMATING THE MECHANICAL STRENGTH OF CLAY SEALS......Page 234
10.2. COMPARISON OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL DATA......Page 239
References......Page 258